This dissertation is concerned with design, fabrication, and mathematical modeling of three different microactuators driven by light. Compared to electricity, electromagnetic wave is a wireless source of power. A distant light source can be delivered, absorbed, and converted to generate a driving force for a microactuator. The study of light-driven microsystems, still at its early stage, is already expanding the horizon for the research of microsystems. The microactuators of this dissertation include micro-cantilevers driven by pulsed laser, photo-deformable microshells coated with gold nanospheres, and a nano-particles coated micro-turbine driven by visible light. Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of these microactuators showed interesting results. These microactuators were functioned based on cross-linked, multiple physics phenomenon, such as photo-heating, thermal expansion, photo-chemistry effect, plasomonics enhancement, and thermal convection in rarefied gas. These multiple physics effects dominate the function of a mechanical system, when the system size becomes small. The modeling results of the microactuators suggest that, to simulate a microscale mechanical system accurately, one has to take account the minimum dimension of the system and to consider the validity of a theoretical model. Examples of the building of different microstructures were shown to demonstrate the capacity of a digital-micromirror-device (DMD) based apparatus for three-dimensional, heterogeneous fabrication of polymeric microstructures. / text

Zhou Wenli. / "October 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Microsensors and microactuators are considered to be the most crucial elements of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and devices. There has been growing interest in the development of new microactuator technologies with an increasing requirement for low cost microswitch arrays providing large air gap and large force at the same time. In particular, large air gap/large force microactuators are essential for high voltage switching in automobile electronics, test equipment switchboards and in network remote reconfiguration. The necessity to reduce the size of actuators and at the same time increase the force and the air gap has placed severe constraints on the suitability of current microactuator technology for various applications. This has led to the development of new actuator technologies based on novel materials or modifying existing systems. As an effort in this direction, this thesis presents the details of the work on the design, fabrication and testing of a new hybrid microactuator, combining electromagnetic and piezoelectric actuation mechanisms. The design and fabrication of electromagnetic actuators using planar coils and a soft magnetic core has long been established. However, in many instances these designs are constrained by difficulties in the fabrication of the multi layer planar coils, which is tedious, often resulting in a low yield. Hence device performance is limited by the maximum coil currents and thereby the maximum force able to be generated. In order to overcome these problems, a hybrid actuator combining the electromagnetic system along side of a piezoelectric actuation is proposed. This has been demonstrated to assist in enhancing the total force and consequently achieving larger actuator displacements. In this research a hybrid microactuator with a footprint of 10 mm2 was designed, fabricated and tested. It can generate 330 쎠force and cover 100 쭠air gap as a microswitch. Piezoelectric actuation has been used for many applications, due to its high precision and speed. In these applications, piezo-ceramic materials, such as PZT and ZnO were commonly used because they exhibit large piezoelectric coefficients. However, there are also some difficulties associated with their use. Piezoelectric ceramic materials are usually brittle, and have a relatively large Young?s modulus, thus limiting the achievable strain. Furthermore, the deposition technologies required for preparing thin/thick films of these ceramic materials need extensive optimization. Patterning these films into required structures is also difficult. Hence, piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is chosen in this work in spite of the fact that these materials have relatively lower piezoelectric coefficients. However, the low numerical Young?s modulus values of these polymers facilitates large strain in the piezoelectric actuators. The hybrid microactuator designed in this work comprises a piezoelectric composite polymer cantilever with a planar electromagnetic coil structure beneath. The composite cantilever consists of polarized piezoelectric polymer PVDF with an electroplated permalloy layer on one side. The device includes a permalloy core at the centre of a copper micro coil with a permanent magnetic film attached on the other side of the silicon wafer (substrate) and is aligned axially with the permalloy core. The cantilever is suspended from an electroplated 150 mm high nickel post. Initially the principle was tested using hand wound electromagnetic coils with permalloy wire as the core. The performance of such a hybrid actuator was evaluated. In the next stage, a microactuator was fabricated using completely planar micro technologies, such as high aspect ratio SU-8 lithography, laser micromachining, microembossing, as well as copper and permalloy electroplating. This micro device was designed by modelling and finite element method simulation using ANSYS 7.1 and CoventorWare electromagnetic and piezoelectric solvers respectively. This helped in understanding the critical aspects of the design at the same time leading to the determination of the optimum parameters for the cantilever, micro coils and the core. An analytical model has also been developed to validate the numerical results obtained from finite element analysis. The devices were tested and the experimental data obtained were compared with the simulation results obtained from both the finite element calculations and from the analytical model. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and the simulation.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-82).

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. / Committee Chair: Degertekin, Levent, F.; Committee Member: Albert B Frazier; Committee Member: Oliver Brand. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Existing microactuator limitations prevent control of small-scale, spin-stabilized vehicles. These applications require actuators insensitive to shock that have forces on the order of Newtons and millisecond control periods. This research presents batch-fabrication lamination approaches for the realization of large arrays of high-impulse, short-duration gas generator actuators (GGAs), and system implementation approaches to integrate these GGAs into a small-scale, spin-stabilized projectile for the purpose of generating steering forces on the projectile. Electronic packaging and MEMS processing are combined to batch-fabricate millimeter-scale GGAs insensitive to large shocks. Robust, prefabricated thermoplastic and metal films are patterned by laser machining or photolithography, and multilayer devices are assembled by adhesive lamination. The GGAs remained operational after 10,000 g shocks. Optimized design and propellant selection enables control of the force profile and actuation timing. Rapid force rise times are achieved using appropriately selected solid propellants and specially designed hot-wire igniters that create a larger combustion fronts. By reshaping the combustion profile of the solid propellant, tens of Newtons are generated within milliseconds. In addition to force control, the timing of the force application was controllable to within 1 ms for optimized GGAs. Performance results demonstrate that GGA actuator arrays actuate within appropriate timescales and with enough authority to control a 40 mm projectile with a spin rate of 60 Hz. After actuator characterization, GGAs, control electronics, and power supply are mounted into a 40 mm diameter projectile, and a full flight system was flown to demonstrate divert authority of the GGAs.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electromechanical Engineering

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electromechanical Engineering