Les années 1990 ont vu la notoriété et les ressources consacrées à la microfinance connaître un essor important. Au fur et à mesure du développement du secteur s'intensifie également la tension entre les défenseurs de deux approches de la microfinance qui entrevoient le futur du domaine de façon antagonique. Cette tension culmine vers la fin des années 1990 en un débat théorique féroce. Deux visions, la vision welfariste et la vision institutionnaliste s'affrontent sur ce terrain, chacune défendant leur vision de ce que devraient être les priorités et le rôle des institutions de microfinance bien qu'elles partagent le même objectif de base: celui de réduire la pauvreté. Au-delà des nombreux aspects techniques abordés par les deux camps, un examen de la littérature permet de constater que les deux approches ont comme point de départ des conceptions très différentes du développement et s'adressent à deux problèmes distincts. Dans un cas, on s'attaque à un échec des marchés en servant les besoins d'emprunts des «marginalement» pauvres, dans l'autre on tente de briser certaines barrières qui emprisonnent les plus défavorisés dans leur situation. Les deux approches impliquent des méthodes d'interventions très différentes et produisent des résultats contrastés. L'étude du secteur argentin de la microfinance et une analyse comparative d'institutions de microfinance représentatives des deux courants confirment les conclusions tirées lors d'une revue de la littérature et représentent l'occasion d'illustrer à l'aide d'exemples très concrets les implications des choix d'orientation qui s'offrent aux institutions de microfinance comme aux bailleurs de fonds. Elles permettent également de remettre les arguments des deux camps en perspective afin de clarifier le débat entre deux courants qui proposent, malgré une apparente unicité, des services adaptés à des «clientèles» très dissemblables. ______________________________________________________________________________

Despite the remarkable success of microfinance programs in poverty alleviation, empowering the clients of these programs has proven elusive in many cases. Social capital is a commonly missing, or at least misused, asset within microfinance programs, which often leads to this outcome. Creating and fostering social capital will have a positive influence on empowering microfinance clients. The values espoused by certain Christian theologies can have a considerably positive impact on the creation and fostering of social capital. A Christian-oriented social capital also has the potential to alleviate the ills and correct the failures of a microfinance program’s intent to empower clients. This thesis argues that the values and structure of certain Christian theologies and practices create a type of social capital that increases the likelihood of Christian-based microfinance programs empowering their clients.

Microfinance is the provision of credit/loans to poor individuals for the purpose of income generation. The Sub-Saharan African region which is among the poorest areas in the world is thought to be one of the regions where the microfinance industry is dynamic and growing in terms of acceptance and patronage. Even though microfinance in the Sub-Saharan Africa region has received a lot of research attention, most have focused largely on the financial performance whilst there is no available information on project management practices in new product development.Since project management is considered to be an effective means of managing new product development, the purpose of this work was to investigate the practice of project management in new product development in microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa and to assess which project management methods, and tools and techniques are used.A case study was adopted and a semi-structured interview through telephone/Skype was conducted on eight senior management staff from different microfinance institutions. The respondents comprised five Non-governmental organizations, two Non-Bank financial institutions and one Commercial Bank, operating in Angola, Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Namibia and Kenya.The empirical findings were that six of the microfinance institutions are involved in new product development whilst two of the institutions which are Non-governmental organizations are not. The main product that is developed by these microfinance institutions is credits/loans. The reason for new products development was to meet clients’ needs even though competition and the need to be innovative was also a factor.This research also shows that the six microfinance institutions that are into new product development organize product development through projects. Project management is the means through which new products are developed. In addition, projects are managed either solely by each microfinance institution or done in collaboration with other institutions.A further indication based on project management steps suggests a flexible practice of project management in developing new products as project management steps are not tightly followed. The project management methods that are used in developing new products in all these institutions was the in house method as all the respondents considered it an effective way because this method is adapted to their institutional structure.In addition, the commonly used tool and technique among all the institutions was the progress reports which contained necessary information for monitoring and evaluating of the projects.

This study investigates the case of a Zambian institution providing credit for smallholder agribusiness commercialization and compares this lender’s model with the major microfinance institutions, to identify specific mechanisms employed by the lender and how these have been adapted to suit seasonal agricultural production credit requirements. Econometric models are developed to examine the influence of key economic factors such as nominal and real interest rates, loan fees, and loan term on the supply of credit by the lender. Other important factors considered relevant in the lender’s market include availability of contract markets for financed production and the type of borrower (cooperative or investor-owned agribusinesses). The study uses loan-level and firm-level loan data aggregated from an electronic loan database of individual loan files kept by the lender. Cross sectional data over three years (2005 – 2007) are used in the study. The study finds that loan fees, loan term and availability of contract markets to borrowers are the key determinants of credit supply. In addition, the study finds that interest rates do not significantly influence the lender’s credit supply decisions, a finding that is consistent with literature on credit rationing in markets with asymmetric information. The study finds no evidence of economies of scale benefit to the lender being passed along to borrowers through lower loan fees. The study contributes to the literature and development needs of agricultural lenders and smallholder agribusinesses in Zambia through the analysis of different factors that influence the lender’s credit supply decisions.

Cette thèse contribue à la connaissance du fonctionnement du marché du crédit rural dans les pays en développement en portant un intérêt particulier au rôle des groupes. Les succès de la microfinance dans la provision, viable financièrement, de services financiers aux pauvres sont en effet largement attribués à l'utilisation de groupes de prêts. Au-delà de la participation à des groupes de microcrédit, la participation à des groupes structurés de toute sorte attise l'intérêt des acteurs de développement car elle est perçue comme un moyen privilégié pour les ménages pauvres d'accumuler une forme particulière de capital : le capital social.<br />Mes analyses sont développées à partir de deux pays dont la structure du marché du crédit rural diffère largement : le Bangladesh et les Philippines. Le marché du crédit rural au Bangladesh est caractérisé par la présence massive des institutions de microfinance, institutions qui sont quasiment absentes aux Philippines. Cette différence de structure du marché du crédit a motivé les deux axes de recherche de ma thèse qui privilégie une approche micro-économétrique. Un premier axe approfondit la question des déterminants de la performance de remboursement (probabilité de remboursement à temps et durée des retards) des institutions de microfinance au Bangladesh. Le second axe de recherche est consacré aux contraintes de crédit aux Philippines. J'explore ainsi l'étendue et les facteurs explicatifs des contraintes de crédit avant d'analyser les motifs de participation à divers types de groupes et de déterminer si cette participation permettait de desserrer les contraintes de crédit.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Microfinance is the number one buzz word in the development sphere nowadays. The basic idea of microfinance is to make financial services available for those excluded from the conventional banking system. By charging market price interest rates on the loans granted the business is meant to become sustainable and independent of fluctuations in cash flow from donor funding. The microfinance sector in Malawi is relatively young and still in the development phase. Since the majority of the charity organizations running microfinance projects in Malawi are originating from the Western world, the services these institutions offer are inherently affected by Western (Christian) banking culture. This paper investigates if this set up results in the exclusion of Malawi’s Muslim population due to the fact that Islamic law prohibits Muslims from charging or paying interest on loans. The conclusions of this thesis are that the Muslim population uses the microfinance services to the same extent as their Christian brethren. However, a large proportion of the Muslim clientele feel that they are morally prohibited from using the microfinance services because of the interest rate charged. They only make use of the interest-based loans because they have no other option, and would thereby prefer services compatible with Islamic law. My recommendation is for the microfinance institutions to embrace this knowledge and further investigate the need of Islamic microfinance, and the possibility to implement it, before the consequences becomes more than a moral issue.

Within the field of microfinance, there has been an ongoing debate about whether microfinance institutions should be commercialized. One side argues that a business that very much can earn profits at the same time as it helps the poor, is not justified to receive charity, but should be run with the risks and benefits of any other profit-seeking business. The other side argues that the outreach to the ones who most need microfinance, is severely hampered if firms are profit-seeking; arguing that they only target the individuals who allow them to make profits.   This study is a case study based on India, one of the world’s largest nations, and home to millions of people living below the poverty line[1]. Microfinance is widespread in India, and with one of the researchers speaking Hindi, India became our choice of case study. A grounded theory methodology is applied in order for us to learn as much as possible about the context of microfinance in India. Within the context, we look for the mission and the impact of the various institutions. Analysis is done through the constant comparison method; with comparisons within and between different organizations. Each organization is individually analyzed to find recurring themes, always being open to the emergence of new themes. Then, the organizations are compared with others of the same legal form, and finally with all other forms of organizations.   Several different kinds of institutions are identified, working directly or indirectly with providing small loans to low-income individuals. These institutions include banks, local area banks, section 25 companies, NGOs, and cooperative societies. Each one of the institutions has, by law, different areas of restriction and the study finds that the missions of the various organizations can be linked to their legal form; the mission indicating which form they currently operate under or which legal form they are striving to achieve. The major difference between the various legal forms is their methods of accumulating finances, and how they manage their revenue. Although banks actually earn profits, they have not yet been fully commercialized, as they are restricted from attracting mainstream international capital.   The conclusions indicate that in India, microfinance has not reached the point where it has been fully commercialized, but rather the passion for their work and visions of the founders very much guide the work of the various organizations. This can be seen in the missions that guide the organizations and the services provided to fulfill the mission. Commercialization is however, far from a non-issue. If legislation regarding IPOs is changed, the level of commercialization and competitive scene for microfinance in India could change dramatically. [1] Can be measured in different ways, but used here symbolically, indicating a very low amount; discussed in more detail in the paper.

No description available.

The assumptions underlying the relationships between microfinance and women’s empowerment are typically rooted in a financial paradigm, wherein the prevailing belief is that increases in economic resources necessarily lead to increases in women’s empowerment. This results in a conceptual erasure of the multi-dimensionality of empowerment and disregards the influences that microfinance has on women that extend beyond the economic sphere. This study explored how 6 women in Mali perceive and experience empowerment in relation to their participation in a microfinance program using photovoice. Photovoice is a qualitative methodology wherein participants document, reflect on, and represent their community and experiences using a specific photographic technique. The photographic collection that the women generated, along with their narratives and oral testimonies, suggest that empowerment is a complex construct that includes, yet extends beyond the financial paradigm. The findings of this indicate that microfinance has positively and negatively impacted various dimensions of the women’s perceived empowerment. At the conclusion of the project, the women participated in a forum and initiated policy changes at the microfinance institution with which they are affiliated.