Résumé : La compréhension des contraintes qui régissent l'assemblage des machineries supramoléculaires – qu'elles soient solubles ou bien ancrées dans les membranes biologiques – est un enjeu scientifique majeur.Le système de de sécrétion type VI (T6SS) est un organelle bactérien récemment mis en évidence qui a pour particularité de posséder une origine évolutive commune avec le bactériophage T4. En raison de cette origine évolutive commune, certaines sous unités du T6SS et du bactériophage T4 présentent des structures comparables. Cependant, un grand nombre des sous unités du T6SS reste à caractériser. Parmi celles-ci, les protéines SciB et SciC sont retrouvées dans tous les systèmes de sécrétion de type VI suggérant que ces deux protéines participent à la formation du "core-complexe": le complexe minimal requis pour le fonctionnement du T6SS. / The recently identified type VI secretion system has been demonstrated to be involved in most of these processes. The T6SS is a highly complex macromolecular machine that allows Gram-negative bacteria to deliver effector proteins to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in a contact-dependent manner. The T6SS promotes therefore antibacterial competition, virulence towards eukaryotes or even both. The T6SS is composed of a minimal set of 13 subunits, which are currently believed to form the core apparatus. They assemble two distinct sub-complexes: one is a cytosolic contractile structure related to the tail of contractile bacteriophages, whereas the other spans the whole cell envelope. Therefore, the T6SS is generally depicted as an inverted phage tail anchored to the cell envelope through its membrane-associated complex. Contractile tails are currently thought to assemble from four structural elements: the baseplate, the internal tube, the contractile sheath and the tail terminator. The aim of my Ph.D. work was to further characterize the assembly and function of the T6SS phage tail-like complex in enteroaggregative E. coli. In this thesis document, I provide evidence that the internal tube assembles from Hcp hexamers stacked in a head-to-tail manner and that this internal cylinder is used as a template during sheath assembly. I also characterized a sub-complex of three proteins (TssEFG) that forms the baseplate of the T6SS and controls the polymerization of the tube and sheath. Finally, I recently showed that the T6SS functions like a nano-crossbow to kill target cells as the contraction of the T6SS results in prey cell death during interbacterial competition.