Annually, road accidents cause more than 1.2 million deaths, 50 million injuries, and US$ 518 billion of economic cost globally. About 90% of the accidents occur due to human errors such as bad awareness, distraction, drowsiness, low training, fatigue etc. These human errors can be minimized by using advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) which actively monitors the driving environment and alerts a driver to the forthcoming danger, for example adaptive cruise control, blind spot detection, parking assistance, forward collision warning, lane departure warning, driver drowsiness detection, and traffic sign recognition etc. Unfortunately, these systems are provided only with modern luxury cars because they are very expensive due to numerous sensors employed. Therefore, camera-based ADAS are being seen as an alternative because a camera has much lower cost, higher availability, can be used for multiple applications and ability to integrate with other systems. Aiming at developing a camera-based ADAS, we have performed an ethnographic study of drivers in order to find what information about the surroundings could be helpful for drivers to avoid accidents. Our study shows that information on speed, distance, relative position, direction, and size & type of the nearby vehicles & other objects would be useful for drivers, and sufficient for implementing most of the ADAS functions. After considering available technologies such as radar, sonar, lidar, GPS, and video-based analysis, we conclude that video-based analysis is the fittest technology that provides all the essential support required for implementing ADAS functions at very low cost. Finally, we have proposed a Smart-Dashboard system that puts technologies – such as camera, digital image processor, and thin display – into a smart system to offer all advanced driver assistance functions. A basic prototype, demonstrating three functions only, is implemented in order to show that a full-fledged camera-based ADAS can be implemented using MATLAB. / Phone# 00966-56-00-56-471

The global business environment of today requires companies to be flexible, in order to quickly react and respond to the ever-changing market. Business-to-business application integration (B2BAI) can be seen as a tool which enables companies to stay competitive and it is often regarded by the theory as a must for survival in today’s fierce business environment. Eventhough the employment of a B2BAI strategy can generate a lot of advantages and opportunities for companies operating within today’s global business environment, there are still many challenges and problems to overcome in order to have a successful B2BAI solution. Based on this we found it highly interesting to see whether the theories positive outlook on B2BAI could be supported by an empirical research. In this essay we have therefore studied and identified the underlying reasons and the contributing factors to why or why not companies choose to integrate externally, from the perspective of IT-consulting agencies. Besides this, a description and an explanation regarding the concepts covered by the field of B2BAI have been made in order to facilitate the understanding for the reader. As our intention primarily was to investigate the reasons behind and the contributing factors to why or why not companies choose to integrate, we chose to make qualitative interviews. This, as we were in need of information which described the course of events and expressed individual opinions, in order to achieve the purpose of the essay. Regarding the selection of research objects for the research, the population consists of all IT-consulting agencies in Sweden. The research has however been delimited to a selection of the population, where the sample consists of three IT-consulting agencies located in Jönköping, with experience of B2BAI. One of the most interesting discoveries we have made in this research is that the empirical findings agree with the theory in regards of that globalization is a central factor contributing to why companies chose to invest in B2BAI. However, the respondents do not discuss all the advantages of B2BAI mentioned in the theory and emphasize slightly different underlying reasons for choosing to employ a B2BAI strategy. The most central reason for not choosing to employ a B2BAI strategy was according to the respondents due to the lack of knowledge regarding issues relating to the phenomenon and this have not been discussed in the theoretical framework. The challenges with B2BAI stated in the theory, were on the other hand not regarded as issues contributing to not choosing to implement B2BAI. We are under the impression that the advantages and the oppor-tunities with B2BAI carry more weight then the challenges, as the essays empirical findings indicate that the demand for B2BAI today is high and constantly growing. / Dagens globala affärsvärld kräver att företag ska vara flexibla för att snabbt kunna reagera och anpassa sig till den ständigt föränderliga marknaden. Business-to-business application integration (B2BAI) kan ses som ett verktyg som hjälper företag att vara konkurrenskraftiga och i teorier som behandlar ämnet beskrivs det ofta som ett måste för att överleva i dagens tuffa affärsklimat. Trots att tillämpandet av en B2BAI strategi kan generera ett flertal fördelar så finns det fortfarande många utmaningar och problem att bemästra för att kunna få en framgångsrik B2BAI lösning. Baserat på detta fann vi det högst intressant att undersöka huruvida teorins positiva bild av B2BAI kunde stödjas av en empirisk studie. I denna uppsats har vi därför undersökt och identifierat de underliggande skälen och de bidragande faktorerna till varför företag väljer eller inte väljer att integrera externt, utifrån ett IT-konsultföretag perspektiv. Utöver detta ges en beskrivning av och förklaring till de begrepp som kunskapsområdet B2BAI innefattar för att underlätta förståelsen för läsaren. Eftersom vår avsikt huvudsakligen var att undersöka skälen bakom och de bidragande faktorerna till varför företag väljer eller inte väljer att integrera, valde vi att genomföra kvalitativa intervjuer. Detta då vi hade ett behov av information som beskrev händelser och uttryckte personliga åsikter för att kunna uppfylla syftet med denna uppsats. Vad gäller urvalet av undersökningsobjekt består populationen av alla IT-konsultföretag i Sverige. Undersökningen har dock avgränsats till tre IT-konsultföretag belägna i Jönköping med erfarenhet av B2BAI. En av de mest intressanta upptäckterna vi har gjort i denna undersökning är att empirin överensstämmer med teorin beträffande att globaliseringen är en central bidragande faktor till varför företag väljer att investera i B2BAI. Respondenterna diskuterar dock inte alla fördelar med B2BAI som omnämns i teorin och framhåller delvis andra underliggande skäl till varför företag väljer att använda an B2BAI strategi. Det mest centrala skälet till varför företag inte väljer att implementera en B2BAI strategi var enligt respondenterna på grund av bristande kunskaper beträffande frågor relaterade till fenomenet och detta har inte diskuterats i det teoretiska ramverket. Utmaningarna med B2BAI omnämnda i teorin ansågs emellertid inte vara bidragande faktorer till att inte välja att implementera B2BAI. Vi har fått intrycket att de fördelar och möjligheter som B2BAI medför är av större vikt för företag än de utmaningar och problem som existerar, då uppsatsens empiriska studie pekar på att efterfrågan för B2BAI är stor idag och kon-stant växande.

This thesis addresses software design within the field of Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICTD). Specifically, it makes a case for the design and development of software which is custom-made for the context of marginalised rural areas (MRAs). One of the main aims of any ICTD project is sustainability and such sustainability is particularly difficult in MRAs because of the high costs of projects located there. Most literature on ICTD projects focuses on other factors, such as management, regulations, social and community issues when discussing this issue. Technical matters are often down-played or ignored entirely. This thesis argues that MRAs exhibit unique technical characteristics and that by understanding these characteristics, one can possibly design more cost-effective software. One specific characteristic is described and addressed in this thesis – a characteristic we describe here for the first time and call a network island. Further analysis of the literature generates a picture of a distributed network of access nodes (DANs) within such network islands, which are connected by high speed networks and are able to share resources and stimulate usage of technology by offering a wide range of services. This thesis attempts to design a fitting middleware platform for such a context, which would achieve the following aims: i) allow software developers to create solutions for the context more efficiently (correctly, rapidly); ii) stimulate product managers and business owners to create innovative software products more easily (cost-effectively). A given in the context of this thesis is that the software should use free/libre open source software (FLOSS) – good arguments do also exist for the use of FLOSS. A review of useful FLOSS frameworks is undertaken and several of these are examined in an applied part of the thesis, to see how useful they may be. They form the basis for a walking skeleton implementation of the proposed middleware. The Spring framework is the basis for experiments, along with Spring-Webservices, JMX and PHP 5’s web service capabilities. This thesis builds on three years of work at the Siyakhula Living Lab (SLL), an experimental testbed in a MRA in the Mbashe district of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Several existing products are deployed at the SLL in the fields of eCommerce, eGovernment and eLearning. Requirements specifications are engineered from a variety of sources, including interviews, mailing lists, the author’s experience as a supervisor at the SLL, and a review of the existing SLL products. Future products are also investigated, as the thesis considers current trends in ICTD. Use cases are also derived and listed. Most of the use cases are concerned with management functions of DANs that can be automated, so that operators of DANs can focus on their core business and not on technology. Using the UML Components methodology, the thesis then proceeds to design a middleware component architecture that is derived from the requirements specification. The process proceeds step-by-step, so that the reader can follow how business rules, operations and interfaces are derived from the use cases. Ultimately, the business rules, interfaces and operations are related to business logic, system interfaces and operations that are situated in specific components. The components in turn are derived from the business information model, that is derived from the business concepts that were initially used to describe the context for the requirements engineering. In this way, a logical method for software design is applied to the problem domain to methodically derive a software design for a middleware solution. The thesis tests the design by considering possible weaknesses in the design. The network aspect is tested by interpolating from formal assumptions about the nature of the context. The data access layer is also identified as a possible bottleneck. We suggest the use of fast indexing methods instead of relational databases to maintain flexibility and efficiency of the data layer. Lessons learned from the exercise are discussed, within the context of the author’s experience in software development teams, as well as in ICTD projects. This synthesis of information leads to warnings about the psychology of middleware development. We note that the ICTD domain is a particularly difficult one with regards to software development as business requirements are not usually clearly formulated and developers do not have the requisite domain knowledge. In conclusion, the core arguments of the thesis are recounted in a bullet form, to lay bare the reasoning behind this work. Novel aspects of the work are also highlighted. They include the description of a network island, and aspects of the DAN middleware requirements engineering and design. Future steps for work based on this thesis are mapped out and open problems relating to this research are touched upon.

Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) is an enabling technology for modern event- driven applications that are typically based on publish/subscribe communication [Eugster03]. Enterprises typically contain hundreds of applications operating in environments with diverse databases and operating systems. Integration of these applications is required to coordinate the business process. Unfortunately, this is no easy task. Enterprise Integration, according to Brosey et al. (2001), "aims to connect and combines people, processes, systems, and technologies to ensure that the right people and the right processes have the right information and the right resources at the right time"[Brosey01]. Communication between different applications can be achieved by using synchronous and asynchronous communication tools. In synchronous communication, both parties involved must be online (for example, a telephone call), whereas in asynchronous communication, only one member needs to be online (email). Middleware is software that helps two applications communicate with one another. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) and Object Request Brokers (ORB) are two types of synchronous middleware—when they send a request they must wait for an immediate reply. This can decrease an application’s performance when there is no need for synchronous communication. Even though asynchronous distributed messaging using message oriented middleware is widely used in industry, there is not enough work done in evaluating the performance of various open source Message oriented middleware. The objective of this work was to benchmark and evaluate three different open source MOM’s performance in publish/subscribe and point-to-point domains, functional comparison and qualitative study from developers perspective.

Die Zugriffslokalität referenzierter Daten ist eine wichtige Eigenschaft verteilter Anwendungen. Lokales Zwischenspeichern abgefragter entfernter Daten (Caching) wird vielfach bei der Entwicklung solcher Anwendungen eingesetzt, um diese Eigenschaft auszunutzen. Anschliessende Zugriffe auf diese Daten können so beschleunigt werden, indem sie aus dem lokalen Zwischenspeicher bedient werden. Gegenwärtige Middleware-Architekturen bieten dem Anwendungsprogrammierer jedoch kaum Unterstützung für diesen nicht-funktionalen Aspekt. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht deshalb, Caching als separaten, konfigurierbaren Middleware-Dienst auszulagern. Durch die Einbindung in den Softwareentwicklungsprozess wird die frühzeitige Modellierung und spätere Wiederverwendung caching-spezifischer Metadaten gewährleistet. Zur Laufzeit kann sich das entwickelte System außerdem bezüglich der Cachebarkeit von Daten adaptiv an geändertes Nutzungsverhalten anpassen. / Locality of reference is an important property of distributed applications. Caching is typically employed during the development of such applications to exploit this property by locally storing queried data: Subsequent accesses can be accelerated by serving their results immediately form the local store. Current middleware architectures however hardly support this non-functional aspect. The thesis at hand thus tries outsource caching as a separate, configurable middleware service. Integration into the software development lifecycle provides for early capturing, modeling, and later reuse of cachingrelated metadata. At runtime, the implemented system can adapt to caching access characteristics with respect to data cacheability properties, thus healing misconfigurations and optimizing itself to an appropriate configuration. Speculative prefetching of data probably queried in the immediate future complements the presented approach.

Mobile business solutions are one of the most attractive market segments of mobile information services. The third generation of mobile communication systems (3G) will be a significant step forward in the convergence of telecommunications and datacommunications industries. More specifically, the convergence of mobile technologies and the Internet allows compelling possibilities for future applications and solutions. However, most current mobile businesses and mobile application and solution providers are rather contributing to the process of convergence; many current ideas and solutions are based on the restrictions of existing mobile networks combined with Internet-based services. In the future, when mobile networks and the Internet have merged, it will no longer be possible to create revenue with these types of solutions. One concrete solution is the mobile middleware concept, bridging the mobile technologies and Internet world. This Master’s thesis studies the middleware concept for providing business applications in the light of 3G, making strategic recommendations to a provider of these kinds of services. A comprehensive discussion about the developments after 3G is introduced. Alternative solutions are presented and some strategic implications are introduced. The implications are motivated by an industry survey, carried out within this project. The topic of over-the-air data synchronization is discussed as an example for interim middleware. Mobile computing file system issues are seen as an interesting opportunity for business applications. The possibility of remote desktop screen access is studied, and measurements proving its feasability for hosted wireless application service provision are made. Emerging mobile Java technologies are discussed as an efficient platform for providing ubiquitous, device independent end-to-end solutions. As one of the recommended strategies, this thesis introduces the concept of hybrid thickness client applications as a feasible solution for migrating from current middleware solutions to an (uncertain) future of native, thick terminal applications, within a scope of two years. Based on this concept, a prototype for a 3G smartphone application was developed as an example. A set of possible strategic scenarios is presented and discussed. This thesis also discusses operator differentiation and business solutions in an all-IP based world. 3G networks and handset devices will introduce a large number of new applications and business opportunities, but such a change will also introduce new challenges and risks. The migration challenge is being illustrated in the case of Smartner, a mobile middleware solution provider focusing on business applications. As shown by this case, compared to current enabling solutions, a major shift in technologies is seen as needed, in order to maintain long-term success. / Mobila affärssystem bildar ett av de mest attraktiva marknadssegment inom mobila informationstjänster. Den tredje generationens mobila kommunikationssytem (3G) kommer att bli ett viktigt steg fram mot konvergensen mellan telekommunikationsoch datakommunikationsindustrin. Särskilt konvergensen som äger rum mellan mobila teknologier och Internet erbjuder utmanande möjligheter för framtida applikationer och lösningar. De flesta nuvarande företag och tjänster inom mobilbranschen kan dock snarast betraktas som ett bidrag till denna konvergens. Många av de nuvarande idéerna och lösningarna är nämligen baserade på avgränsningar och problem som uppstår vid kombination av mobila system med Internet-baserade tjänster. I framtiden, när mobila nät har vuxit ihop med Internet till en symbios, kommer det inte längre att vara möjligt att förtjäna på detta slag av lösningar. En konkret lösning är det mobila middleware-konceptet, som bildar en logisk koppling mellan mobila teknologier och Internet-världen. Detta examensarbete studerar middleware-konceptet från en 3G-orienterad synvinkel och framför strategiska råd för företag som erbjuder detta slag av tjänster. En detaljerad diskussion om utvecklingen efter 3G presenteras. Arbetet lägger fram alternativa lösningar och strategiska implikationer deriveras. Implikationerna är motiverade bl.a. av en intervjuunders ökning som utfördes i samband med detta arbete. Temat trådlös datasynkronisering diskuteras som ett exempel för provisorisk middleware. Mobila filsystem införs som en intressant möjlighet för affärsapplikationer. Diverse möjligheter för fjärrkontroll av en arbetsplatsstation studeras och mätningar bevisar deras genomförbarhet för trådlösa applikationstjänster. Framträdande mobila Java-teknologier analyseras och presenteras som ett efficient underlag för plattformoberoende end-to-end-lösningaröver lag. En av de rekommenderade strategierna är baserad på det hybrida klientkonceptet, vilket presenteras som en realistisk lösning förövergången från nuvarande middleware-system till en (osäker) framtid av nativa, tjocka terminalapplikationer. Den strategiska horisonten för detta är två år. Utgående från detta koncept utvecklades en prototyp som exempel för en sådan applikation. Arbetet definerar och diskuterar dessutom diverse strategiska scenarier. Slutligen nämns problematiken om operatörernas framtida differentieringsmöjligheter och rollen av affärssystem i en fullständigt IP-baserad värld. 3G nät och terminaler kommer att skapa ett stort antal nya användningar och affärsmöjligheter, men ändringen kommer också att medföra nya utmaningar och risker. Detta illustreras med hjälp av företaget Smartner som exempel för en leverant ör av mobila middleware-lösningar för affärsanvändningar. Som demonstrerat i detta fall, anses i jämförelse med nuvarande applikationslösningar en signifikant teknologisk reorientering vara nödvändig, för att bevara ett långvarigt perspektiv. / Langattomat yrityssovellukset ovat nykyään yksi kiinnostavimmista mobiilimarkkinoiden segmenteistä. Kolmannen sukupolven (3G) mobiilit viestintäjärjestelmät tulevat olemaan merkittävä askel kohti telekommunikaatioja dataliikennealojen yhdistymist ä (ns. konvergenssia). Itse asiassa mobiiliteknologian ja Internetin lähentyminen mahdollistaa entistä hyödyllisempien mobiilisovellusten ja -ratkaisuiden rakentamisen tulevaisuudessa. Tällä hetkellä useat mobiiliyritykset ja mobiilisovellusten tuottajat ovat kuitenkin osana tätä yhdistymisprosessia. Monet nykyiset ideat ja ratkaisut ottavat nimittäin lähtökohdakseen rajoitukset, joita nykyiset tietoliikenneverkot asettavat yhdistyessään Internet-pohjaisiin palveluihin. Tulevaisuudessa, kun mobiiliverkot ja Internet ovat yhdistyneet, ei ole enää mahdollista ansaita rahaa tällaisten perinteisten ratkaisuiden avulla. Yksi konkreettinen ratkaisumalli perustuu mobile middleware -käsitteeseen, joka liittää yhteen mobiiliteknologian ja Internetin. Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan middleware- käsitettä yrityssovellusten tarjoamisessa erityisesti 3G-verkoissa, ja työssä esitellään strategisia suosituksia näiden sovelluspalveluiden tarjoajille. Työssä käyd ään perusteellisesti läpi kolmannen sukupolven jälkeistä kehitystä. Vaihtoehtoisia ratkaisuja esitellään, ja joitakin strategisia vaikutuksia tuodaan myös esille. Vaikutuksia perustellaan tuloksilla, joita tämän projektin osana tehty kysely paljasti. Tiedon langatonta synkronisointia tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilapäisestä middlewaresta. Mobiileihin tiedostojärjestelmiin liittyvät asiat nähdään mielenkiintoisena mahdollisuutena yrityssovelluksille. Toimistojärjestelmien etäkäyttömahdollisuuksia on tutkittu ja niiden sopivuutta langattomaan sovellustarjontaan on mitattu. Kehittyviä mobiileja Java-teknologioita pidetään tehokkaana alustana, jonka avulla voidaan tarjota kaikkialla saatavilla olevia, päätelaiteriippumattomia ratkaisuja loppuasiakkaille. Yhtenä suositelluista strategioista tämä diplomityö esittelee yksinkertaisen päätelaitesovellusmallin, jonka avulla nykyisistä middleware-ratkaisuista voidaan siirtyä tulevaisuuden kehittyneempiin päätelaiteratkaisuihin kahden vuoden sisällä. Tähän konseptiin perustuen työssä on kehitetty esimerkki 3G-älypuhelimen sovelluksesta. Lisäksi esitellään ja arvioidaan mahdollisia strategisia skenaariovaihtoehtoja. Tämä diplomityö käsittelee myös operaattoreiden differointimahdollisuuksia ja yrityssovelluksia täysin IP-pohjaisissa verkoissa. 3G-verkot ja -päätelaitteet tuovat mukanaan laajan valikoiman uusia sovelluksia ja liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia, mutta tämä muutos merkitsee myös uusia haasteita ja riskejä. Tätä haastetta kuvataan tutkimuksen esimerkkiyrityksen Smartnerin tapauksessa, joka on yrityssovelluksiin fokusoitunut mobiilien middleware-ratkaisuiden tarjoaja. Tutkimus tuo esille, miten Smartnerin nykyiset sovellukset huomioon ottaen tarvitaan valtava teknologinen suunnanmuutos pitkäaikaisen perspektiivin säilyttämiseksi.

Big Data workflows are composed of multiple orchestration steps that perform different data analytics tasks. These tasks process heterogeneous data using various computing and storage resources. Due to the diversity of application domains, involved technologies, and complexity of data sets, the design and implementation of Big Data workflows require the collaboration of domain experts and technical experts. However, existing tools are too technical and cannot easily allow domain experts to participate in the process of defining and executing Big Data workflows. Moreover, the majority of existing tools are designed for specific applications such as bioinformatics, computational chemistry, and genomics. They are also based on specific technology stacks that do not provide flexible means of code reuse and maintenance. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a Big Data workflow solution based on the use of a domain-specific language (DSL) for hiding complex technical details, enabling domain experts to participate in the process definition of workflows. The workflow solution uses a combination of software container technologies and message-oriented middleware (MOM) to enable highly scalable workflow execution. The applicability of the solution is demonstrated by implementing a prototype based on a real-world data workflow. As per performed evaluations, the proposed workflow solution was evaluated to provide efficient workflow definition and scalable execution. Furthermore, the results of a set of experiments were presented, comparing the performance of the proposed approach with Argo Workflows, one of the most promising tools in the area of Big Data workflows. / Big Data-arbetsflöden består av flera orkestreringssteg som utför olika dataanalysuppgifter. Dessa uppgifter bearbetar heterogena data med hjälp av olika databehandlings- och lagringsresurser. På grund av stora variationen av tillämpningsområden, den involverade tekniken, och komplexiteten hos datamängderna, kräver utformning och implementering av Big Data-arbetsflöden samarbete mellan domänexperter och tekniska experter. Befintliga verktyg är dock för tekniska och vilket försvårar för domänexperter att delta i processen att definiera och genomföra Big Data-arbetsflöden. Dessutom är majoriteten av befintliga verktyg utformade för specifika tillämpningar, som bioinformatik, beräkningskemi och genomik. Verktygen är också baserade på specifika teknikstackar som inte erbjuder flexibla metoder för att kunna underhålla och återanvända kod. Denna avhandling ämnar att presentera design och implementering av en Big Data-arbetsflödeslösning som utnyttjar ett domänspecifikt språk (DSL) för att dölja komplexa tekniska detaljer, vilket gör det möjligt för domänexperter att delta i processdefinitionen av arbetsflöden. Arbetsflödeslösningen använder en kombination av mjukvaruutrustningsteknik och meddelande-orienterad mellanvara (MOM) för att möjliggöra en mer skalbar körning av arbetsflöden. Tillämpningslösningen demonstreras genom att implementera en prototyp baserad på ett verkligt dataflöde. Efter en granskning av de genomförda testerna modifierades den föreslagna arbetsflödeslösningen för att uppnå en effektiv arbetsflödesdefinition och skalbar körning. Dessutom presenteras resultaten av en uppsättning experiment där man jämför skalbarheten för det föreslagna tillvägagångssättet med Argo Workflows, ett av de mest lovande verktygen inom Big Data-arbetsflöden

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Modern society is intrinsically dependent on the ability to manage data effectively. While relational databases have been the industry standard for the past quarter century, recent growth in data volumes and complexity requires novel data management solutions. These trends revitalized the interest in deductive databases and highlighted the need for column-oriented data storage. However, programming technologies for enterprise computing were designed for the relational data management model (i.e., row-oriented data storage). Therefore, developers cannot easily incorporate emerging data management solutions into enterprise systems. To address the problem above, this thesis presents Deductive Java (DJ), a system that enables enterprise programmers to use a column oriented deductive database in their Java applications. DJ does so without requiring that the programmer become proficient in deductive databases and their non-standardized, vendor-specific APIs. The design of DJ incorporates three novel features: (1) tailoring orthogonal persistence technology to the needs of a deductive database with column-oriented storage; (2) using Java interfaces as a primary mapping construct, thereby simplifying method call interception; (3) providing facilities to deploy light-weight business rules. DJ was developed in partnership with LogicBlox Inc., an Atlanta based technology startup. / Master of Science

[ES] El interés en la industria y a nivel académico en el desarrollo en el campo de Internet de las Cosas (IoT) es muy alto. Se han diseñado e implementado una gran cantidad de soluciones a diferentes niveles. Desde soluciones a nivel de dispositivo hasta plataformas IoT completas. No obstante, desarrollar nuevas soluciones IoT en muchos casos puede suponer un esfuerzo complejo. Esta no es una tarea que se deba realizar desde cero. Las plataformas IoT ofrecen las herramientas necesarias para administrar y trabajar con los dispositivos y objetos conectados a ellas. Las plataformas utilizan estos datos para producir resultados y ofrecer servicios y aplicaciones. El ecosistema IoT abarca una amplia gama de dispositivos, sensores, actuadores, entidades de conocimientos, protocolos, tecnologías, redes, plataformas, servicios, aplicaciones, sistemas y datos muy diversos. Como consecuencia de su naturaleza heterogénea y la ausencia de un estándar global de IoT, un hecho que tampoco se espera lograr en un futuro próximo, en lugar de lograr la integración perfecta entre los diferentes sistemas IoT proliferan diferentes tecnologías y sistemas que implementan sus propios protocolos de interoperabilidad para los objetos que componen IoT. El trabajo realizado en esta Tesis Doctoral se encarga de revertir esta problemática asociada a la heterogeneidad de las plataformas IoT y la falta de un estándar de interoperabilidad predominante en el mercado. Por tanto, el objetivo de la misma es ofrecer una solución centrada en aprovechar las diferentes ventajas que ofrecen las plataformas, aplicaciones y servicios IoT disponibles, para ofrecer una serie de mecanismos de interoperabilidad y un marco común que permitan poder acceder, interactuar e intercambiar información y funcionalidades entre las diferentes plataformas IoT. Concretamente, la Tesis Doctoral se centra en las necesidades de interoperabilidad de plataformas IoT en las capas de Middleware y Aplicación y Servicios. Desde la perspectiva de los mecanismos de la capa middleware, la Tesis Doctoral establece soluciones basadas en una capa de abstracción que facilita el acoplamiento de las diferentes plataformas. Esto proporciona funcionalidades para acceder a las principales características e información de las diferentes plataformas IoT. Desde la perspectiva de los mecanismos de la capa de aplicación y servicios, se diseñan y definen soluciones para el acceso común y la interacción entre los distintos servicios y aplicaciones heterogéneos ofrecidos por las plataformas. Además, en la Tesis Doctoral se presentan aquellos elementos transversales para ofrecer una solución de interoperabilidad completa. En primer lugar, se exponen aquellos requisitos necesarios para gestionar la confianza, seguridad, privacidad, virtualización, extensibilidad o escalabilidad. En segundo lugar, se presenta la definición de un marco común de interoperabilidad que proporciona una forma de unificar los diferentes mecanismos de interoperabilidad presentados. También se ofrecen herramientas para gestionar, acceder y hacer un uso adecuado de los mecanismos de interoperabilidad. Finalmente, se presenta la aproximación a la solución propuesta llevada a cabo en los proyectos europeos H2020: INTER-IoT, ACTIVAGE, PIXEL y DataPorts. Estos proyectos han servido para definir, desarrollar y validar los mecanismos de interoperabilidad y la solución presentada en esta Tesis Doctoral. / [CAT] L'interés en la indústria i a nivell acadèmic en el desenvolupament en el camp d'Internet de les Coses (IoT) és molt alt. S'han dissenyat i implementat una gran quantitat de solucions a diferents nivells. Des de solucions a nivell de dispositiu fins a plataformes IoT completes. No obstant això, desenvolupar noves solucions IoT en molts casos pot suposar un esforç complex. Aquesta no és una tasca que s'haja de realitzar des de zero. Les plataformes IoT ofereixen les eines necessàries per a administrar i treballar amb els dispositius i objectes connectats a elles. Les plataformes utilitzen aquestes dades per a produir resultats i oferir serveis i aplicacions. L'ecosistema IoT es compon d'una una àmplia gamma de dispositius, sensors, actuadors, entitats de coneixements, protocols, tecnologies, xarxes, plataformes, serveis, aplicacions, sistemes i dades molt diverses. A conseqüència de la seua naturalesa heterogènia i l'absència d'un estàndard global de IoT, un fet que tampoc s'espera aconseguir en un futur pròxim, es produeix que en lloc d'aconseguir la integració perfecta entre els diferents sistemes IoT, proliferen diferents tecnologies i sistemes que implementen els seus propis protocols d'interoperabilitat per als objectes que componen Internet de les Coses. El treball realitzat en aquesta tesi doctoral s'encarrega de revertir aquesta problemàtica associada a l'heterogeneïtat de les plataformes IoT i la falta d'un estàndard d'interoperabilitat predominant en el mercat. Per tant, l'objectiu és oferir una solució centrada en aprofitar els diferents avantatges que ofereixen les plataformes, aplicacions i serveis IoT disponibles, per a oferir una sèrie de mecanismes d'interoperabilitat i un marc comú que permeten poder accedir, interactuar i intercanviar informació i funcionalitats entre les diferents plataformes IoT. Concretament, el treball se centra en les necessitats d'interoperabilitat de plataformes IoT en les capes de Middleware i Aplicació i Serveis. Des de la perspectiva dels mecanismes de la capa Middleware, el present treball estableix solucions basades en una capa d'abstracció que facilita la unificació de les diferents plataformes. Això proporciona les funcionalitats per a accedir a les principals les característiques i informació de les diferents plataformes IoT. Des de la perspectiva dels mecanismes de la capa d'aplicació i serveis, es dissenya i defineixen solucions per a l'accés comú i la interacció entre els diferents serveis i aplicacions heterogenis oferits per les plataformes. A més, es presenten en el present treball aquells elements transversals per a oferir una solució d'interoperabilitat completa. En primer lloc, aquells requisits necessaris per a gestionar la confiança, seguretat, privacitat, virtualització, extensibilitat o escalabilitat. En segon lloc, la definició d'un marc comú d'interoperabilitat que proporciona una manera d'unificar els diferents mecanismes d'interoperabilitat presentats. Oferint eines per a gestionar, accedir i fer un ús adequat dels mecanismes d'interoperabilitat. Finalment, es presenta l'aproximació a la solució proposada duta a terme en els projectes europeus H2020: INTER-IoT, ACTIVAGE, PÍXEL i DataPorts. Aquests projectes han servit per a definir, desenvolupar i validar els mecanismes d'interoperabilitat i la solució oferida en aquesta tesi doctoral. / [EN] There is a strong interest in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the industry and the academia. A large number of solutions have been designed and implemented at different levels. From device level solutions to complete IoT platforms. However, developing new IoT solutions can be a challenging task. This is not a task that needs to be done from scratch. IoT platforms provide the tools needed to manage and access to the devices and objects connected to them. The platforms can take advantage of this data to produce results and deliver services and applications. The IoT ecosystem encompasses a wide range of diverse devices, sensors, actuators, knowledge entities, protocols, technologies, networks, platforms, services, applications, systems and data. As a consequence of its heterogeneous nature and the absence of a global IoT standard, something that is also not expected to be achieved soon, instead of achieving seamless integration between different IoT systems, different technologies and systems proliferate and providing their own interoperability protocols for the objects related with Internet of Things. The work carried out in this PhD thesis aims to address this problem associated with the heterogeneity of IoT platforms and the lack of a predominant interoperability standard in the market. Therefore, the objective is to offer a solution focused on taking advantage of the different benefits offered by the available IoT platforms, applications and services, in order to offer a series of interoperability mechanisms and a common framework that allows accessing, interacting and exchanging information and functionalities between the different IoT platforms. Specifically, the work is focused on the interoperability needs at the Middleware and Application and Services layers of the IoT Platforms. From the perspective of the Middleware layer mechanisms, this work establishes solutions based on an abstraction layer that facilitates the coupling of the different platforms. This provides functionalities to access to the main features and information of the different IoT platforms. From the perspective of the Application and Service layer mechanisms, this work designs and defines solutions for common access and interaction between the different heterogeneous services and applications offered by the IoT platforms. In addition, this PhD tesis presents those cross-cutting aspects needed to provide a complete interoperability solution. Firstly, those requirements involved in to manage trust, security, privacy, virtualisation, extensibility or scalability. Secondly, the definition of a common interoperability framework that provides a way to unify the different interoperability mechanisms presented. It offers tools for managing, accessing and making appropriate use of the interoperability mechanisms developed in this work. Finally, it describes the approach to the proposed solution carried out in the following H2020 european projects: INTER-IoT, ACTIVAGE, PIXEL and DataPorts. These research projects have been used to define, develop and validate the interoperability mechanisms and the solution offered in this PhD tesis. / Belsa Pellicer, A. (2022). Especificación y desarrollo de mecanismos de interoperabilidad a nivel de Middleware y Aplicaciones/Servicios entre Plataformas Heterogéneas de Internet de las Cosas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185508