Este estudo buscou analisar a assistência pré-natal oferecida às gestantes matriculadas no Programa de Pré-Natal (PN) em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) da zona sul do Município de São Paulo. Os objetivos foram: descrever a organização e a estrutura da UBS; caracterizar as gestantes, conforme dados sociodemográficos e clínico-obstétricos; analisar o processo da assistência PN, conforme os indicadores de processo do Programa de Humanização do Pré-Natal e Nascimento (PHPN) ampliado, os critérios de adequação do pré-natal e o Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista com o responsável pela unidade e consulta aos dados de prontuários de gestantes matriculadas em 2011. A amostra compôs-se de 308 prontuários. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de 2012 e março de 2013. O estudo integra o projeto Assistência pré-natal em uma região da zona sul do Município de São Paulo financiado pelo CNPq (Processo no. 485264/2011-0), realizado em 12 UBS do Distrito de Capão Redondo em São Paulo que prestam atendimento às gestantes, pelo Programa Mãe Paulistana, no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da USP - Parecer nº. 145.651 e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo - Parecer nº. 156.805. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura do serviço atende aos requisitos para o desenvolvimento de ações preconizadas para a atenção PN, apesar da insuficiência de médicos. As gestantes eram jovens, média da idade 24 anos; 52,3% da raça parda; 58,2% com 8 a 11 anos de estudo; 43,6% com companheiro e filhos; 87,9% casadas ou solteiras com união estável; 40,0% primigestas. Observou-se que: 82,1% da amostra iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação; 84,1% fizeram o número mínimo de seis consultas; 63,6% tiveram, pelo menos, uma consulta no primeiro trimestre, duas no segundo e três no terceiro; 16,2% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, realizaram o mínimo de seis consultas e todos os exames básicos; 13,3% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, fizeram o mínimo de seis consultas, os exames básicos e a consulta de puerpério (CP); 9,7% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, realizaram o mínimo de seis consultas, os exames básicos, a CP e a dose imunizante da vacina antitetânica; 67,5% eram imunes ou receberam a imunização antitetânica e 89,0% realizaram a CP. Pelo Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda, 79,2% gestantes tiveram o PN adequado; 5,9% inadequado e 14,9% intermediário. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos PN adequado e inadequado em quase a totalidade das variáveis estudadas. Concluiu-se que a assistência pré-natal da ESF vem se mostrando como um modelo de atenção com bons resultados de adequação pré-natal aos critérios do PHPN e do Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda. Não obstante, os registros mostraram falhas no atendimento à realização de exames básicos, imunizações e participação em grupos educativos / This study investigates the prenatal care provided to pregnant women enrolled in Prenatal (PN) Care Program in a Primary Health Unit (PHU) in the south zone of São Paulo. The aims were to describe the organization and structure of PHU; characterize pregnant women, according to sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric data, analyze the process of PN care in accordance with expanded process indicators of national Program for Humanization of Prenatal and Birth (PHPB), standards for adequacy of prenatal care and Kessner index modified by Takeda. This is a cross-sectional study with data collection through interviews with the responsible of the unit and examination the data from medical records of pregnant women enrolled in 2011. The sample consisted of 308 records. Data collection had been done through December 2012 to March 2013. The study integrates the Prenatal care in a region of the southern zone of São Paulo \" project supported by CNPq (Process no. 485264/2011-0), conducted in 12 PHU of Capão Redondo district in São Paulo that provide care for pregnant women, under the Mother Paulistana program through Family Health Strategy (FHS) . The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing - Decision nº. 145.651 and by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Municipal Health Secretary of São Paulo - Decision nº. 156.805. The results showed that the structure of the service meets the requirements for the development of actions recommended for the PN care, despite the shortage of medical doctors. The women were young, mean age 24 years, 52,3% biracial; 58,2% with 8-11 years of education, 43,6% had a partner and children, 87,9% married or single in a stable relationship; 40,0% primigravidae. It had been observed that 82,1% of the sample began PN care up to 16 weeks of gestation; 84,1% had the minimum number of six appointments, 63,6 % had at least one appointment in the first quarter, two on the second and three in the third, 16,2% began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, had a minimum of six appointments and did all basic examinations, 13,3 % began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, have a minimum of six appointments, basic tests and a puerperal appointment (PA), 9,7% began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, had a minimum of six appointments, did the essential exams, PA and immunizing dose of tetanus vaccine, 67,5% were immune or received tetanus immunization and 89,0% had PA. Analyzing PN care by Kessner index modified by Takeda, 79,2 % pregnant women had adequate PN care; 5,9% inappropriate and 14,9% intermediate. No differences were found between appropriate and inappropriate PN care groups in almost all the variables studied. It was concluded that prenatal care under FHS has been showed a model of care with good results of adequacy to prenatal care criteria of PHPB and Kessner Index modified by Takeda. Nevertheless, the records showed flaws in to carry out basic examinations, immunizations and participation in educational groups

Este estudo buscou analisar a assistência pré-natal oferecida às gestantes matriculadas no Programa de Pré-Natal (PN) em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) da zona sul do Município de São Paulo. Os objetivos foram: descrever a organização e a estrutura da UBS; caracterizar as gestantes, conforme dados sociodemográficos e clínico-obstétricos; analisar o processo da assistência PN, conforme os indicadores de processo do Programa de Humanização do Pré-Natal e Nascimento (PHPN) ampliado, os critérios de adequação do pré-natal e o Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista com o responsável pela unidade e consulta aos dados de prontuários de gestantes matriculadas em 2011. A amostra compôs-se de 308 prontuários. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de 2012 e março de 2013. O estudo integra o projeto Assistência pré-natal em uma região da zona sul do Município de São Paulo financiado pelo CNPq (Processo no. 485264/2011-0), realizado em 12 UBS do Distrito de Capão Redondo em São Paulo que prestam atendimento às gestantes, pelo Programa Mãe Paulistana, no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da USP - Parecer nº. 145.651 e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo - Parecer nº. 156.805. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura do serviço atende aos requisitos para o desenvolvimento de ações preconizadas para a atenção PN, apesar da insuficiência de médicos. As gestantes eram jovens, média da idade 24 anos; 52,3% da raça parda; 58,2% com 8 a 11 anos de estudo; 43,6% com companheiro e filhos; 87,9% casadas ou solteiras com união estável; 40,0% primigestas. Observou-se que: 82,1% da amostra iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação; 84,1% fizeram o número mínimo de seis consultas; 63,6% tiveram, pelo menos, uma consulta no primeiro trimestre, duas no segundo e três no terceiro; 16,2% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, realizaram o mínimo de seis consultas e todos os exames básicos; 13,3% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, fizeram o mínimo de seis consultas, os exames básicos e a consulta de puerpério (CP); 9,7% iniciaram o PN até 16 semanas de gestação, realizaram o mínimo de seis consultas, os exames básicos, a CP e a dose imunizante da vacina antitetânica; 67,5% eram imunes ou receberam a imunização antitetânica e 89,0% realizaram a CP. Pelo Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda, 79,2% gestantes tiveram o PN adequado; 5,9% inadequado e 14,9% intermediário. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos PN adequado e inadequado em quase a totalidade das variáveis estudadas. Concluiu-se que a assistência pré-natal da ESF vem se mostrando como um modelo de atenção com bons resultados de adequação pré-natal aos critérios do PHPN e do Índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda. Não obstante, os registros mostraram falhas no atendimento à realização de exames básicos, imunizações e participação em grupos educativos / This study investigates the prenatal care provided to pregnant women enrolled in Prenatal (PN) Care Program in a Primary Health Unit (PHU) in the south zone of São Paulo. The aims were to describe the organization and structure of PHU; characterize pregnant women, according to sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric data, analyze the process of PN care in accordance with expanded process indicators of national Program for Humanization of Prenatal and Birth (PHPB), standards for adequacy of prenatal care and Kessner index modified by Takeda. This is a cross-sectional study with data collection through interviews with the responsible of the unit and examination the data from medical records of pregnant women enrolled in 2011. The sample consisted of 308 records. Data collection had been done through December 2012 to March 2013. The study integrates the Prenatal care in a region of the southern zone of São Paulo \" project supported by CNPq (Process no. 485264/2011-0), conducted in 12 PHU of Capão Redondo district in São Paulo that provide care for pregnant women, under the Mother Paulistana program through Family Health Strategy (FHS) . The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing - Decision nº. 145.651 and by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Municipal Health Secretary of São Paulo - Decision nº. 156.805. The results showed that the structure of the service meets the requirements for the development of actions recommended for the PN care, despite the shortage of medical doctors. The women were young, mean age 24 years, 52,3% biracial; 58,2% with 8-11 years of education, 43,6% had a partner and children, 87,9% married or single in a stable relationship; 40,0% primigravidae. It had been observed that 82,1% of the sample began PN care up to 16 weeks of gestation; 84,1% had the minimum number of six appointments, 63,6 % had at least one appointment in the first quarter, two on the second and three in the third, 16,2% began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, had a minimum of six appointments and did all basic examinations, 13,3 % began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, have a minimum of six appointments, basic tests and a puerperal appointment (PA), 9,7% began PN care up to 16 weeks of pregnancy, had a minimum of six appointments, did the essential exams, PA and immunizing dose of tetanus vaccine, 67,5% were immune or received tetanus immunization and 89,0% had PA. Analyzing PN care by Kessner index modified by Takeda, 79,2 % pregnant women had adequate PN care; 5,9% inappropriate and 14,9% intermediate. No differences were found between appropriate and inappropriate PN care groups in almost all the variables studied. It was concluded that prenatal care under FHS has been showed a model of care with good results of adequacy to prenatal care criteria of PHPB and Kessner Index modified by Takeda. Nevertheless, the records showed flaws in to carry out basic examinations, immunizations and participation in educational groups

The role of midwife has been an integral part of the culture of childbirth in Queensland throughout its history, but it is a role that has been modified and reshaped over time. This thesis explores the factors that underpinned a crucial aspect of that modification and reshaping. Specifically, the thesis examines the factors that contributed to the statutory regulation of midwives that began in 1912 and argues that it was that event that etched the development of midwifery practice for the remainder of the twentieth century. In 1859, when Queensland seceded from New South Wales, childbirth was very much a private event that took place predominantly in the home attended by a woman who acted as midwife. In the fifty-threeyears that followed, childbirth became a medical event that was the subject of scrutiny by the medical profession and the state. The thesis argues that, the year 1912 marks the point at which the practice of midwifery by midwives in Queensland began a transition from lay practice in the home to qualified status in the hospital. In 1912, through the combined efforts of the medical profession, senior nurses and the state, midwives in Queensland were brought under the jurisdiction of the Nurses' Registration Board as "midwifery nurses". The Nurses' Registration Board was established as part of the Health Act Amendment Act of 1911. The inclusion of midwives within a regulatory authority for nurses represented the beginning of the end of midwifery practice as a discrete occupational role and marked its redefinition as a nursing specialty. It was a redefinition that suited the three major stakeholders. The medical profession perceived lay midwives to be a disjointed and uncoordinated body of women whose practice contributed to needless loss of life in childbirth. Further, lay midwives inhibited the generalist medical practitioners' access to family practice. Trained nurses looked upon midwifery as an extension of nursing and one which offered them an area in which they might specialise in order to enhance their occupational status and career prospects. The state was keen to improve birth rates and to reduce infant mortality. It was prepared to accept that the regulation of midwives under the auspices of nursing was a reasonable and proper strategy and one that might assist it to meet its objectives. It was these separate, but complementary, agendas that prompted the medical profession and the state to debate the culture of childbirth, to examine the role of midwives within it, and to support the amalgamation of nursing and midwifery practice. This thesis argues that the medical profession was the most active and persistent protagonist in the moves to limit the scope of midwives and to claim midwifery practice as a medical specialty. Through a campaign to defame midwives and to reduce their credibility as birth attendants, the medical profession enlisted the help of senior nurses and the state in order to redefine midwifery practice as a nursing role and to cultivate the notion of the midwife as a subordinate to the medical practitioner. While this thesis contests the intervention of the medical profession in the reproductive lives of women and the occupational territory of midwives, it concedes that there was a need to initiate change. Drawing on evidence submitted at Inquests into deaths associated with childbirth, the thesis illuminates a childbirth culture that was characterised by anguish and suffering and it depicts the lay midwife as a further peril to an already hazardous event that helps to explain medical intervention in childbirth and, in part, to excuse it. The strategies developed by the medical profession and the state to bring about the occupational transition of midwives from lay to qualified were based upon a conceptual unity between the work of midwives and nurses. That conceptualisation was reinforced by a practical training schedule that deployed midwives within the institution of the lying-in hospital in order to receive the formal instruction that underpinned their entitlement to inclusion on the Register of Midwifery Nurses held by the Nurses' Registration Board. The structure that was put in place in Queensland in 1912 to control and monitor the practice of midwives was consistent with the policies of other Australian states at that time. It was an arrangement that gained acceptance and strength over time so that by the end of the twentieth century, throughout Australia, the practice of midwifery by midwives was, generally, consequent upon prior qualification as a Registered Nurse. In Queensland, in the opening years of the twenty-first century, the role of midwife remains tied to that of the nurse but the balance of power has shifted from the medical profession to the nursing profession. At this time, with the exception of a small number of midwives who have acquired their qualification in midwifery from an overseas country that recognises midwifery practice as a discipline independent of nursing, the vast majority of midwives practising in Queensland do so on the basis of their registration as a nurse. Methodology This thesis explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. The historical approach underpins this research. The historical approach is an inductive process that is an appropriate method to employ for several reasons. First, it assists in identifying the origins of midwifery as a social role performed by women. Second, it presents a systematic way of analysing the evidence concerning the development of the midwifery role and the status of the midwife in society. Third, it highlights the political, social and economic influences which have impacted on midwifery in the past and which have had a bearing on subsequent midwifery practice in Queensland. Fourth, the historical approach exposes important chronological elements pertaining to the research question. Finally, it assists the exposure of themes in the sources that demonstrate the behaviour of key individuals and governing authorities and their connection to the transition of midwifery from lay to qualified. Consequently, through analysing the sources and collating the emerging evidence, a cogent account of interpretations of midwifery history in Queensland may be constructed. Data collection and analysis The data collection began with secondary source material in the formative stages of the research and this provided direction for the primary sources that were later accessed. The primary source material that is employed includes testimonies submitted at Inquests into maternal and neonatal deaths; parliamentary records; legislation, government gazettes, and medical journals. The data has been analysed through an inductive process and its presentation has combined exploration and narration to produce an accurate and plausible account. The story that unfolds is complex and confusing. Its primary focus lies in ascertaining why and how midwifery practice was regulated in Queensland. The thesis therefore explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. Limitations of the study The limitations of the study relate to the documentary evidence and to the cultural group that form the basis of the study. It is acknowledged that historical accounts rely upon the integrity of the historian to select and interpret the data in a fair and plausible manner. In the case of this thesis, one of its limitations is that midwives did not speak for themselves but were, instead, spoken for by medical practitioners and parliamentarians. As a consequence, the coronial and magisterial testimonies that are employed constitute a limitation in that while they reveal the ways in which lay midwifery occurred, they relate only to those childbirth events that resulted in death. Thus, they may be said to represent the minority of cases involving the lay midwife rather than to offer a broader and perhaps more balanced picture. A second limitation is that the accounts are recorded by an official such as a member of the police or of the Coroner's Office and are sanctioned by the witness with a signature or, more often, a cross. It is therefore possible that the recorder has guided these accounts and that they are not the spontaneous evidence of the witness. Those witnesses and the culture they represent are drawn predominantly from non- Indigenous working class. Thus, a third limitation is that the principal ethnic group featured in this thesis has been women of European descent who were born in Queensland or other parts of Australia. This focus has originated from the data itself and has not been contrived. However, it does impose a restriction to the scope of the study.