In this study was described the role of the inflammation in activation of latent microsporidiosis in immunocompetent BALB/c and MMF knock out mice and immunodeficient SCID mice and the correlation between inflammation induction and microsporidia occurrence. The number of spores in selected organs was located by using molecular and histology methods. Moreover, the occurrence of spores in faecal samples was monitored during the whole time of experiment.

Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758)) is our most serious pests, frequently invading spruce stands. The most important predators of I. typographus are two species from genus Thanasimus - Thanasimus formicarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and Thanasimus femoralis (Zetterstedt, 1828). Monitoring of these three species were carried out from April to August, using pheromone traps type Theyson with pheromone lures designed for their capture. New pheromone lure attracting beetles of genus Thanasimus has been tested. It was used a total of six traps that were placed at three locations. Two traps were always placed at one location, one with pheromone lure Pheroprax attracting spruce bark beetles and the second one with pheromone lure called Thanasiwit attracting beetles of the genus Thanasimus. All traps were checked once a week. A total of 10 291 of spruce bark beetles were captured, 25 specimens of T. formicarius and 7 individuals of T. femoralis. Spruce bark beetle flight activity had two generations and one sister brood. The first catches were recorded on 26 April 2015 and the end of the flight activity was recorded on 26 July 2015. The species T. formicarius flight activity was from 12 April 2015 to 2 August 2015 and during this period two generations were recorded. For T. femoralis flight activity was from 17 April 2015 until 9 August 2015, during this period we also recorded two generations, which took place before and after the flight activity of I. typographus. Laboratory work was conducted after the end of captures. From every of sample twenty individuals were dissected and then inspected using a light microscope to presence of pathogens. The most frequently identified pathogen of spruce bark beetles were nematodes, but only in one case nematods were identified in T. formicarius. Other pathogens were found only in the spruce bark beetles and they included microsporidia Chytridiopsis typographi, neogregarine Mattesia schwenkei and nematodes of the genus Contortylechus sp.

One hundred cats at different levels of habituation, house kept and free living, from Czech republic were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi to consider the risk of close human - cat contact on cryptosporidial and microsporidial infections. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats was determined from fecal specimens by genus-specific PCR. All PCR-positive specimens were sequenced to determine the genotype present. Out of 100 cats, three (3 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium, namely C. felis. Nine cats (9 %) were infected with E. bieneusi genotype D. None out of 35 house kept cats was infected with any tested parasites. No effect of age of animals on occurrence both Cryptosporidium and microsporidia was proved. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of zoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, and E. bieneusi in cats in the Czech republic.

The cryptosporidia and microsporidia are worldwide spread opportunistic parasites. With regard to their wide host spectra and zoonotic potential there is a significant risk for immunocompromised humans, especially AIDS patients. Natural Cryptosporidium infections in pigs are widespread but generally apathogenic. A total of 411 faecal samples, 39 of sows, 127 of pre-weaned, 122 of post-weaned piglets and 123 of pre-growers from three farms were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. infection using the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method and positive molecular characterized (direct sequencing of partial SSU rRNA partial genes and PCR-RFLP at the SSU rRNA). Overall, infections were detected in 84 out of 411 animals (20 %), with highest infection rates among post-weaners (27 %). All positive samples were genotyped based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis. C. suis, Cryptosporidium pig genotype II, and C. muris were detected. The microsporidial infections are very frequent in breeds of pigs. Pigs have been frequently reported to be infected with E. bieneusi. Spores were detected in 258 samples of 342 (75 %). The high prevalence was determined in pre-growers (86 %). Genotyping based on the ITS regions of the rRNA gene identified that most pigs were infected with the species-specific genotype F, while two animals had the zoonotic genotype D and two had genotype Peru 9.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate dogs introduced into the Arctic as a source of intestinal parasites infection both for wildlife and humans. To that aim coprological examination of faeces sampled in Svalbard and Greenland was performed. Microscopical and molecular detection of cryptosporidia, giardiae, microsporidia, roundworms and tapeworms in faeces was carried out. One sample from Svalbard was positive for Toxocara canis eggs and four samples from Svalbard were positive for unusual genotype of Enterocytozoon bieneusi.

The prevalence of microsporidial infection among different species of exotic birds was screened using molecular methods. Moreover, the course of microsporidial spores excretion by naturally infected budgerigars was monitored during 30 days long period and subsequently, the site of the infection in tissues of these budgerigars was attempted to be located using histology, electron microscopy and molecular methods.

The course of microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient SCID mice was screened using molecular methods. The site of infection in organs was located using molecular and histology methods. The effectiveness of albendazole treatement and possibility of infection relapse after immunosuppresion (cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, mycofenolate mofetil) was also studied. Moreover, the course of excretion of microsporidial spores in feces was monitored during the whole time of experiment.

Among the most common endoparasites who infected small crustacean Daphnia pulex include microsporidia. These intracellular parasites appear to look like a simple single- celled organisms, but their cell structure and lifecycle prove the opposite. Microsporidia are species-specific. Although they infected most organisms of the animal kingdom, they are not yet sufficiently understood. This theses is inderectly followed up to the studies of waterflea Daphnia longispina and microsporidia Berwaldia schaefernai from the dam reservoirs The aim was to analyze closer microsporidian infection on host Daphnia pulex in a forest pool with simple enviroment, which included monitoring time dynamics of Daphnia population and identification infection caused by microsporidia Berwaldia singularis and yet unknown microsporidia labor-marked "HVH". Laboratory work included determination of zooplankton and parasites, calculation of prevalence, laboratory experiments with transmission of microsporidian infection between healthy and infected flea culture or by isolated spores. Genetic analysis of aquatic invertebrates from the forest pool, especially larvae of mite and mosquitos, helped make closer microsporidian life cycle and hypothesis about secondary hosts, for the presence of pathogen DNA using specific DNA...

The original aim of my diploma thesis was examination of fixed samples of cladocerans from the Daphnia longispina species complex from reservoirs Vír and Vranov for the presence of 4 groups of microparasites: microsporidia, oomycetes, the protozoan Caullerya mesnili, and the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. The next aim was to determine the effect of parasites on Daphnia fecundity, and determination of their spatial and temporal distribution within reservoirs. From the total number 4452 of examined Daphnia females, however, only 56 individuals were infected. This number was not sufficient for the planned analyses. As I recorded for all examined individuals the clutch size, I thus dealt to a large extent with an alternative issue: the temporal and spatial variation of, and the influence of environmental factors on Daphnia fecundity. Both studied reservoirs are characteristic by canyon-shaped profile that allows formation of environmental gradients on the horizontal as well as vertical axis. The results confirm that reservoir identity, season, and location within the reservoir (or gradient of food supply) have all significant effects on fecundity. During my work I have encountered difficulties associated with determining microparazites from fixed zooplankton samples. The appendix section of my thesis...