Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The management of energy use has been used by industries of several market segments aiming to make their processes more sustainable and more competitive. There is a recurrent concern to combine business strategy with sustainable development in the present scenario. In this new configuration, innovation acts as a competitive differentiator, used to achieve quality, sustainability and efficiency in processes as well as products. Therefore, sustainable innovation becomes a strategic and economic factor for any industry that seek to achieve a high degree of sustainability, especially for the mineral industry due to their environmental and social impacts caused by mining activity and its importance for economic development of the country . From the proposed objectives and based on the theoretical assumptions of Liu et al. (2012), Gunday et al. (2011) and GRI (2006, 2010), we sought to identify management practices of energy use and sustainable innovation performance in the supply chain of the mineral industry. The research has a qualitative exploratory and descriptive approach, using a multicase study, which was developed from exploratory interviews and documentary research with five companies in the mineral sector. Among the main results, it was possible to highlight in two cases the adoption of management practices of energy use and its association with sustainable innovation performance. This attitude shows that Brazilian organizations of the mineral industry are seeking to meet environmental and social demands. In the remaining three cases, the main assumption of the study was not supported by the evidence. / A gestão do uso de energia tem sido utilizada pela indústria de diferentes segmentos mercadológicos com intuito de tornar seus processos mais sustentáveis, ao mesmo tempo que torna as empresas mais competitivas. No cenário atual, é recorrente a preocupação em aliar a estratégia empresarial com o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nessa nova configuração, a inovação funciona como um diferencial competitivo, sendo utilizada para alcançar qualidade, sustentabilidade e eficiência em processos e produtos. Portanto, a inovação sustentável passa a ser um fator estratégico e econômico para qualquer indústria que almeja atingir um alto grau de sustentabilidade, em especial para a indústria mineral, devido ao seu impacto ambiental e social, provocado pela atividade extrativista e pela sua importância para o desenvolvimento econômico do país. A partir dos objetivos propostos e com base nos pressupostos teóricos de Liu et al. (2012), Gunday et al. (2011) e GRI (2006; 2010), buscou-se a identificação de práticas de gestão do uso de energia e desempenho inovador sustentável na cadeia de suprimentos da indústria mineral. A pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória e descritiva. Como estratégia de pesquisa, utilizou-se o método de estudo multicaso e foi desenvolvido a partir de entrevistas exploratórias e pesquisa documental com cinco empresas do setor mineral. Dentre os principais resultados, foi possível destacar em dois casos as evidências de práticas de gestão do uso de energia e sua associação com o desempenho inovador sustentável. Essa postura evidencia que parte das organizações que atuam no setor mineral brasileiro está buscando atender às demandas ambientais e sociais. Em outros três casos, o pressuposto não foi corroborado pelas evidências.

The management of supply chains and the incorporation of sustainability into their management initiatives are being used by different organizations in different market segments, in order to obtain competitive advantages and meet the interests of its stakeholders. In the current scenario is recurrent concern in the strategic concepts to compliance with aspects of sustainability between market partners, because the competitive advantage increasingly occurs between supply chains, not just between organizations. This new configuration of the means of production brings in their conceptions incorporating aspects of the management and sustainable development, both in the strategies as in production processes. In this context, the mineral sector has even greater challenges in incorporating sustainable practices into their strategies and processes across the supply chain, because of the environmental and social impact, caused by the mining activity and the importance of this activity in economic and social development of a nation. From the proposed objectives and based on theoretical assumptions Pagell and Wu (2009), Makkonen and Van Der Have (2012), and Gunday et al. (2011) sought to identify the management practices in sustainable supply chain performance and innovative processes. The research has a qualitative and exploratory and descriptive nature. Research strategy used the method and multicase study was developed from exploratory interviews and documentary research with five companies. Among the results findings was possible in three cases highlight the proactive provision for policies and actions that contribute to the sustainability of the supply chain. This attitude shows that the organizations that operate in the Brazilian mining sector is seeking to meet the demands inherent to its stakeholders, especially the environmental and social demands. In two other cases, the assumption guiding the study could not be corroborated by the evidence. In the company Coal I evidence indicates that the company seeks to meet the demands inherent in sustainable management in its supply chain, however, this effort is directed primarily to actions involving the context of the environment. Company Aluminium I in the evidence do not indicate a managerial orientation and proactive stance in support of policies and actions that can contribute to sustainable management, however, it appears that the company has an innovative in its product portfolio. Given the theoretical framework based on the Triple Bottom Line adopted by this study, companies that constitute these two cases are not contributing effectively to sustainable development, particularly within their supply chains / A gestão de cadeias de suprimentos e a incorporação da sustentabilidade à sua gestão são iniciativas que estão sendo utilizadas por diferentes organizações em diversos segmentos mercadológicos, com o objetivo de obter diferenciais competitivos e atender aos interesses de seus stakeholders. No cenário atual, é recorrente a preocupação nas concepções estratégicas com o atendimento a aspectos inerentes à sustentabilidade entre parceiros de mercado, pois a vantagem competitiva cada vez mais ocorre entre as cadeias de suprimentos, e não simplesmente entre as organizações. Essa nova configuração dos meios de produção traz, em suas concepções, a incorporação de aspectos inerentes à gestão e ao desenvolvimento sustentável, tanto nas estratégias quanto nos processos produtivos. Neste contexto, o setor mineral possui desafios ainda maiores quanto à incorporação das práticas sustentáveis em suas estratégias e processos em toda a cadeia produtiva, em virtude do impacto ambiental e social, provocado pela atividade extrativista e a importância dessa atividade no desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma nação. A partir dos objetivos propostos e com base nos pressupostos teóricos de Pagell e Wu (2009), Makkonen e Van Der Have (2012) e Gunday et al. (2011), buscou-se a identificação das práticas de gestão sustentável na cadeia de suprimentos e o desempenho inovador em processos. A pesquisa possui uma abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória e descritiva. Como estratégia de pesquisa, utilizou-se o método de estudo multicaso, que foi desenvolvido a partir de entrevistas exploratórias e de pesquisa documental com cinco empresas do setor mineral. Dentre os principais resultados, foi possível destacar, em três casos, a disposição proativa em prol de políticas e ações que contribuam para a sustentabilidade da cadeia de suprimentos. Essa postura demonstra que parte das organizações que atuam no setor mineral brasileiro está buscando atender às demandas inerentes aos seus stakeholders, principalmente as demandas ambientais e sociais. Em outros dois casos, o pressuposto orientador do estudo não pôde ser corroborado pelas evidências. Na empresa Carvão I, as evidências indicam que a empresa busca atender a demandas inerentes a uma gestão sustentável em sua cadeia produtiva, no entanto, esse esforço é direcionado principalmente para ações que envolvem o contexto do meio ambiente. Na empresa Alumínio I, as evidências não indicam uma orientação gerencial e postura proativa em prol de políticas e ações que possam contribuir para uma gestão sustentável, no entanto, verifica-se que a empresa apresenta uma postura inovadora em seu portfólio de produtos. Diante da concepção teórica fundamentada no Triple Botton Line adotada por este estudo, as empresas que constituem esses dois casos não estão contribuindo de forma efetiva para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, principalmente no âmbito das suas cadeias de suprimentos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os minerais estão presentes no cotidiano humano sob as mais variadas formas, seja no campo da metalurgia, da indústria química, da construção civil ou do cultivo da terra. De uma maneira geral, constata-se que o caminho trilhado pelo desenvolvimento da humanidade foi e é alcançado mediante a busca e utilização de bens minerais. Dada a extensão territorial e a diversidade geológica encontrada no solo e subsolo, o Brasil apresenta como detentor de importante potencial minerário no cenário mundial. Nesse contexto, Roraima constitui-se numa região que foi tradicionalmente voltada à exploração de bens minerais, sobretudo ouro e diamante. Principal porto fluvial do estado de Roraima, muito importante em passado recente, o município de Caracaraí RR perdeu sua função axial com a construção da rodovia BR-174. O desenvolvimento de sua zona rural está baseado na pecuária, o núcleo urbano no comércio e serviços e o setor minerário ainda incipiente. Este estudo enfoca um levantamento dos recursos minerais de importância econômica, inclusive os que estão em fase de exploração no município, utilizando como meios auxiliares produtos de sensoriamento remoto e dados de campo. Foram pesquisados 19 pontos amostrais, sendo oito nas proximidades da BR-174 e 11 em bibliografias consultadas. Foram confeccionadas cartas imagens de ocorrências minerais, substâncias minerais e de mineração em atividade. Caracaraí possui áreas de potencial mineral, tais como areia, seixo, argila, granito e laterita, com ocorrências de ouro. Outros minerais têm sido descobertos na forma de pequenos depósitos ainda pouco investigados, porém as áreas destinadas às terras indígenas e conservação ambiental, conduzem à redução da exploração dos mesmos, além de criar barreiras impedindo os avanços no conhecimento geológico e nas descobertas de novas ocorrências minerais no município. / The minerals are present in everyday human under the most varied forms, whether in the field of metallurgy, chemical industry, construction or farming. In general, it appears that the path followed by the development of humanity was and is achieved by seeking and use of mineral commodities. Given the territorial extension and geological diversity found in soil and subsoil, Brazil has great potential as a holder of mining on the world stage. In this context, Roraima is in a region that has traditionally focused on the exploitation of minerals, especially gold and diamonds. Main river port in the state of Roraima, very important in the recent past, the city of Caracaraí - RR lost its axial with the construction of highway BR-174. The development of their rural area is based on farming, the urban core in trade and services and the mining industry still in its infancy. This study focuses on a survey of economically important mineral resources, including those in the exploration stage in the city, using as auxiliary products of remote sensing and field data. We surveyed 19 sampling points, eight near the BR-174 and 11 in bibliography. Images were prepared letters of mineral occurrences, mineral and mining activity. Caracaraí has areas of mineral potential, such as sand, gravel, clay, granite and laterite, with gold occurrences. Other minerals have been discovered in the form of small deposits still poorly investigated, but the areas allocated to indigenous lands and conservation, leading to reduce the exploitation of them and create barriers impeding progress in geological knowledge and discoveries of new mineral occurrences in the city.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Energy is an essential commodity for the existence of industrial activities, however the lack of management of energy use can lead to numerous environmental, economic and social. Thus industries as energy-intensive play an essential role in the search of the preservation of the energy system. This study aimed to analyze the energy use management practices and its relationship to sustainable performance in the industries of the Brazilian mineral sector. Energy use management practices were measured by the model proposed by Liu et al. (2012). Next, the sustainable performance was identified from the performance indicators developed by the Global Reporting Initiative - GRI (2006, 2010b, 2014). The study is characterized as quantitative and was conducted from conducting a survey research with industries linked to the Brazilian Mining Institute. It was found that the practices regarding the use of existing energy management in companies are related to periodic verification of the impacts of their activities on the environment and encouraging daily energy-saving practices. By contrast the energy use management practices still not widespread in companies are adopting the ISO 50001 and the existence of an Internal Commission for Energy Conservation (CICE). Overall, from the analyzes performed it can be seen that there are positive associations between factors related to energy use management practices and sustainable performance. Thus, it was identified that management practices of energy use involving the integration of energy efficiency in organizations and monitoring of energy use management relate directly to the performance of enterprises, in social, economic and environmental terms. / A energia é um bem essencial para a existência das atividades industriais, no entanto a ausência de uma gestão do uso da energia pode levar a inúmeros impactos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Assim, as indústrias, como grandes consumidoras de energia, exercem um papel essencial na busca da preservação do sistema energético. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as práticas de gestão do uso da energia e sua relação com o desempenho sustentável nas indústrias do setor mineral brasileiro. As práticas de gestão do uso da energia foram mensuradas por meio do modelo proposto por Liu et al. (2012). A seguir, o desempenho sustentável foi identificado a partir dos indicadores de desempenho desenvolvidos pelo Global Reporting Initiative - GRI (2006, 2010b, 2014). O estudo caracteriza-se como quantitativo e foi conduzido a partir da realização de uma pesquisa survey com as indústrias vinculadas ao Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração. Verificou-se que as práticas relacionadas à gestão do uso da energia existentes nas empresas estão relacionadas à verificação periódica dos impactos causados por suas atividades no meio ambiente e o incentivo às práticas diárias de economia de energia. Em contrapartida, as práticas de gestão do uso da energia, ainda pouco disseminadas nas empresas, são a adoção da ISO 50001 e a existência de uma Comissão Interna de Conservação de Energia (CICE). De forma geral, a partir das análises efetuadas, pode-se constatar a existência de associações positivas entre os fatores relacionados às práticas de gestão do uso da energia e o desempenho sustentável. Desse modo, identificou-se que práticas de gestão do uso da energia envolvendo a integração da eficiência energética nas organizações e o monitoramento da gestão do uso da energia relacionam-se diretamente ao desempenho das empresas, em termos sociais, econômicos e ambientais.

This research study is more of an initiative towards Social Impact Assessment of copper-nickel mining in Botswana. The specific objectives of the study were centred on the assessment of the social impacts of copper-nickel mining in Botswana from the initial mining stage of exploration, surveying and mine site development to mine closure. The study was carried out under the broad hypotheses that mining influences population movement that impact on areas of mining; mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities found in the areas where mining is taking place; and mine closure has far reaching socio-economic, investment and developmental implications over and above the obvious interests of project owners. To achieve the broad aim as summarised above, the research study used a multi-disciplinary methodology and approach that required several kinds of expertise and sources of information. Hence it used both primary and secondary sources centred on interactive informative interviews, site visits and observations, questionnaires, census data records, mining companies’ publications, published textbooks and journal articles. The research study comprised of three different mines operated by three different mining companies in three varied socio-cultural and ethnic regions of Botswana. First was a detailed Social Impact Assessment of the initial phase of exploration, surveying and mine site development represented by Mowana mine project operated by African Copper in the rural areas of Dugwi and Mosetse. This case study yielded results showing that the social impacts of mining in the area are diverse and extensive. The findings suggest that the impacts relate not only to the possible economic benefits of foreign exchange, employment, the optimal use of available mineral resources and the possible development of Dugwi and Mosetse villages, but extends to the deleterious social impacts. The results also indicated that the social impacts have just begun in the two communities. Hence they point towards a possible disruption within the socio-cultural system of the local people if serious mitigation measures are not put in place; thus suggesting that the early stages of exploration and mine site development results in the most conflict between the mine and the local people. Second was a comprehensive Social Impact Assessment of Tati-Nickel Phoenix mining project in the peri-urban areas of Matshelagabedi and Matsiloje areas representing the mining stage of mine production and expansion. The results from this case study suggest that during vi mine production and expansion, many people were relocated. However, the overriding impression gained from the case study was Tati-Nickel Mining Company’s elaborate corporate policies that suggested good corporate governance and best practices that promote sustainable development. A notable milestone on good corporate governance and best practice that the other two case studies (mining company) could benchmark on is Tati-Nickel’s corporate social responsibility programme that has been designed to ensure that the communities within a fifty kilometre mine radius benefit from the mine. The results from the case study also distinguished the mining stage of production and expansion from the other two because it is associated with the deep entrenchment of the social impacts into the communities near to mining areas. Third was a detailed Social Impact Assessment on Bamangwato Concession Limited mine in the industrial town of Selebi-Phikwe. The case study represented the stage of mine closure. Through the findings of this case study, it became apparent that the economic dependence of Selebi-Phikwe on mining has seen the town developing into a mining town, increasing its vulnerability at mine closure. The results from the case study further suggest that mine closure will degrade the socio-economic sector of the town with ever far reaching socio-economic implications as many people lose their gainful employment, hence suggesting that a possible complete mine closure will be the most traumatic phase leading to major social conflict within the area. Thus the results suggest that at mine closure, the deleterious social impacts will overspill to other areas in Botswana with disastrous effects for the economy of the country. The results yielded through this study established in clear and passionate language that copper-nickel mining in Botswana influences population movements that lead to positive and negative impacts on the communities found in mining areas. Another major finding of the study is that copper-nickel mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities, hence the recommendation that the copper-nickel mining companies should embrace the concept of sustainable mining for sustainable development to avoid most of the negative impacts of their operations on the local communities.

The use of seismic methods in hard rock environments in Western Australia for mineral exploration is a new and burgeoning technology. Traditionally, mineral exploration has relied upon potential field methods and surface prospecting to reveal shallow targets for economic exploitation. These methods have been and will continue to be effective but lack lateral and depth resolution needed to image deeper mineral deposits for targeted mining. With global need for minerals, and gold in particular, increasing in demand, and with shallower targets harder to find, new methods to uncover deeper mineral reserves are needed. Seismic reflection imaging, hard rock borehole data analysis, seismic inversion and seismic attribute analysis all give the spatial and volumetric exploration techniques the mineral industry can use to reveal high value deeper mineral targets. / In 2002, two high resolution seismic lines, the East Victory and Intrepid, were acquired along with sonic logging, to assess the feasibility of seismic imaging and rock characterisation at the St. Ives gold camp in Western Australia. An innovative research project was undertaken combining seismic processing, rock characterization, reflection calibration, seismic inversion and seismic attribute analysis to show that volumetric predictions of rock type and gold-content may be viable in hard rock environments. Accurate seismic imaging and reflection identification proved to be challenging but achievable task in the all-out hard rock environment of the Yilgarn craton. Accurate results were confounded by crocked seismic line acquisition, low signal-to-noise ratio, regolith distortions, small elastic property variations in the rock, and a limited volume of sonic logging. Each of these challenges, however, did have a systematic solution which allowed for accurate results to be achieved. / Seismic imaging was successfully completed on both the East Victory and Intrepid data sets revealing complex structures in the Earth as shallow as 100 metres to as deep as 3000 metres. The successful imaging required homogenization of the regolith to eliminate regolith travel-time distortions and accurate constant velocity analysis for reflection focusing using migration. Verification of the high amplitude reflections within each image was achieved through integration of surface geological and underground mine data as well as calibration with log derived synthetic seismograms. The most accurate imaging results were ultimately achieved on the East Victory line which had good signal-to-noise ratio and close-to-straight data acquisition direction compared to the more crooked Intrepid seismic line. / The sonic logs from both the East Victory and Intrepid seismic lines were comprehensively analysed by re-sampling and separating the data based on rock type, structure type, alteration type, and Au assay. Cross plotting of the log data revealed statistically accurate separation between harder and softer rocks, as well as sheared and un-sheared rock, were possible based solely on compressional-wave, shear-wave, density, acoustic and elastic impedance. These results were used successfully to derive empirical relationships between seismic attributes and geology. Calibrations of the logs and seismic data provided proof that reflections, especially high-amplitude reflections, correlated well with certain rock properties as expected from the sonic data, including high gold content sheared zones. The correlation value, however, varied with signal-to-noise ratio and crookedness of the seismic line. Subsequent numerical modelling confirmed that separating soft from hard rocks can be based on both general reflectivity pattern and impedance contrasts. / Indeed impedance inversions on the calibrated seismic and sonic data produced reliable volumetric separations between harder rocks (basalt and dolerite) and softer rock (intermediate intrusive, mafic, and volcaniclastic). Acoustic impedance inversions produced the most statistically valid volumetric predictions with the simultaneous use of acoustic and elastic inversions producing stable separation of softer and harder rocks zones. Similarly, Lambda-Mu-Rho inversions showed good separations between softer and harder rock zones. With high gold content rock associated more with “softer” hard rocks and sheared zones, these volumetric inversion provide valuable information for targeted mining. The geostatistical method applied to attribute analysis, however, was highly ambiguous due to low correlations and thus produced overly generalized predictions. Overall reliability of the seismic inversion results were based on quality and quantity of sonic data leaving the East Victory data set, again with superior results as compared to the Intrepid data set. / In general, detailed processing and analysis of the 2D seismic data and the study of the relationship between the recorded wave-field and rock properties measured from borehole logs, core samples and open cut mining, revealed that positive correlations can be developed between the two. The results of rigorous research show that rock characterization using seismic methodology will greatly benefit the mineral industry.