Water resources management is high on the agenda both locally and globally because of its important role in social, economic and environmental development. For example, as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, all United Nations Member States adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 that covered thematic issues including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) no.6, which targets universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030, is of particular interest in this study. The mining industry contributes to socio-economic development; however, it has also contributed to declining water quality in rivers and lakes in many regions globally. In this study, the status and governance of water resources within the Copperbelt province of Zambia over the period 2000 to 2020 was examined. The study investigated population and economic growth within the region and its correlation with changes in water quality and quantity. The research also focused on understanding the ways copper mining is affecting local water resources. The study also investigated challenges faced by regulators and institutions in the water sector, and considered how these challenges could be addressed. Secondary data was obtained from government institutions within Zambia such as National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO), Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) and Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), which are the key institutions in the water sector and the environment. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the three key institutions in the water and pollution control sectors. The results showed that the total population in the Copperbelt province has increased by 20% since 2000 to a total of 1 972 317 in 2010. The population is projected to be 2 669 635 in 2020, representing about 27% increase from 2010. The rural population is projected to be 423 511 in 2020, representing about 11% increase from 2010 while the urban population will be 2 246 124 in 2020 representing about 29% increase from 2010. The majority of this growth has occurred in urban areas, which grew by about 30% from 2000 to a total of 1 595 456 in 2010. Rural population has increased by 8% since 2000 to a total of 376 861. The results also showed increased economic activities driven mainly by copper mining. Water abstraction has generally declined since 2000 mainly due to decrease in mining activities. In 2000, about 1 million m3 /day was abstracted in the Copperbelt province and about 600 000 m3 per day in 2005. The reduction in 2005 could be attributed to reduction in mining activities and institutional changes in the water sector. Water production and consumption from commercial utilities has generally been in decline from 2000 to 2017. This is also the case with water consumption per capita and water production per capita. For example, water consumption per capita per day in 2001 was 203 liters and reduced to 113 liters in 2017, representing a 44% reduction in consumption. The results showed that water consumption from 2004 to 2008 averaged 100 million m3 while the production averaged 160 million m3 per year. NWASCO attributed the general downward trend in water production and consumption in the province to maintenance and rehabilitation of water infrastructure, and investment in new infrastructure, thereby reducing the unaccounted-for water. The other reason could be that new housing developments prefer to use groundwater sources rather than utility water (supplied by water companies). The reduction could also be attributed to the cost of water and that consumers needed to adjust from the background where utility services such as water supply and sanitation were the sole responsibilities of the mines (ZCCM), prior to privatization. In terms of water supply and sanitation coverage, there has been an increased coverage since 2000. In 2001, the population that had access to water supply and sanitation was 81% and 46%, respectively. Therefore, roughly 50% of the population had no access to sanitation. However, in 2017 the population with access to water supply and sanitation was 91% and 75%, respectively. This represented only 25% of the population in serviced areas that had no access to sanitation. Between 2007 and 2008, the sanitation coverage had seen a reduction compared to the year 2006. This was due to institutional changes on the Copperbelt province, and the 2008 economic recession – the mine townships that were previously serviced by an asset holding after privatization of the mines were taken over by other utility companies. Consequently, the service delivery in the province initially dropped, but then started increasing again in 2009.

Gold mining generates large quantities of tailings waste. These tailings can have a significant negative impact on the surrounding environment, with concomitant effects on local ecosystems, as well as on human health and quality of livelihoods. The latter is a concern in the Witwatersrand goldfields of South Africa, where communities are located in close proximity to gold mining operations and/or both current and defunct tailings dumps. This research project was, therefore, aimed at developing a better understanding of the facts, perceptions, concerns, and expectations associated with Witwatersrand gold mine tailings storage facilities, and how these are related. In order to fulfil this aim, a desktop study was conducted which involved a detailed review of published academic literature, company reports, newspaper articles, gold mining magazines, and specialist reports with specific emphasis placed on the Central Rand goldfields of the Witwatersrand Basin. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with representatives from the community, civil society organisations and independent experts, using the defunct Princess gold tailings dump in Davidsonville Suburb (West of Johannesburg) as a case study. The literature review of the study has shown that there is environmental pollution (air, water and soil) due to gold tailings dumps in current and historic gold mining areas. These findings were found to be largely consistent with perceptions and concerns of the community members, civil society organisations and subject matter experts. The long-term impacts of this pollution are not only environmental but cause a huge social burden on health and quality of livelihoods. Not only is dust considered a nuisance, particularly in the windy season, but the dust has been proven to contain crystalline silica and radionuclides. The long-term exposure to this dust can lead to skin problems and respiratory illnesses. There is higher exposure of ambient particulate matter (PM10) in areas around tailings even at distances up to 2 km downwind from the tailings dumps. Acid mine drainage, on the other hand, increases metal load in watercourses and soils, ultimately affecting the ecosystems as the metals are toxic to plants. Metal contamination has adverse impacts on animal and human health. In addition to literature survey, results from the semi-structured interviews revealed that there are conflicts between the communities, government and mining companies, with communities associating their health problems with gold mine tailings. This has led to court cases and gained media attention. The complex relationships between mine waste, the environment, and community health and livelihoods are still not well understood, making it difficult to justify and motivate the implementation of meaningful interventions to mitigate risks associated with gold tailings dumps. To date, little attempt appears to have been made to support community concerns and perceptions with factual evidence and information. Overall, this study has demonstrated the existence of longstanding issues associated with defunct gold tailings dumps and the communication gab that existing between various stakeholders, i.e. community, government and mining houses. These emphases the importance of having adequate remedial actions to prevent further pollution, the need to engage all relevant stakeholders when dealing with gold tailings and implementation of regulatory frameworks associated with gold tailings reclamation and rehabilitation.

Mining, by its nature, provides enormous investment to the mining nations and by extension contributes to the socio-economic development of the host communities. Where these communities exist, they remain a cause of concern since they are predominantly dependent on the economic opportunities generated by the mine. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) functions in mining are somewhat of a risk reduction activity, even though the potential of halting projects is comparatively rare in situations where proposals are deemed to be of national interest and politically significant. This study highlights the environmental and socio-economic impact of lack of land use planning in host communities where the phenomenon of mine closure is a lived reality and evaluates alternative post-mining land use. In this study a case study, qualitative research approach is used to comparatively evaluate three mining EIA reports (EIA on the extension of mining operations at the Vlakvarkfontein Coal Mine; consolidation of high extraction mining impacts in the Trichardtsfontein; and rail loop, road diversion and pipeline project associated with Temo Coal) on the extent of post-mine land use consideration in the EIA process. Furthermore, the study, inter alia, assessed the extent to which the interested and affected parties' input was considered in EIA reports. In rehabilitation, the applicant is only reinstating the area, as closely as possible, to that which existed pre-mining, and should not be confused as post-mining land use. There is nothing new in providing for rehabilitation in EIA – it is a standard practice. However, the mining EIA reports extensively covered the environmental components, particularly the specialist studies, as they assessed whether projects conformed with the regulatory requirements. The emphasis of the mining EIA reports was mainly on the environmental component with – other than employment and economic benefits – no post-mining land use and socio-economic impact indicators. These trends were found to be further reinforced when the input of the interested and affected parties (I&APs) was analysed. In view of the findings of this study, the main recommendations to improve the EIA systems would be to clarify and simplify the mandates of the several institutions involved in the EIA process and system; and to improve and increase public access to EIA reports, including electronic means. This is pertinent due to the conspicuous absence of EIA reports in the public domain, which contributed to the limited number of EIA reports that were reviewed in this dissertation. In addition, public participation processes (PPP) should be conducted in most common languages of the stakeholders; and specialist social impact assessment should go beyond the traditional socio-economic issues faced by I&APs to include post-mining land use, as well as sustainable post-mining economy.

The mining industry has remained Zambia's dominant industry for almost a century. According to the report by International Council for Mines and Minerals (ICMM) for 2013, Zambia is highly dependent on copper mining as the core productive industry. Mining contributes to direct employment (approximately at 1.7%), foreign direct investment (approximately at 86%), gross domestic product (more than 12%) and government revenue (more than 25%). Regardless of these economical enactments, the accident frequency across the mines is very significant. In general, the mining industry is perceived to be a high-risk industry. The increase in the number of mining accidents is extremely costly, whether measured in terms of medical expenses and disability compensation, loss of production and wages or damage to plant and equipment. The human cost, in terms of death and suffering, is beyond calculation. In recent years, there has been some innovations in terms of technology regarding mining methods, and this has resulted in decreased accident occurrence in the mines. The human factors involved in the mine accidents need to be addressed further to reduce these rates. Therefore, the best approach is first to understand mine accident causality, and then this will be a foremost step in a pursuit to diminish the high rate of accidents. Effective remedies and measures can be designed if only accident process is properly understood. The understanding and interpretation of causes of accidents at workplaces can only be achieved by accident modelling techniques. The effective way of analysing industrial accidents has been proven by the Swiss Cheese Model, which is also applicable to this study. The Swiss Cheese Model describes an accident as an event which happen within organization due to the combination of different unsafe acts which may include latent conditions and front-line operators. The purpose of this study was to determine how systemic factors contribute to accidents at a copper mining company in Zambia. The analysed results were compared with those of other local mines as well as mines from developed and developing countries. The approach in this study involves using the existing framework developed by Bonsu (2013). The framework had used the concepts from the Mark III of the Swiss Cheese Model, Incident Cause Analysis, safety management principles and the Nertney Wheel. The sections involved in the existing framework of Bonsu (2013) are metadata, accident barrier analysis and causal analysis. The accident causality section is designed and described in the same way as the Mark III version of the SCM. This section is used for analysis of accident causality and is categorized into proximal, work place and systemic factors. The metadata section offers explanations on different factors that influence the happening of accidents at this copper mining company in Zambia. Metadata section captures the information on accidents analysed under the barriers and causing agency section of the framework. The variables under the metadata are time and date of accident, place of the accident, accident type, activity involved which resulted in the accidents, task schedule of the accidents, age of the victim, experience of the victim, job status, etc. The last section of the existing framework is the agency and barrier analysis and was designed by Bonsu (2013) to capture data on the safety barriers which were breached and accident causing agents in the accident report. The accident reports collected from the copper mining company in Zambia were used in the existing framework and the analysed results were presented as unsafe acts, workplace and systemic factors with linkages to each other. The most prominent type of unsafe acts recognized were routine violation (recognized in 38% of all the accident analysed), closely followed by slips and lapses (identified in 30%) and then mistakes (21%). Exceptional violation and non-human cause were the lowest at 9% and 2% respectively. Systemic and workplace factors were involved in 78.2% of the accident reports that were analysed. The most prominent workplace factor recognized was behavioural environment (25.8% of all cases analysed), closely followed by physical environment (23.4% of all cases analysed), then unsafe work practices (18.8% of the accidents analysed), then fit-for purpose equipment (16.4% of the accidents analysed) and finally competent people (15.6% of the accidents analysed). In general, under the category of accident analysis on workplace factors, all the five factors were significantly contributing to the causes of accidents at the mine site that was investigated as demonstrated by the closeness in percentages. In the case of systemic factors, inadequate supervision or leadership was the most prominent factor identified (22.6% in all accidents analysed). It was also found that physical environment (23.4% of all cases considered) was the second most dominant workplace factor recognized. The results obtained also revealed that some systemic factors were associated with specific workplace factors more than others. For instance, the result of behavioural environment (workplace factor) was usually due to poor leadership problem (systemic factor), problems seen in housekeeping (systemic factor), hazard identification (systemic factor), risk management (systemic factor), and designs (systemic factor), these were also the causes of poor physical environment. In the unsafe work practices (workplace factor), hazard identification was the most common systemic factor that was recognized whereas in fit for purpose equipment (workplace factor) the most common associated systemic factors were risk management, leadership, hazard identification and design. The results obtained in this study were compared to those obtained in the study of Mwansa (2021), which also applied the framework used in this study to the analysis of accident reports from another mine site of the same mining company in Zambia as used in this study. Similarities and differences were obtained under the accident characterization and causation sections. The operations in both studies are different in terms of mining methods and metallurgical processing plants. This may be responsible for some of the differences in the results obtained in both studies. For instance, in Mwansa's (2021) study, the most dominant unsafe act recognized was also routine violation (36% of all cases considered) whereas the most prominent workplace factors recognized were physical environment (36% of all cases considered) and unsafe work practices (27% of all cases considered). In Mwansa's (2021) study, the most prominent systemic factors recognized as contributing to physical environment were hazard identification, work schedule, risk management, maintenance management, leadership, housekeeping, and contractor management. The results obtained in this study were also compared with previous studies from different commodities across the globe. This was done to have broader picture when dealing with mine accidents. The causes of accidents identified in this study are of significance to the safety of the industry. Overall, based on the analysis carried out in this study for the copper mining site investigated, it can be concluded that systemic factors are the main causes of accidents rather than human error and violations.

Student Number : 0112584H - MSc research project - School of Mining Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / With the acquisition by AngloGold Ashanti Ltd of open pit mines in East and West Africa with possible addition of Greenfield and Brownfield operations, the emphasis of this research document was to improve the current open pit mines in this region. By identifying Mineral Resource Management (MRM) as a way to improve and manage operating practices, additional value and the accompanied risks have been identified. It was also realised that the current traditional, predominantly financial indicators are becoming increasingly inadequate, thus looking at alternative operating principles. Subsequent to this, proposals have been made to acquire the necessary production and cost change by integrating structure, strategy, systems, style, skills, staff and the defined goals as proposed in this document. Using a “process-based” approach integrating (best) operating practices, concepts such as: living out the company’s strategic values; a learning organisation; better informed decision-making; people management; self-directed teams; continuous improvement; asset and capital management; integrated information systems; and an improved internal and external customer relationship be obtained.

The South African economy has developed with its strong connection to the minerals extraction and processing industries. Rich endowments of coal and a well-established mining sector in the country enabled the generation and supply of competitively priced electricity to energy and capital intensive processing and chemical industries. Although the minerals industry cluster remains globally competitive at the present time, whether it can be a catalyst for sustainable development, economically, socially and environmentally is in question. Field work was carried out in Richards Bay to analyse the development contributions of the local aluminium industry cluster in terms of two of the five capitals essential for sustainable development, viz. human and social capital. This town is the host of world class aluminium smelters as well as mineral sands mining and smelting, amongst other energy intensive industries such as paper pulp and phosphate production. The analysis interrogates the importance of skills development and of collective action between various stakeholders centred on the Hillside smelter of South 32, and including interviews with representatives of ten further stakeholders. Evidence found shows that the minerals industry cluster has contributed to human capital development, and continues to do so, through well-established in-house training and mentorship programmes as well as their corporate social investment into enterprise and supplier development, education and primary health care. However, a more competitive and environmentally responsible industrial cluster would require continuous improvement through institutional and individual capabilities. Research and training institutions and government intervention have important roles to play in this regard. One of the major challenges is rooted in the lack of social capital development in the past. Although no single accepted definition nor standard for measuring exists, social capital can be defined as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively. The racially segregated development pattern in the region had left residents with huge disparities and a trust deficit. This mitigated against collective actions within the community except in the few cases of natural disaster responses and crime prevention. This is evidenced in the free-riding of skilled labourers by some companies in the region and the failure of socio-economic development programmes in the past due to the low level of community buy-in. The research highlights that the significance of the local minerals industry cluster remains undoubtedly high; however, a facilitative process of social capital development is necessary to promote collective actions. The process requires accountable formal institutions who can mitigate social distrust, create dialogue and a cooperative environment between different interest groups. This is particularly important as the government resource-based industrialisation policy is centralised in developing linkages from extractive sector (downstream, upstream, and side-stream) but little attention has been paid to the aspect of social capital development. It is expected that the study itself contributes to social capital development and works as a communication platform to further promote studies in applying multidisciplinary learning-by-doing process across academia, policymakers, and practitioners.

An ever-increasing number of companies have bought into the Africa investment proposition, and are now focusing on how to effectively execute a growth strategy in what remains an inherently complex environment to do business. African markets are progressively open for business. Despite perceptions of elevated risk, in many ways, the continent is no different to others. Sound business practices enable well-run firms to convert business strategies into actual results, regardless of where these firms are placed. The research shows that AngloAmerican Platinum investment decisions were based on more than cost-benefit returns. There was more to Anglo’s case for investing in Zimbabwe. Political knowledge and organisational structure and national culture were implicitly part of AngloAmerican Platinum decision making. Political criteria have become increasingly entwined with business decisions in emerging economies in Africa where medium-to-long-term stability is questioned. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) plays a major role in successfully managing business processes in a proactive manner. Supply chain risk has multiple sources including process, control, demand, supply and environment. Supply chain management, faced with these risks, requires specific and adequate responses such as techniques, attitude and strategies for management of risk. Since every organisation strives for success and uninterrupted operations, efficient supply chain risk management is crucial. Supply chain risk management has the ability to achieve a competitive advantage where a risk is identified, estimated, managed and controlled. The study assesses development and implementation of supply chain risk management strategies in African markets, by using UNKI Platinum mine in Zimbabwe as a case study. This approach provides insight to a real-world setting that could be applied in a broader context. The aim was met by interviewing nine senior managers and executives who directly or indirectly participated in the development and implementation of supply chain risk management at UNKI Platinum mine. Furthermore, two suppliers and two industry experts were interviewed to ensure validity of the research case study. The data from the interviews were combined with data from the literature review. The study concludes with a list of factors that can be deemed to be important to the development of entry-strategies into Zimbabwe. Moreover, another list of themes emphasizing the elements of importance in the development and implementation of supply chain risk management strategy were identified. In essence, the leanings are used to propose a conceptual framework for supply chain risk management strategies in Africa. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

The mine planning process converts resources into economically mineable reserves, focusing on value addition and risk reduction. Equipment selection is traditionally addressed late in the process and addresses production capacity, equipment matching and equipment allocation. The primary focus being to reduce the operating cost per unit of material handled. Mineral resource management is an integration of the key functions in the mining process. A focus on resource utilisation plays a key role in the management process and leads to the question whether lower operating costs always add value in the long term. It was determined that traditional equipment selection methods are not effective for all mineral deposits and might even be short sighted, destroying value over the long term. The mine planning process was adapted to allow for an early investigation into the potential for increased recovery. The effect of selectivity in the loading action is simulated in a 3D environment over a range of bench heights. The results are analysed with a grade tonnage curve and the saleable product at each bench height is calculated, taking account of the required product qualities. The concept of financial materiality is applied to classify the resource as either a massive or selective deposit. A massive deposit support the traditional drive for bigger equipment and will benefit from lower operating costs. A selective deposit requires less focus on production capacity, equipment matching and allocation and more on resource recovery. In order to take advantage of the potential indicated in the evaluation, it is necessary to modify the traditional equipment selection techniques. A thorough understanding of the capabilities of the loading equipment is required in an attempt to match these abilities with the geometry of the ore deposit. The objective is to identify the equipment that will ensure the highest mining recovery at the lowest cost. This will be achieved when the loading equipment can attain a mining recovery smaller than the bench height it is mining or if the equipment can be applied economically on small bench heights. The most suitable equipment can only be determined at the hand of a total value chain costing analyses. This means that the production cost i.e. the cost to produce the final product must be evaluated and not the operating cost i.e. the cost to move a unit of material, as is often the case. The proposed mine planning approach and equipment selection technique was used on the Thabazimbi iron ore mine deposits. The results indicated that the NPV of the project could be increased dramatically. It was concluded that the ability to load selectively cannot be calculated mathematically. It is a judgment made on a thorough evaluation of the design and operating features of the shovel in conjunction with the ore body geometric parameters and the loading face conditions. The efficiency of the selected shovel can be manipulated through the application of different bench heights, and the optimum combination can only be determined through a total value chain costing analyses. / Dissertation (MEng (Mining Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

Near-density material is material with similar densities to that of the chosen cut-point density during the separation process of coal into product and discard. The problem is usually classified as a beneficiation problem and not as a reserve problem. To overcome the risk associated with near-density material in the beneficiation process, the constraints of the separators must be merged with the constraints of the coal resource. The problems caused by the presence of near-density material in the beneficiation process of raw coal to a certain percentage ash product, are commonly associated with South African coals. Near-density material is caused by the presence of finely dispersed mineral matter in the coal that can not be separated from the coal by current liberation methods. The mineral matter referred to is directly linked with the original depositional environment of the coal. The depositional environment of coal formation determined the ash, the mineral matter present and the distribution within the coal matrix. A closer look at the ash distribution reveals that all types of coal, irrespective of depositional environment, has intrinsic ash content grouped around a certain percentage and that the amount of near-density material present in the beneficiation process depends on the percentage ash, in the clean coal product, required. As the ash distribution is the controlling factor on near-density material, any external factor that effects the ash distribution will affect the coal’s washability characteristics. There are various methodologies to define a coal’s amenability to being washed to a certain clean coal ash product. All of the methods generate an empirical value of near-density material or the coal’s “difficulty” in being washed. All of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages, but the method used is of no consequence if the information is not applied correctly to the coal resource or reserve. At Leeuwpan Coal Mine a risk matrix is used to relate the values from near-density material calculations to the coal reserves. The risk values from the matrix is incorporated into the mining blocks so that during the mine planning phase the risk of near-density material can be quantified and minimized. At Leeuwpan Coal Mine the application of the risk matrix into the planning and exploitation of the coal seams indicated that through resource/reserve management quality problems, due to near-density material can be minimized and that yield can then be optimized. The optimisation of yield leads to a financial gain that increases the value of the reserves. Therefore by pro-active planning and a good understanding of the resource/reserve the risk associated with near-density material can be managed. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Geology / unrestricted

The Impala Platinum Mines are located in the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The economic platinum mineralization which is currently being mined at Impala Platinum occurs in the Merensky and the Upper Group 2 (UG2) Reefs. These ore bearing horizons are stratigraphically located in the Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Due to the variable stratigraphic distance between the UG2 Chromitite Layer and the Merensky Reef, each of these reef horizons is influenced by different geological structural features. It has been observed on several shafts that there is no direct correlation between geological structures encountered on the Merensky Reef to that seen on the UG2 Reef horizon. This observation was prevalent during the geological structural evaluation of the two reef horizons in the No. 12 Shaft area. The Merensky Reef presented itself geologically more favorable to the UG2 Chromitite Layer in terms of structural complexities. Other positive factors included global supply and demand for the resultant metals and the encouraging metal price. There was nonetheless limited trial mining of the UG2 Reef within the No. 12 Shaft area. However, as a result of unfavorable market conditions at the time and complicated geological features which would result in very low extraction rates, it was decided to temporarily cease all mining operations related to the UG2 Reef horizon in this area. It has been strongly recommended in previous geological evaluation reports that the UG2 Chromitite Layer in the No. 12 Shaft area be appraised in significant detail in order to determine the possibility of economically exploiting this mineralized horizon. Due to the current favorable economic climate for platinum group metals, it was suggested by senior management that the UG2 Chromitite Layer be re – evaluated. This dissertation discusses some of the investigative research which was conducted during this re - assessment. The project work comprised research in the following aspects, exploratory drilling, interpretation of geological structural data, grade estimation, mineral resource estimation, financial and sensitivity analyses and aspects concerning risk management. Throughout the project all the input parameters and resultant calculations related to grade, mineral resource and reserve, financial and sensitivity analyses were based on tentative estimates which reflect the author’s personal opinions and assumptions. It is not absolute data of Impala Platinum and thus does not in any way reflect the views of the company. The UG2 Chromitite Layer in the No. 12 Shaft area was benchmarked against the neighboring shafts in terms of its geological and metallurgical characteristics. It was found that regionally, the UG2 Reef displays very limited variability. The financial assessment based on average market input data and assumptions have revealed positive results with regards to general financial and marketing decisions and strategies. In the risk assessment, the high impact risks generally facing all mining companies were found to be within manageable levels. From the investigative geological research based on general business decision criteria, market averages, estimations and assumptions which are used to broadly evaluate projects in the mining industry, it has been demonstrated that it would be economically viable to mine the UG2 Chromitite Layer in the No. 12 Shaft area of Impala Platinum. / Dissertation (MSc (Earth Science Practice and Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geology / unrestricted