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No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_cag_me_bauru.pdf: 5338756 bytes, checksum: 867db632d4c47abc4ed6f4626038d817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O ar-condicionado tem-se tornado um dos grandes responsáveis pelo aumento da demanda de energia elétrica no Brasil e no mundo, pois com o desenvolvimento econômico combinado a redução de preço dos equipamentos de ar-condicionados, mais residências e comércios os utilizam em busca de conforto térmico. Mas o uso pode acarretar em um aumento considerável na conta de energia, já que o ar-condicionado é o aparelho doméstico com alto consumo de energia. A solução imediata apontada por Sivak (2009) e Shan et al. (2013) para que o crescimento do uso de arcondicionado não provoque uma crise energética no mundo seria desenvolver aparelhos com a mesma qualidade de refrigeração dos atuais, mas que consumiriam bem menos energia. O aparelho mais utilizado em residências, pequenos comércios e escritórios, é o split system, com o evaporador do tipo Hi-wall, equipamento que tem algumas limitações em relação a sua distribuição de ar, que provoca bolsões de ar quente e frio no mesmo ambiente, além de provocar desconfortos localizados. O controle desse evaporador é baseado na temperatura de retorno, ou seja, se a temperatura no retorno não atingir a temperatura estabelecida o mesmo opera em sua potência máxima por um tempo maior que o necessário, desperdiçando assim energia elétrica, ou a temperatura pode ser alcançada antes no retorno do que no ambiente, provocando assim desconforto térmico por mais tempo. Assim, será proposta neste trabalho uma solução numérica, utilizando um código CFD, a partir das equações diferencias de energia combinada com as equações de Navier–Stokes, em um modelo turbulento semi empírico k-epsilon de duas equações, considerando as três dimensões. Partindo de um caso padrão foram outros 11 casos alterando a altura do evaporador e o ângulo de insuflamento. Com os resultados pôde-se avaliar qual dos 11 casos foi mais eficiente do ponto de vista energético o qual produz melhor conforto térmico, para assim avaliar melhorias que podem ser aplicadas no evaporador hi-wall. / Air conditioning has become one of the main factors responsible for the increase in the electric demand in Brazil and in the world, since with economic development combined with the price reduction of air conditioning equipment, more residences and businesses use them to reach thermal comfort. But the use can lead to a considerable increase in the energy bill, since air conditioning is the household appliance with a high energy consumption. The immediate solution pointed out by Sivak (2009) and Shah et al. (2013), so that the growth of the use of air conditioning does not cause an energy crisis in the world, would be to develop devices with the same quality of refrigeration of the present, but that would consume much less energy. The most commonly devices used in residence, small shops and offices, are Split System, whit a high wall as internal unit, this evaporator has some limitations in the air distribution, which causes hot and cold zones in the same environment, as well as causing localized discomfort. The evaporator control is based on the return temperature, so if the return temperature does not reach the set temperature, the Air Conditioner will operate at its maximum power for a time longer than necessary, thus wasting electrical energy or the set temperature can be reached before in the evaporator than in the environment, thus causing thermal discomfort for longer. Thus, a numerical solution, using a CFD code, will be proposed using the energy-difference equations combined with the Navier-Stokes equations, considering a turbulent flow based in a semi-empirical k-epsilon turbulent model of two equations, considering the three dimensions. And using a model as standard, another 11 models were simulated by changing the height of the evaporator and the angle of inflation. With the results, it can be evaluated which of the 12 cases is more energy efficient and which causes better thermal comfort. And than identify improvements that can be applied in hi-wall units.

The road to energy-efficient housing is not without cracks and potholes. Many building stakeholders have pointed to the discrepancies that exist between simulated and measured efficiency results, where some have called it a post-occupancy gap, others have called it an energy efficiency information gap. The research presented in this thesis addresses that gap by detailing the results of two exploratory case studies of affordable housing projects in Virginia across three manuscripts. The data utilized in the first manuscript includes measured data collected at the second level through the NEXI energy monitoring and feedback device, wherein we used descriptive statistics to investigate the impact of temperature on energy use over different timeframes. We had anticipated our findings may not all be consistent with previously existing studies. We found this to be true in many cases, but we also discovered interesting contradictions to our assumptions. This study thereby investigates the gap in energy performance within net-zero buildings and contributes to the existing body of literature by presenting the findings of this unique study. The data utilized in Manuscript 2 and Manuscript 3 was utility data, which was reported as end-of-use monthly consumption values. We were able to investigate the impact of 3 different HVAC systems energy use by evaluating the energy and cost performance before and after the installation of newer, more efficient systems. We found that although all systems were performing below anticipated standards, the one-stage system outperformed in terms of efficiency, and the second-stage system outperformed in terms of cost. The findings in these studies emphasize the importance of energy education for residents to achieve greater efficiency gains. / Master of Science / Humans are complex beings; hence the buildings they inhabit are complex systems. While breakthroughs in simulating, designing, and constructing high-performance buildings as well as advanced energy use technologies have been promising, many have fallen short of their ambitious goals primarily due to the complexity of building occupant behavior. Achieving energy efficiency requires thorough research before design and construction, the use of advanced technologies, and the incorporation of behavior-driven energy use dynamics. Furthermore, with the breadth of literature to support the delivery of individualized energy information in real-time to residents comes the opportunity to investigate further the impact of advanced technologies in high performing buildings that have fallen short of their optimistic design goals. This thesis consists of three manuscripts, which describe two exploratory case studies of high-performance residential homes in Virginia's affordable housing sector. The first manuscript, a journal paper, investigates the individual HVAC energy use of six senior residents, wherein we explore the interplay between temperature, energy use, and age across different timeframes. We find that, across different timeframes, energy use for senior citizens remains relatively consistent in high-performance homes. The second and third manuscripts are conference papers, which have been presented on and published in the respective conference proceedings. We quantitively investigated the energy performance of energy-efficient HVAC systems and compared predicted results and measured results. In conclusion, we hope to contribute to the body of literature, which investigates shortcomings in achieving energy-efficiency within high-performance homes.