Speed-accuracy tradeoffs, velocity profiles, and physiological tremor are fundamental characteristics of human movement. The principles underlying these phenomena have long attracted major interest and controversy. Each is well established experimentally but as yet they have no common theoretical basis. It is proposed that these three phenomena occur as the direct consequence of a movement response planning system that acts as an intermittent optimal controller operating at discrete intervals of ~100 ms. The BUMP model of response planning describes such a system. It forms the kernel of adaptive model theory which defines, in computational terms, a basic unit of motor production or BUMP. Each BUMP consists of three processes: (i) analysing sensory information, (ii) planning a desired optimal response, and (iii) executing that response. These processes operate in parallel across successive sequential BUMPs. The response planning process requires a discrete time interval in which to generate a minimum acceleration trajectory of variable duration, or horizon, to connect the actual response with the predicted future state of the target and compensate for executional error. BUMP model simulation studies show that intermittent adaptive optimal control employing two extremes of variable horizon predictive control reproduces almost exactly findings from several authoritative human experiments. On the one extreme, simulating spatially-constrained movements, a receding horizon strategy results in a logarithmic speed-accuracy tradeoff and accompanying asymmetrical velocity profiles. On the other extreme, simulating temporally-constrained movements, a fixed horizon strategy results in a linear speed-accuracy tradeoff and accompanying symmetrical velocity profiles. Furthermore, simulating ramp movements, a receding horizon strategy closely reproduces experimental observations of 10 Hz physiological tremor. A 100 ms planning interval yields waveforms and power spectra equivalent to those of joint-angle, angular velocity and electromyogram signals recorded for several speeds, directions, and skill levels of finger movement. While other models of response planning account for one or other set of experimentally observed features of speed-accuracy tradeoffs, velocity profiles, and physiological tremor, none accounts for all three. The BUMP model succeeds in explaining these disparate movement phenomena within a single framework, strengthening this approach as the foundation for a unified theory of motor control and planning.

Speed-accuracy tradeoffs, velocity profiles, and physiological tremor are fundamental characteristics of human movement. The principles underlying these phenomena have long attracted major interest and controversy. Each is well established experimentally but as yet they have no common theoretical basis. It is proposed that these three phenomena occur as the direct consequence of a movement response planning system that acts as an intermittent optimal controller operating at discrete intervals of ~100 ms. The BUMP model of response planning describes such a system. It forms the kernel of adaptive model theory which defines, in computational terms, a basic unit of motor production or BUMP. Each BUMP consists of three processes: (i) analysing sensory information, (ii) planning a desired optimal response, and (iii) executing that response. These processes operate in parallel across successive sequential BUMPs. The response planning process requires a discrete time interval in which to generate a minimum acceleration trajectory of variable duration, or horizon, to connect the actual response with the predicted future state of the target and compensate for executional error. BUMP model simulation studies show that intermittent adaptive optimal control employing two extremes of variable horizon predictive control reproduces almost exactly findings from several authoritative human experiments. On the one extreme, simulating spatially-constrained movements, a receding horizon strategy results in a logarithmic speed-accuracy tradeoff and accompanying asymmetrical velocity profiles. On the other extreme, simulating temporally-constrained movements, a fixed horizon strategy results in a linear speed-accuracy tradeoff and accompanying symmetrical velocity profiles. Furthermore, simulating ramp movements, a receding horizon strategy closely reproduces experimental observations of 10 Hz physiological tremor. A 100 ms planning interval yields waveforms and power spectra equivalent to those of joint-angle, angular velocity and electromyogram signals recorded for several speeds, directions, and skill levels of finger movement. While other models of response planning account for one or other set of experimentally observed features of speed-accuracy tradeoffs, velocity profiles, and physiological tremor, none accounts for all three. The BUMP model succeeds in explaining these disparate movement phenomena within a single framework, strengthening this approach as the foundation for a unified theory of motor control and planning.

La presente tesis se estudia el fenómeno de licuefacción del material de relave en la presa zona norte en la mina cobriza, considerando que está sometida a una carga sísmica, valor obtenido a partir de un análisis de peligro sísmico considerando las fuentes sismogénicas históricas de la zona y posteriormente se determina una aceleración mínima necesaria donde iniciaría el proceso de licuefacción. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo identificar los factores que influyen en la falla por licuación en el material de relave Zona Norte en la mina Cobriza para evitar problemas de contaminación de suelos, calidad de agua y la posibilidad de ocasionar problemas en la planta concentradora que se encuentra al pie de la presa. Asimismo, se presenta información de definiciones sobre el fenómeno de licuación de suelos y mencionan casos históricos conocidos tanto a nivel mundial como en el Perú sobre los efectos ocasionados por este fenómeno. Posteriormente, se mencionan los estudios realizados para el reconocimiento y caracterización geotécnica del material de relave, así como el procesamiento de dicha información para poder evaluar el potencial de licuación donde se obtiene un factor de seguridad, el cual es un número que representa el potencial de licuefacción en el suelo. Finalmente, se concluye que los resultados demuestran la existencia de un alto potencial de licuación del material de relave en la presa zona norte en la mina cobriza considerando una aceleración de las fuentes sismogénicas históricas y se calcula un factor de seguridad de licuefacción de valor promedio de 1.3, con la finalidad de determinado la aceleración mínima necesaria donde iniciaría el proceso de licuefacción del material de relave. This thesis studies the phenomenon of liquefaction of tailings material in the dam in the northern copper mine is studied, considering that is subjected to a seismic load value obtained from a seismic hazard analysis considering the historic earthquake of gene sources area and then a necessary minimum acceleration which begin the process of liquefaction is determined. This thesis aims to identify the factors that influence the failure by liquefaction in the North Zone tailings material in the Cobriza mine to avoid problems of soil pollution, water quality and the ability to cause problems in the concentrator plant found at the foot of the dam. Also, information on the definition of soil liquefaction phenomenon occurs both known and mentioned about the effects caused by this global phenomenon and Peru historical cases. Subsequently, studies for the recognition and geotechnical characterization of the tailings material and processing of such information are mentioned in order to assess the potential of liquefaction where a safety factor, which is a number that represents the potential is obtained soil liquefaction. Finally, we conclude that the results show that there is a high potential for liquefaction of tailings material in the dam north in the copper mine considering an acceleration of historical seismic sources and a safety factor of liquefaction average value is calculated 1.3, in order to set the required minimum acceleration which begin the process of liquefaction of tailings material.