Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vichietti_rm_me_rcla.pdf: 842604 bytes, checksum: 731ca276a75c1b92840e57bd7497b5e1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / De acordo com os resultados observacionais de condensações de nuvens moleculares escuras, grandes variações na razão 13CO/C18O são observadas quando se comparam os resultados obtidos nas condensações situadas dentro da mesma nuvem, bem como de nuvem para nuvem. O valor médio dessa razão na condensação principal de Ophiuchus é inferior a 5. Por outro lado, o valor encontrado nas condensações que estão situadas ao norte de Oph é maior que 10. Grandes diferenças também são encontradas quando se comparam os resultados observacionais de diferentes nuvens escuras, tais como Ophiuchus e Taurus, onde são observados também um decréscimo da razão C18O/C17O com o aumento da densidade. Os processos químicos e físicos que governam essas variações ainda não estão claros. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente proposta é analisar a influência do colapso gravitacional de condensações de nuvens moleculares escuras na síntese das moléculas CO, C17O, C18O, 13CO, 13C17O e 13C18O. Tal análise é feita com base em comparações entre modelos que consideram diferentes condições entre si, tais como, tamanho da cadeia química, velocidade de colapso, densidade inicial e processos de congelamento de espécies químicas na superfície de grãos de poeira. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tamanho da cadeia química tem influência nas razões 13CO/C18O e C18O/C17O, mas não tanto quanto a densidade inicial e a velocidade do colapso. Além disso, o congelamento das espécies químicas nos grãos é mais significativo nos estágios mais avançados da evolução da condensação. Os modelos de condensações escuras que sofrem colapso gravitacional lento e em queda livre reproduzem satisfatoriamente as razões 13CO/C18O e C18O/C17O observadas, o que permite concluir que o colapso gravitacional pode ter um importante efeito nas referidas razões. / According to the observational results of dark molecular clouds condensations, large variations in the ratio 13CO/C18O are observed when comparing the results obtained in the condensations located within the same cloud and cloud to cloud. The average value of this ratio in the main condensation of Ophiuchus is below 5. On the other hand, the value found in the condensations that are located north of Oph is larger than 10. Large differences are also found when comparing the observational results of different dark clouds such as Ophiuchus and Taurus, in which are also found a decrease of the C18O/C17O ratio with increasing density. The chemical and physical processes that govern these variations are still unclear. In this sense, the objective of this proposal is to analyze the influence of the gravitational collapse of centrally condensed clumps of dense molecular gas in the synthesis of the CO, C17O, C18O, 13CO, 13C17O and 13C18O molecules. This analysis is based on comparisons among models that consider different condition, such as, chemical chain, initial density, speed of collapse and freezing processes of the chemical species on the surface of dust grains. The results show that the size of the chemical chain has influence on the 13CO/C18O and C18O/C17O ratios, but they are not as important as the initial density and the speed of the collapse. Furthermore, the freezing of chemical species on the grains occurs at later times of the collapse. The models of a gravitational free-fall collapsing core and of slowly contracting core with higher initial density are consistent with observations. These results indicate that the gravitational collapse of molecular cores can have an important effect in the 13CO/C18O and C18O/C17O ratios.

Le satellite Herschel Space Observatory a permit de détecter la lumière dans l'infrarouge lointain, ce qui correspond aux fréquences auxquelles émettent les molécules légères lors de leurs transitions rotationnelles. ALMA, un interféromètre situé sur un plateau du désert chilien a pris le relais d'Herschel et va permettre de nouvelles observations des nuages moléculaires froids avec une bonne précision angulaire. ALMA observe dans la gamme du millimétrique et du sub-millimétrique ce qui le rend complémentaire du satellite Herschel (infra lointain). Ces avancées considérables concernant les interactions entre particules au niveau microscopique, permettant de produire et piéger des diatomiques dans des états internes bien précis, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de la physique des collisions et de la chimie théorique. L'observation des molécules interstellaires a bénéficié des avancées de la radioastronomie, permettant d'identifier les transitions rotationnelles et vibrationnelles des molécules. De plus, les informations spectroscopiques nous procurent des données importantes sur l’état du milieu interstellaire : ionisé ou neutre.Le cation méthylidène CH+ a été observé dans le milieu diffus par sa transition électronique X1Σ+ -A1Π.Il joue un rôle important dans les différentes étapes du réseau chimique complexe grâce à des processus et réactions moléculaires qui se produisent dans les régions interstellaires et circumstellaires. Donc CH+lance une vaste chaine chimique de processus qui peut évoluer vers la formation d'espèces plus complexes.La transition de structure fine de C+; est la plus forte raie en émission de la voie lactée. L’ion C+ est un traceur de la densité et de la température dans les nuages diffus et les régions dominées par les photons (PDR). La raie de C+ constitue un important outil pour sonder le contenu en gaz et les processus de formation des étoiles dans la Voie lactée et dans d'autres galaxies.Les collisions de C+ avec H2 peuvent mener à la formation de CH+. Cette réaction a été très étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement, cependant, étant endothermique par 3211cm-1 et, pour les températures typiques du MIS et pour H2 dans son niveau fondamental, la réaction ne se produit pas. Le seul processus est alors le processus d'excitation de spin-orbite de C+.La relaxation spin orbite C+(2P1/2) + H2(v; j) = C+(2P3/2) + H2(v0; j0) qui a été tout d'abord étudiée dans cette thèse contribue au refroidissement du gaz constituant les nuages interstellaires.L'excitation vibrationnelle de H2 (v > 0), qui a lieu lors des collisions avec C+ possède une influence notable sur les abondances de CH+. CH+ est un ion très réactif, il se détruit à partir de la réaction d'abstraction de l'hydrogène qui a été prise en considération dans ce travail. Il est donc intéressant d'évaluer précisément l'efficacité réelle de ce chemin de destruction. Le dilemme est que cet ion est également abondamment trouvé dans le milieu neutre et froid.Ce travail de thèse a comporté des études de collisions inélastiques et réactive d'intérêt interstellaire.Nous avons utilisé les calculs ab initio hautement corrélés. De plus, la dynamique nucléaire des systèmes considérés a été étudiée à l'aide d'un formalisme quantique et indépendant du temps, basé sur les coordonnées hypersphériques : soit inélastique dans le cas de l’excitation spin-orbite de C+(2P) + ortho-H2, et para-H2 et l’excitation rotationnelle de (CD+) + He, ou réactif dans le cas de l’abstraction d’un hydrogène dans H + CH+.Notre soucis a été de donner une base compréhensible des mécanismes et de fournir une quantification des sections efficaces de relaxation spin-orbite et des taux de réaction permettant de remonter aux observations spectroscopiques. Les nouvelles constantes de vitesse que nous avons obtenues devraient aider à mieux interpréter les observations de l'émission de C+ obtenues par les télescopes actuels et futurs. (...) / The Herschel Space Observatory satellite has permitted to detect light in the far infrared, corresponding to frequencies at which molecules emit light through rotational transitions. ALMA, an interferomete rlocated on the Chilean desert of Acatama took over Herschel and will allow new observations of cold molecular clouds with an accurate angular accuracy. ALMA observes in the range of millimeter andsub-millimeter which makes it complementary to the Satellite Herschel (far infrared). These significant advances in observing particle interactions at the microscopic level, to produce and trap diatomic molecules in specific internal states, open new perspectives in the field of collision physics and theoretical chemistry.Observation of interstellar molecules has benefited from advances in astronomy, to identify vibrational rotational ransitions of molecules. Furthermore, spectroscopic data provide us with important information on the state of the interstellar medium: ionized or neutral.The cation methylidene CH + was observed in the diffuse medium through its X1Σ + -A1Π electronictransition. It plays an important role in the different stages of the complex chemical behaviour through processes and molecular reactions that occur in interstellar and circumstellar regions. So CH+ launches large chain chemical processes that can progress to the formation of more complex species.The fine structure transition of C +; is the strongest emission line of the Milky Way. The C + ion is atracer of density and temperature in diffuse clouds and regions dominated by photons (PDR). The C +line is an important tool to probe the gas content and star formation processes in the Milky Way andother galaxies.C+ + H2 collisions can lead to the formation of CH +. This reaction has been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally, however, it is endothermic by 3211cm-1 and at the typical temperatures for MIS and H2 in its ground vibrational state, the reaction does not occur. The only process is then the C + spin-orbit excitation process.Spin orbit relaxation C + (2P1 / 2) + H 2 (v j) = C + (2P3 / 2) + H 2 (v0; j0) which was first studied inthis thesis contributes to the cooling of the gas constituting the interstellar clouds.The vibrational excitation of H2 (v> 0), which takes place during collisions with C + has a significant influence on the abundance of CH +. CH + is a highly reactive ion, it is destroyed by the abstractionreaction of hydrogen that has been considered in this work. It is therefore interesting to accurately assess the effectiveness of this path of destruction. The dilemma is that this ion is also abundantly found in the neutral and cold environment.This thesis focuses on the inelastic and reactive collisions studies of interstellar interest. We used ab initio highly correlated methods to tackle the electronic structure parts. Moreover, the nuclear dynamics of the systems was studied using a time independent quantum formalism, based on the Jacobi coordinates in the case of the spin-orbit excitation of C + (2P) + ortho H2, and para-H2 and rotational excitation of (+ CD) + He, or the hyper spherical coordinates for the reactive process in the case of the abstraction of a hydrogen in H + CH +.Our concern was to give a comprehensive basis of the mechanisms and provide a quantification of the effective spin-orbit relaxation cross sections and reaction rates to confront with spectroscopic observations. The new rate constants we obtained should help to better interpret the observations of C+ radiation emissions obtained by current and future telescopes.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-19T14:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 10308658 bytes, checksum: f8584bc8a12f11d188a8cdb968acd85d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T17:58:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 10308658 bytes, checksum: f8584bc8a12f11d188a8cdb968acd85d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 10308658 bytes, checksum: f8584bc8a12f11d188a8cdb968acd85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alcoóis e fulerenos estão entre as espécies atualmente observadas no meio interestelar (MI). Metanol é, dentre as espécies encontradas no espaço, uma das mais estudadas e sua importância como molécula orgânica é bem conhecida. A molécula de fulereno (carbono 60) pode ser responsável por carrear compostos entre diferentes regiões do espaço e pode, também, servir como matriz de reação para moléculas orgânicas tais como alcoóis. A investigação de possíveis reações químicas envolvendo diferentes compostos no MI pode auxiliar a compreensão a respeito da formação e transporte de moléculas no universo. Neste tese foram realizados experimentos nos quais aglomerados puros de metanol, etanol e também aglomerados de C60 dopados com estes alcoóis foram formados a partir da captura individual de moléculas por gotículas de He superfluido com temperatura isotérmica de 0,37 K atingida através de resfriamento evaporativo de átomos de Hélio (He). Após a captura os aglomerados foram ionizados por um feixe de elétrons de 70 eV e acelerados através de um conjunto de lentes eletrostáticas em direção a um analizador por tempo de vôo (TOF) onde o rendimento iônico foi obtido como função da razão massa sobre carga. Cálculos de mecânica molecular com a utilização do campo de forças MM2 e também simulações utilizando dinâmica molecular foram realizadas para interpretar os espectros obtidos. Nesta tese reportamos uma reação química ocorrendo no interior dos aglomerados após o processo de ionização, onde as moléculas de álcool sofrem desidratação, formando água (H2O), éteres dimetílico e dietílico e possivelmente eteno. Há evidências de que a reação é iniciada por um próton advindo da fragmentação de uma das moléculas alcoólicas devido ao processo de ionização. As moléculas de éter tendem a deixar o aglomerado após sua formação enquanto as moléculas de água permanecem no interior, solvatadas por alcoóis. Números mágicos são também observados nos espectros para diferentes números de moléculas de C60 e alcoóis. / Alcohols and fullerenes are among the species observed in the interstellar medium (ISM) to date. Methanol is one of the most studied molecules detected in space and its importance as an organic molecule is well known. The fullerene molecule (carbon 60) could be responsible for carrying compounds along different regions of space and could also serve as a reaction matrix for organic molecules such as alcohols. The investigation of the possible chemical reactions of different compounds in ISM could help to understand the formation and transport of molecules around the universe. In this thesis experiments were performed where pure methanol and etanol clusters as well as C60 clusters doped with those alcohols were formed upon pickup of individual molecules by superfluid He nanodroplets with an isothermic temperature of 0.37 K achieved by evaporative cooling of Helium (He) atoms. After pickup, the clusters were ionized by a 70 eV electron beam and then accelerated through a set of electrostatic lenses to a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer, where the ion yield was recorded as a function of the mass to charge ratio. Molecular mechanics calculations with the MM2 force field as well as molecular dinamics simulations were performed to interpretate the spectra. Herein we report a chemical reaction occurring within the doped clusters upon ionization, where the alcohol molecules dehydrate forming water (H2O), dimethyl or diethyl ethers and also possibly ethene. There is evidence that the reaction is triggered by a proton coming from the fragmentation of one of the alcohol molecules due to the ionization process. The product ethers tend to leave the cluster after their formation while the H2O remains inside, solvated by alcohols. Magic numbers are also observed at the spectra for different number of C60 and alcohol molecules.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of change in the chain length and chlorine group position on C-Cl bond photodissociation dynamics of chloroalkanes using the velocity map imaging (VMI) method. Three different chloroalkanes are studied (1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, 1-chloropentane) and compared with previously investigated chloromethane. Regardless of the parent chloroalkane, measured kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) of chlorine photofragments exhibit a single peak at energy around 0.8 eV. Photodissociation of higher chloroalkanes involves a recoil of a semi-rigid alkyl fragment, whose internal energy absorbs 40-60% of the total available energy. For chloromethane, however, only less than 10% of the available energy goes into the alkyl fragment excitation. Measured results of the energy partitioning are compared with cal- culations based on classical impulsive models. VMI experiment in combination with theory also yields information about the nature of electronic transition and probability of the intersystem crossing. Analysis indicates that the direct absorp- tion into the triplet state is more probable for the chloroalkanes with longer chain length, especially for the branched one. 1