本研究旨在探討新聞風格的內涵，並建構新聞風格之初步分析架構。研究者從風格內涵出發，統整各領域相關文獻，發現風格之意代表某種獨特特徵，係個人或團體在常規範圍內選擇之結果，因而可定義為「個人或團體在特定情境下所做或說某件事時，配合其內容而在語言或特定行事規則限制範圍內，所進行的選擇與組織，並於呈現方法上產生之獨特之處」。 從風格概念出發，研究者發現新聞風格實承襲風格之獨特特徵意涵，並在新聞媒體之組織文化特色影響下，調整和修正存在於組織及語言層面之新聞界整體工作常規，因而形成其獨特新聞風格。 本研究的研究問題為「個別新聞媒體在其組織文化影響下，組織常規以及語言常規是否仍具獨特特徵」。本研究以《綜合月刊》為個案研究對象，針對十六位曾任職該刊主編與編輯職務者深入訪談，試圖了解其新聞組織文化、新聞組織常規以及新聞語言常規之獨特特徵。 資料分析發現，《綜合月刊》之組織文化受創辦人張任飛與各任主編影響甚鉅。張任飛當時兼任發行人，創立初期組織與語言常規影響組織文化最為深遠。各時期主編因應社會及新聞產業情境變化，亦發揮深淺不一之影響，然皆未悖離《綜合月刊》初期組織文化內涵中有關新聞專業素養的理念。此外，早期主編與張任飛理念接近，扮演傳遞與維繫組織文化之重要角色，後期主編與張氏理念時有差異，《綜合月刊》的組織文化內涵也因而隨之轉變。 由此，本研究認為，新聞媒體之新聞風格來自特定情境背景（含社會文化情境與新聞行業常規）下，受組織文化影響而在工作常規（即組織與語言常規）方面展現之獨特特徵。

This study investigated the attitudes and perceptions of nurse managers regarding cost containment issues in selected public hospitals in the Port Elizabeth metropole of the Eastern Cape. Four hospitals participated in the study, and 211 nurse managers completed questionnaires. The results obtained from the participants’ responses indicated that: ✦ Nurse managers are ill-prepared for many responsibilities regarding cost containment, and need appropriate orientation and preparation both during their initial formal, and during their nurse management and in service training in order to fulfil their “financial” or cost containment role more effectively. ✦ Nurse managers perceived the relationship between the productivity of staff and cost containment positively, but were reportedly unable to • prevent nurses from leaving their points of duty • curb the rate of absenteeism among nurses • reduce the number of resignations ✦ Nurse managers suggested that more effective hospital cost containment efforts should ensure that • effective security checks are performed to curb losses of stock and equipment • more public telephones are installed in hospitals • stricter controls regarding wheelchairs are implemented The rationalisation of staff and services, as well as specialised equipment among the four public hospitals could enhance these hospitals’ cost containment results. However, this would necessitate reorganising these hospitals’ services at provincial level. The nurse managers required more knowledge about hospitals’ financial management and cost containment issues. Guidelines for such a course were developed addressing: analysis of monthly variance reports; budgeting for manpower; balance statement; calculations for the supplies and expenses budget; income statements; the hospital’s budgetary cycle; break-even analysis; analysis of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. / ADVANCED NURSING SCIENCES / D.Litt. et Phil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA035.pdf: 3236221 bytes, checksum: 9607678b8f3b3e6bed717b52074d7db3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / The Rio Canoas basin demands studies that seek the management of their hydrological resources. The hydrological modeling is promising as helper of construction process of its basin plan, because produce formal representation of reality. SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) is a hydrological model able to predict runoffs by a complex group of inputs and by a significant group of calibrated parameters. In this study, SWAT was calibrated and validated in a watershed of 1973 Km² of Rio Canoas, called Alto Canoas basin. Parameters were calibrated by semiautomatic process as to daily scale as to monthly scale. The quality of the calibration and validation was evaluated by their Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) and R² coefficients. The model was applied in the estimative of permanence curves, in the estimative of basic runoffs separated by numeric filter and in scenarios of possible hydrological impacts caused due to land use changes. It took two years to model calibration (1996-1997), where the year 1995 was used as warm up period of the model, and four years to validation (1998-2001). The model was validated in daily scale with a NSE of 0,76 and R² of 0,79. In monthly scale, the model was validate with a NSE of 0,87 and R² of 0,89. The hydrological balance by the model indicates that in the studied basin has a significant contribution of the lateral and return flow in the formation of total runoff in the reaches. The model parameters differ as in daily scale as in monthly scale, it indicate that have different relevance of some hydrological processes according to variation of time scale. The model shows as satisfactory in the simulation of daily and monthly events. This study concludes that the calibrated model can be used as to analyze daily and monthly events, by climatological data. The attachment of hydrological model with the climatological shows as a promising way as tool to be applied in hydrological resources management of Alto Canoas basin / A bacia hidrográfica do Rio Canoas demanda estudos que visem à gestão de seus recursos hídricos. A modelagem hidrológica se mostra promissora como auxiliar no processo de construção de seu plano de bacia, uma vez que produz representações formais da realidade. O SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) é um modelo hidrológico capaz de simular vazões a partir de um conjunto complexo de dados de entrada e de um conjunto significativo de parâmetros calibrados. No presente estudo, o modelo SWAT foi calibrado e validado em uma sub-bacia de 1973 Km² da bacia do Rio Canoas, denominada bacia do Alto Canoas. Os parâmetros foram calibrados por processo semi-automático tanto para escala diária como mensal. A qualidade da calibração e da validação foi avaliada com base nos coeficientes de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) e R². O modelo foi aplicado na estimativa da curva de permanência, na estimativa das vazões básicas separadas por filtro numérico e em cenários de possíveis impactos hidrológicos provocados por mudanças no uso do solo. Foram utilizados dois anos para calibração do modelo (1996-1997), sendo o ano de 1995 utilizado como período de aquecimento do modelo, e quatro anos para validação (1998-2001). O modelo foi validado na escala diária com NSE de 0,76 e R² de 0,79. Na escala mensal, o modelo foi validado com um NSE de 0,87 e R² de 0,89. O balanço hídrico calculado pelo modelo indicou que na bacia estudada ocorre contribuição significativa do escoamento sub-superficial e básico na formação das vazões nos canais. Os parâmetros do modelo diferiram tanto na escala diária como na escala mensal, indicando haver relevâncias distintas de determinados processos hidrológicos conforme a variação da escala temporal. O modelo mostrou-se satisfatório tanto na simulação de eventos diários como mensais. Concluiu-se que o modelo calibrado pode ser utilizado tanto na análise de eventos diários como mensais, a partir de dados climatológicos. O acoplamento de modelo hidrológico com climatológico mostra-se um caminho promissor como ferramenta a ser aplicada na gestão dos recursos hídricos da bacia do Alto Canoas

The main advantage of stochastic forecasting is fan of possible value, which deterministic method of forecasting could not give us. Future development of random process is described better by stochastic then deterministic forecasting. We can categorize discharge in measurement profile as random process. Stochastic management is worked with dispersion of controlling discharge value. In thesis is described construction and evaluation of adaptive stochastic model base on fuzzy logic, neural networks and evolution algorithm, which are used stochastic forecast from forecasting models described in thesis. The learning fuzzy model and neural network is used as replacement of classic optimization algorithm (evolution algorithm). Model was tested and validated on made up large open water reservoir. Results were evaluated and were compared with model base on traditional algorithms, which was used for 100% forecast (forecasted values are real values). The management of the large open water reservoir with storage function, which was given by stochastic adaptive managing, was logical. The main advantage of fuzzy model and neural network model is computing speed. Classical optimization model is needed much more time for same calculation as fuzzy and neural network model, therefore classic model used clusters for stochastic calculation.

The diploma thesis is focused on the long term prediction of mean monthly flows in hydrometric profile for purposes of reservoir control optimization and optimization of reservoir systems. Discharges were predicted using by artificial neural network method. Predicted flows were statistically evaluated by relevant coefficients and then compared with the measured flows for given river hydrometric profiles.

The aim of the thesis is to introduce the concept of Monte Carlo method for incorporating the uncertainties into the all hydrological and operational data inputs, which are needed to design and operation of large open water reservoir. Incorporating uncertainties into data inputs during calculation of reservoir storage capacity, then the consequent active conservation storage capacity is loaded by uncertainties. In the same way the values of outflow water from reservoir and hydrological reliability are affected by these uncertainties as well. For these kind of calculations the reservoir simulation model has been used, which simulate behavior operation of reservoir and is able to evaluate the results of simulations and help to reduction risk of storage capacity failure, respectively reduction of water shortages during reservoirs operation during low water and dry periods.

This study has applied a geographical perspective with the ambition of evaluating the presence of the Sell in May effect, January effect and monthly anomalies in the Nordic stock markets. In extension the study examines the relationship between corporate size and the returns of calendar anomalies. The study has conducted statistical tests based on Newey-West regressions as well as a Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model. The findings suggest that the Sell in May and January are present in the Nordic region and partially abide by theory and results of previous research. The findings suggest that the Sell in May and January effect are independent, however, tendencies when the January effect has a considerable influence on the Sell in May effect are also evident. Additionally, the “April Effect” is an unexpected outlier with positive excess returns that was identified through this study.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA PAULA SCHINCARIOL LUI.pdf: 1059573 bytes, checksum: d25bf442be18de4f864eb48223896d40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-29 / This work aims at confronting constitutional, legal and academic analyses, related to the systems of establishment, calculation and collection of PIT, with the practical analysis, in other words, with the way by which the taxpayer raises the effective tribute calculation basis and calculates the due amount. Therefore, after the study of the constitutional text, of the constitutional definition of "income and proceeds of any nature", and of the analysis of the constitutional precepts applicable to the formation of the PIT calculation basis, which constitute the first stage of the work First and Second Chapters , the four systems of calculation and collection of the PIT are studied and their unconstitutional aspects identified on the second part of it Third Chapter. Thus, the concepts and definitions studied in the first part of the work will be applied to the second part, showing many times, in the attempt of facilitating and hastening the outturn, that the constitutional concept of "income and proceeds of any nature" is confronted, and the commandments extracted from the constitutional precepts are not observed, and also in the counting of the due tribute the reduction of the basic expenses, necessary to the taxpayer's maintenance and of his/her family, is not allowed, consequently starting to tax not the patrimonial increment but the taxpayer's patrimony / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar as análises constitucional, legal e acadêmica, relacionadas à sistemática de instituição, apuração e cobrança do IRPF, com a análise prática, ou seja, com a forma pela qual o contribuinte apura a efetiva base de cálculo do tributo e calcula o montante devido. Por isso, após o estudo do texto constitucional, da definição constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e da análise dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis à formação da base de cálculo do IRPF, que constituem a primeira etapa do trabalho Primeiro e Segundo Capítulos , passam-se a estudar, na segunda parte dele Terceiro Capítulo , as quatro sistemáticas de apuração e cobrança do IRPF e a se identificarem os seus aspectos inconstitucionais. Assim, à segunda parte do trabalho, serão aplicados os conceitos e definições estudados na primeira parte, ficando claro que, muitas vezes, na tentativa de facilitar e agilizar a arrecadação tributária, afronta-se o conceito constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e não se observam os mandamentos extraídos dos princípios constitucionais ou, ainda, na apuração do tributo devido, não se permite o abatimento das despesas básicas, necessárias à manutenção do contribuinte e de sua família, passando-se a tributar não o acréscimo patrimonial, mas, sim, o patrimônio do contribuinte

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Pacheco.pdf: 2515006 bytes, checksum: 926ec682994ae551b913dc7cbad98062 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study focuses on analyzing the Beneficio de Prestação Continuada da Assistencia Social (BPC), a cash transfer programme as set forth in the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, the main provision of the Brazilian Social Assistance policy, aimed at elder and disable people. A highly relevant topic, as the Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) grants a monthly income for elder and disable people, incapable of earning income for their own survival, or having it provided by their family. This study demonstrates the admission difficultness in the Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), intending mostly on the regulating legislation s flaws put to practice on the benefit s administration. It also demonstrates the course of events of people that, after having the benefit denied, make a legal claim for it in the justice. Finally, It shows the increased right of admittance of the benefit, produced by judgmental sentences from the Federal Justice / Este estudo analisa o Benefício de Prestação Continuada da Assistência Social (BPC) que se configura como a principal provisão da Política de Assistência Social no Brasil, direcionado para idosos e pessoas com deficiência. Trata-se de um tema importante, uma vez que o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) garante uma renda mensal para pessoas idosas e com deficiência, impossibilitados de auferirem renda para a própria sobrevivência, ou de tê-la provida pela família. Demonstra-se as dificuldades de acesso ao Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), tendo em vista principalmente, as imperfeições contidas na legislação regulamentadora e colocadas em prática na gestão do benefício. Mostra-se, também, o caminho percorrido pelas pessoas que, ao terem o acesso ao benefício negado, reclamam por ele na justiça. Finalmente, se evidencia a ampliação do direito de acesso ao benefício, produzida pelas sentenças de julgamento da Justiça Federal