Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo retrospectivo, com abordagem quanti e qualitativa, da morbidade por causas externas não intencionais (acidentes) entre os atendimentos dos serviços de Atenção Básica de Saúde das regiões da Lomba do Pinheiro e Partenon, do município de Porto Alegre/RS, de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2008. Objetivou descrever e analisar as principais características da morbidade por causas acidentais. A partir da década de 80, as causas externas passaram a ocupar o segundo lugar entre as causas de morte no Brasil, chegando a 12,5% do total de mortes no ano 2000. Entre os tipos de agravo destacam-se as lesões acidentais e os acidentes de transporte. Este estudo se propôs a uma análise dos registros, a fim de traçar um perfil frequencial e tipológico dos atendimentos (vítimas e agravos), além de geoprocessar as informações para contextualizar os eventos. O tratamento e análise dos dados contaram com o auxílio de uma planilha eletrônica e dos softwares SPSS versão 16 e TABWIN versão 3.6 para análise dos dados quantitativos, MAPINFO versão 7.8 e TERRAVIEW versão 3.3.1 para o georreferenciamento e análise dos dados espaciais. Utilizou-se o teste estatístico qui-quadrado (p < 0,05) em conjunto com o coeficiente de contingência a fim de verificar possíveis associações e o grau das mesmas entre as variáveis. Os registros profissionais discursivos foram analisados considerando a descoberta de sentidos nas comunicações e na identificação dos comportamentos presentes nos mesmos. A análise dos dados indicou que o domicílio, com 53,8% do total de dados, foi o local de ocorrência mais registrado e que existem diferenças de comportamento na constituição das situações de vulnerabilidade aos acidentes, principalmente, ao se levar em consideração condutas pessoais, fatores ambientais, aspectos geracionais e de gênero. Constatou-se também que os olhares profissionais são predominantemente dirigidos para a lesão, desconsiderando o contexto social dos acidentes. Os registros atestam a baixa gravidade das lesões atendidas na Atenção Básica, sugerindo que muitas das mesmas possam ser tratadas localmente, sem a exigência de serviços de maior complexidade, sustentando o potencial da Atenção Básica na implementação de ações preventivas e promocionais em saúde no campo desses agravos. / It is about an epidemiologic, descriptive and retrospective study with quantitative and qualitative approach on morbidity due to non-intentional external causes (accidents) among attendances of services at the Health Basic Care units located in the city quarters of Lomba do Pinheiro and Partenon in the municipality of Porto Alegre – RS from January 2002 to December 2008. It aimed at describing and analyzing the main characteristics of morbidity due to accidental causes. From the 1980´s on, external causes started occupying the second position among death causes in Brazil, reaching 12.5% of the total deaths in the year 2000. Among the types of injuries, accidental lesions and transportation accidents stand out. This study had the proposal of making an analysis of the records in order to trace a frequency and type profile of the attendances (victims and injuries) besides processing the information geographically in order to contextualize the events. The treatment and analysis of the data were carried out with the aid of an electronic table and of software such as the 16-version SPSS and the 3.6-version TABWIN for the analysis of quantitative data and the 7.8-version MAPINFO and the 3.3.1-version TERRAVIEW for the geographic referral and space data analysis. The statistic chi-square test (p < 0.05) was utilized in association with the contingency coefficient in order to verify possible associations and their degree among the variables. The discursive professional records were analyzed by considering the discovery of meanings upon communication and in the identification of the behaviors present in such meanings. The analysis of the data indicated that the domicile comprising 53,8% of the total data was the most registered place of occurrences and that there are differences of behavior in the constitution of the situations of vulnerability to accidents mainly when one takes into consideration personal conducts, environmental factors, generation and gender aspects. It has also been found out that professional glances are mostly addressed to the lesion and do not consider the social context of the accidents. The records evidence the low severity of the lesions attended at the Basic Care Services, suggesting that they can be treated locally without requiring services of more complexity what supports the potential of the Basic Care Services in the implementation of preventive and promotional health actions in the field of these injuries. / Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y retrospectivo, con abordaje cuantitativo y cualitativo, de la morbilidad por causas externas no intencionales (accidentes) entre los atendimientos de los servicios de Atención Básica de Salud de las regiones de Lomba do Pinheiro y Partenon en la municipalidad de Porto Alegre/RS, de enero de 2002 hasta diciembre de 2008. El objetivo fue describir y analizar las principales características de la morbilidad por causas accidentales. A partir de la década de 1980, las causas externas pasaron a ocupar la segunda posición entre las causas de muerte en Brasil, llegando a 12.5% del total de muertes en el año 2000. Entre los tipos de agravios, sobresalen las lesiones accidentales y los accidentes de transporte. Este estudio se propuso a un análisis de los registros, a fin de trazar un perfil de frecuencia y de clase de los atendimientos (víctimas y agravios), además de procesar geográficamente las informaciones para contextualizar los eventos. El tratamiento y análisis de los datos contaron con el auxilio de una planilla electrónica y de los programas computacionales SPSS versión 16 y TABWIN versión 3.6 para el análisis de los datos cuantitativos, MAPINFO versión 7.8 y TERRAVIEW versión 3.3.1 para el referencial geográfico y el análisis de los datos espaciales. Se utilizó el teste estadístico chi cuadrado (p < 0,05) en conjunto con el coeficiente de contingencia a fin de verificar posibles asociaciones y el grado de las mismas entre las variables. Los registros profesionales discursivos fueron analizados considerando el descubrimiento de sentidos en las comunicaciones y en la identificación de los comportamientos presentes en los mismos. El análisis de los datos indicó que el domicilio, con 53,8% del total de los datos, fue el local de ocurrencia más registrado y que existen diferencias de comportamiento en las constituciones de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad a los accidentes, principalmente, al llevarse en consideración conductas personales, factores ambientales, aspectos de generación y género. Se constató, también, que las miradas profesionales son predominantemente dirigidas para la lesión y no consideran el contexto social de los accidentes. Los registros atestan la baja gravedad de las lesiones atendidas en la Atención Básica, sugiriendo que muchas de las mismas pueden ser tratadas localmente, sin la exigencia de servicios de mayor complejidad, sustentando el potencial de la Atención Básica en la implementación de acciones preventivas y promocionales de salud en el campo de estos agravios.

A gemelaridade apresenta algumas intercorrências específicas, como a discordância de peso entre fetos e recém-nascidos (RNs). O objetivo do presente estudo foi predizer a discordância de peso do exame ultra-sonográfico comparada à do parto e avaliar a morbidade e a mortalidade neonatais nas gestações gemelares discordantes quanto ao peso. Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, com levantamento dos casos do período de 1998 a 2004, no Setor de Gestações Múltiplas da Clínica Obstétrica do HCFMUSP. Na avaliação da predição ultra-sonográfica, foram inseridas 221 gestações gemelares e, na avaliação da morbidade e da mortalidade, 151 gestações com partos nessa instituição. A discordância de peso foi definida como >= 20%, sendo excluídos os casos de malformações fetais (n=43) e da Síndrome da transfusão feto-fetal (n=24). Para análise da adequação do peso ao nascimento, utilizou-se a curva de Alexander et al., 1998, para gêmeos. No estudo da predição, foram utilizados quatro intervalos de tempo em relação ao parto (0 a 7 dias - n = 96; 8 a 14 dias - n = 66; 15 a 21 dias - n = 58; 22 a 28 dias - n = 59 gestações), somando 279 avaliações. No grupo de 0 a 7 dias, a estimativa da sensibilidade foi de 93,6%, especificidade de 79,4%, valor preditivo positivo de 89,2%, valor preditivo negativo de 87,1% e acurácia de 88,6%. Nos demais grupos, a sensibilidade e a acurácia foram de 95,8% e 84,9%, 95,6% e 84,5%, 90,9% e 84,8%, respectivamente. Em relação à morbidade, 111 gestações eram concordantes (73,5%) e 40 discordantes quanto ao peso. No grupo discordante, 75% das gestações gemelares apresentaram pelo menos um recém-nascido com Restrição de Crescimento Fetal (RCF). Nesta análise, as gestações gemelares concordantes monocoriônicas obtiveram menor média de idade gestacional no parto (34,3 versus 36,2 semanas, p=0,004), menor peso médio (2067 versus 2334 gramas, p=0,0016) e maior tempo de internação (10,6 versus 7,3 dias, p=0,0023) que as gestações concordantes dicoriônicas. Nas gestações discordantes, não houve diferença significativa em relação à corionicidade. As gestações discordantes, com pelo menos um RN abaixo do percentil 10, apresentaram menor média de idade gestacional (35,2 versus 36,8 semanas, p=0,009) e maior tempo de internação (17,5 versus 8,2 dias, p=0,026). Não foi observada diferença significativa de morbidade e mortalidade entre RNs concordantes e discordantes, com pesos entre os percentis 10 e 90. Os fetos menores das gestações discordantes demonstraram maior freqüência de índice de Apgar inferior a 7 (27,5% versus 7,5%, p=0,01). A avaliação da mortalidade não demonstrou diferença significativa em relação aos grupos concordantes (3,7%) e discordantes (4,5%; p = 1,00). No presente estudo, conclui-se que os quatro grupos apresentaram adequada correlação entre a discordância de peso à ultra-sonografia e no nascimento, porém com melhor predição até sete dias antes do parto. A morbidade neonatal esteve relacionada à RCF do menor feto. A discordância de peso e a corionicidade não interferiram na mortalidade neonatal. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of prenatal ultrasound scans to predict fetal growth discordance in twin pregnancies and perinatal morbidity/mortality associated with these cases. This was a retrospective study (1998-2004) involving twin pregnancies that were scanned and had their delivery at our Institution (HCFMUSP). Cases with fetal malformations (n=43) or twin to twin transfusion syndrome (n=24) were excluded. The study of ultrasound scans consisted of 221 twin pregnancies. The final morbidity/mortality study group consisted of 151 twin pregnancies. Birth weight was evaluated based on twin growth charts published by Alexander et al (1998) and weight discordance as a difference >= 20%. Small for gestacional age (SGA) was defined as birth weight below the 10th centile. The study of ultrasonographic prediction of interwin discordance was made using four different intervals between ultrasound examination and delivery (0 to 7 days, n = 96; 8 to 14 days, n = 66; 15 to 21 days, n = 58; 22 to 28 days, n = 59 pregnancies), with a total of 279 ultrasound examinations. In group 0 to 7 days, the sensitivity was 93,6%, specificity was 79,4%, positive predicted values was 89,2%, negative predicted values was 87,1% and accuracy was 88,6%. In the groups 8 to 14 days, 15 to 21 days and 22 to 28 days the sensitivity and accuracy were 95,8% and 84,9%, 95,6% and 84,5%, 90,9% and 84,8%, respectively. Birthweight discordance was observed in 40 sets of twins (26.5%) and 12 cases were monochorionic MC (30%). Twenty five cases (22.5%) in the non discordant group were MC. In the non discordant group, monochorionic pregnancies showed lower gestational age at delivery (34.3 versus 36.2 wks, p=0.004), lower mean birth weight (2067g versus 2334g, p=0.0016) and longer length of stay in hospital (10.6 versus 7.3 days, p=0.0023) compared to dichorionic twins. In the group with twin birthweight discordance, there were no significant differences between MC and DC pregnancies and 75% of the cases had at least one newborn with SGA. These cases were showed lower gestational age at delivery (35.2 versus 36.8wks, p=0.009) and longer length of stay in hospital (17.5 versus 8.2 days, p=0.026). In the discordant group, the smaller twin had a higher frequency of first minute Apgar score < 7 (27.5% versus 7.5%, p=0.01). Perinatal mortality rate was similar in both groups (discordant 4.5% and concordant 3.7%, p=1.0). There were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality between concordant and discordant twins when birth weight was between the 10 th and 90 th centile. In conclusion, there was a good correlation between fetal growth discordance predicted by prenatal scan and actual birth weight discordance. Neonatal morbidity was related to SGA. Excluding fetal malformation and TTTS cases, birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies is not a significantly associated with neonatal mortality.

Objetivos: Descrever a morbidade associada à varicela em crianças usuárias de creches Municipais de Taubaté e o conhecimento de seus familiares sobre a doença. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado através de inquérito com responsáveis por 664 crianças que contraíram varicela após admissão às creches. Os responsáveis pelas crianças foram entrevistados por um único examinador, que utilizou um formulário previamente testado. Os dados foram compilados em banco de dados e analisados utilizando o programa Epi-info versão 6.01. Resultados: A varicela acometeu crianças de seis meses a sete anos de idade (mediana = 36 meses) e 8,4% tiveram a doença antes de um ano. Os principais sintomas foram: exantema (100,0%), febre (85,4%), anorexia (39,6%) e cefaléia (15,3%) / Objective: To evaluate the morbidity associated to varicella in day cares centers of Taubaté and the parent's knowledge about the disease. Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional study, including 664 children that had varicella after admission to the day care centers. Parents of children were interviewed by one of the participant of the study that filled in previously tested form. Data were compiled in database and analyzed in program Epi-info version 6.01. Results: Children had varicella at six months to seven years of age, (median = 36 months) and 8.4% of cases occurred in children under 12 months of age. The most frequent symptoms were: exantema (100.0%), fever (85.4%), anorexia (39.6%) and headache (15.3%). Five hundred and seventeen children (77.9%) were taken for medical visits, 80.6% were medicated, and 73 children (11.0%) were medicated with anti-inflammatory drugs and 52 children (7.8%) with antibiotics

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o aumento da longevidade dos portadores de fibrose cística, o Diabetes Mellitus surgiu como sua primeira co-morbidade. Visando ao diagnóstico precoce, buscou-se maior compreensão do mecanismo fisiopatológico do Diabetes Mellitus Relacionado à Fibrose Cística (DRFC) através do estudo da resposta endócrina do pâncreas após dois tipos de estímulo. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal, prospectivo e controlado conduzido entre junho de 2004 a agosto de 2005, foram comparadas as respostas de glicose, insulina, peptídeo-C, proinsulina e glucagon aos testes de sobrecarga com glicose (OGTT) e com dieta líquida (TTDM) realizados num intervalo inferior a 10 semanas, num grupo de 52 crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, entre 5 e 19 anos, acompanhadas na Unidade de Pneumologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança. RESULTADOS: O TTDM provocou uma hiperglicemia de menor duração (p < 0,05) e uma resposta mais precoce no tempo 30 minutos de insulina (p < 0,05), peptídeo-C (p < 0,05) e glucagon (p < 0,05), enquanto que o OGTT produziu uma hiperglicemia mais prolongada e respostas de insulina (p < 0,001), peptídeo-C (p < 0,001) e proinsulina (p < 0,001) mais tardias e sustentadas nos tempos 120 e 180 minutos. Ao grupo portador de DRFC sem hiperglicemia de jejum associaram-se níveis médios elevados de insulina (p < 0,05), peptídeo-C (p < 0,01) e proinsulina (p < 0,05) no tempo 120 minutos, revelando resistência insulínica. Houve sobreposição das respostas hormonais dos grupos normal, pré-diabético e diabético com hiperglicemia de jejum no tempo 120 minutos, sugerindo disfunção de célula beta nos dois últimos grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O estímulo da dieta líquida revelou uma resposta hormonal mais rápida provavelmente mediada pelos nutrientes diferentes da glicose. A resistência insulínica, além da disfunção da célula beta, está associada à fisiopatologia dos distúrbios glicêmicos da fibrose cística. / INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is a common complication leading to clinical deterioration of these patients. Aiming at an earlier diagnosis, we investigated the kinetics of the glucose-metabolism abnormalities by evaluating glucose, insulin, pro-insulin, C-peptide and glucagon responses after oral glucose (OGTT) and a mixed meal tolerance (MMTT) tests. METHODS: In a cross-sectional and controlled study, conducted from july/2004 till august/2005, 52 children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, from 5 to 19 years old, underwent both tests in an interval of less than 10 weeks. RESULTS: Plasma glucose values were significantly lower during MMTT after 60 minutes and insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were secreted earlier, being significantly higher at 30 minutes. During OGTT, patients showed a delayed but higher peak insulin, C-peptide and pro-insulin secretion at time 120 minutes. Patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD) without fasting hyperglycemia presented insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin values significantly higher than those patients with normal glucose tolerance or pre-diabetes, at time 120 minutes, indicating increased peripheral insulin resistance. An overlap of insulin, C-peptide and pro-insulin levels was observed in normal and pre-diabetic patients as well as in people with CFRD with fasting hyperglycemia, at 120 minutes, suggesting beta cell dysfunction in the latter groups. Conclusion: Mixed meal ingestion caused an earlier hormone secretion stimulated probably by nutrients different from glucose. Insulin resistance besides beta cell dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis related glucose disturbances.

L’iatrogénie induite par les erreurs médicamenteuses est un problème majeur de santé publique. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer une approche systémique visant à réduire leur occurrence en cancérologie. L’étude est menée aux Hospices Civils de Lyon au sein du Groupement Hospitalier Sud. L’analyse des erreurs médicamenteuses interceptées, sur une période de 5 ans, révèle que 4 prescriptions de chimiothérapie sur 100 présentent au moins une erreur médicamenteuse, dont plus de la moitié sont des erreurs de dose. Les facteurs de risque d’erreurs de prescription identifiés sont la prescription par un interne, l’hospitalisation conventionnelle, le patient ayant une surface corporelle supérieure à 2 m², les protocoles de plus de trois médicaments anticancéreux, comprenant du carboplatine ou nécessitant une modification par le prescripteur. L’évaluation de la gravité clinique potentielle des erreurs médicamenteuses montre que 13,4% d’entre elles auraient causé un préjudice temporaire et 2,6% un préjudice permanent. Le pronostic vital aurait été engagé dans 2,6% des cas conduisant au décès pour 6 patients sur une période d’un an. L’évaluation médico-économique permet d’estimer le coût pour l’assurance maladie d’une erreur médicamenteuse en cancérologie avec conséquences cliniques à 1 523€ associé à 3,5 journées d’hospitalisation supplémentaires. Cette approche systémique conduit au développement de revues d’erreurs médicamenteuses et de morbi-mortalité, socle de l’analyse collective indispensable à la prévention du risque médicamenteux en cancérologie / Medication errors are a major public health problem. This work aims to develop a systemic approach to reduce their occurrence in oncology. The study was conducted in Groupement Hospitalier Sud (Hospices Civils de Lyon). The analysis of intercepted medication errors, over a period of five years, reveals that four out of 100 prescriptions of chemotherapy include at least one medication error, which over half are dose errors. Risk factors of prescribing errors identified are prescription by a resident physician, inpatient care, patient with a body surface area greater than 2 m², protocol with more that three anticancer drugs, protocol involving carboplatin or protocol requiring at least one modification by the physician. 13.4% of avoided errors would have resulted in temporary injury and 2.6% in permanent damage. The vital prognosis of the patient would have been compromised in 2.6% of cases leading to death for six patients over a period of one year. The cost of one medication error with clinical consequences was estimated at € 1 523 associated to 3.5 additional days of hospitalisation. This approach led to the development of systematic medication errors reviews and morbi-mortality conferences that allow a collective and multidisciplinary analysis to enhance the patient’s safety

<p>Uvod: Infertilitet se defini&scaron;e kao bezuspe&scaron;na koncepcija nakon jedne godine seksualnih odnosa bez upotrebe kontracepcije u fertilnoj fazi menstrualnog ciklusa. Metode asistirane reprodukcije predstavljaju efektivan način lečenja infertiliteta. Ispitivanje i identifikacija kratkoročnih i dugoročnih efekata arteficijalnih reproduktivnih tehnologija je veoma izazovan zadatak. Prvenstveni razlog tome je velika heterogenost u načinu sakupljanja, obrade, klasifikacije i tumačenja, sada već, obilja informacija koje su prikupljene u različitim istraživanjima. Individualni pristup lečenju neplodnosti, brz napredak i stalne promene u metodologiji arteficijalnih reproduktivnih tehnologija, uz ranije navedene pote&scaron;koće u vezi sa prikupljanjem i analizom podataka, značajno otežavaju precizno sagledavanje svih mogućih rizika i posledica arteficijanog začeća. Uprkos brojnim istraživanjima, naučnim publikacijama i akumuliranim dokazima, ostale su mnoge dileme u vezi odgovora na pitanja - da li su arteficijalno začete trudnoće u većoj meri praćene rizicima za neadekvatan razvoj ploda, lo&scaron;ijim perinatalnim ishodom i kakve su dugoročne posledice po decu, kao i da li su ovi rizici podjednako zastupljeni u jednoplodnim i vi&scaron;eplodnim trudnoćama.<br />Cilj rada: Ciljevi rada su bili da se utvrdi struktura morbiditeta kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom (iz jednoplodnih i vi&scaron;eplodnih trudnoća) u prve dve godine života, te da se identifikuju perinatalni faktori koji su povezani sa pojavom akutnih i hroničnih komplikacija i oboljenja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom. Takođe, cilj rada je bio da se utvrde karakteristike psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom na kraju dvanestog, osamnaestog i dvadesetčetvrtog meseca života, kao i da se identifikuju specifični faktori rizika za nepovoljan telesni, neurolo&scaron;ki i psiholo&scaron;ki ishod lečenja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom.<br />Materijal i metode: U studiju su uključena prevremeno rođena deca koja su bila hospitalizovana u Službi za neonatologiju i intenzivnu i poluintenzivnu negu i terapiju, i koja su nakon toga, tokom prve dve godine života redovno praćena u neonatolo&scaron;koj ambulanti Instituta za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Retrospektivnim delom studije su obuhvaćena deca koja su lečena u Službi i praćena u neonatolo&scaron;koj ambulanti, a koja su rođena počev od 01. 01. 2011. do 31.12.2012. godine i praćena do navr&scaron;ena puna 24 meseca života. Podaci o pacijentima koji su uključeni u retrospektivni deo istraživanja prikupljani su pregledom medicinske dokumentacije. U prospektivni deo studije su uključena deca koja su lečena u Službi i koja su praćena u neonatolo&scaron;koj ambulanti, a koja su rođena između 01.01. 2013.godine i 31.12.2014. godine i potom praćena do navr&scaron;enih 24 meseca života. Iz navedene kohorte, formirane se dve grupe: Ispitivana grupa (Grupa 1) je obuhavatila svu prevremeno rođenu decu začetu vantelesnom oplodnjom koja su bila hospitalizovana i praćena na Institutu u navedenom periodu. Kontrolna grupa (Grupa 2) obuhvatila je prevremeno rođenu decu začetu prirodnim putem. Deca iz kontrolne grupe izabrana su iz kohorte tako da njihov broj bude jednak broju dece iz ispitivane grupe. Ispitanici iz ove grupe su ujednačeni (&#39;&#39;mečovani&#39;&#39;) sa decom iz ispitivane grupe prema gestacijskoj starosti i datumu rođenja. Gestacijska starost ispitanika iz kontrolne grupe se ne razlikuje za vi&scaron;e od &plusmn; 4 dana u odnosu na decu iz ispitivane grupe. Datum rođenja ispitanika koji su uključeni u kontrolnu grupu se ne razlikuje za vi&scaron;e od &plusmn; 3 meseca u odnosu na decu iz ispitivane grupe.<br />U momentu uključivanja u studiju uzimani su sledeći anamezni podaci:<br />Podaci u vezi sa majkom, trudnoći i porođaju: starost majke u momentu koncepcije, broj prethodnih poku&scaron;aja asistirane koncepcije, stručna sprema, mesto stanovanja, hronične bolesti dijagnostikovane pre trudnoće, akutne i hronične bolesti dijagnostikovane tokom trudoće (hipertenzija, pre-eklampsija, eklampsija, o&scaron;tećenje jetre), prevremena ruptura plodovih ovojaka, primena lekova tokom trudnoće, jednoplodna ili vi&scaron;eplodna trudnoća. Podaci o poremećajima posteljice i ovojaka: ablacija, placenta previja, horioamnionitis. Podaci u vezi sa detetom: intrauterina infekcija, intrauterina restrikcija rasta, način porođaja, Apgar skor. Antropometrijski parametri (telesna masa, telesna dužina, obim glave) na rođenju i tokom perioda ambulantnog praćenja deteta. Dužina inicijalne hospitalizacije deteta. Dužina invazivne i/ili neinvazivne respiratorne potpore i oksigenoterapije. Dijagnoze na otpustu iz bolnice: prisustvo te&scaron;kih posledica prematuriteta, &scaron;to podrazumeva: intrakranijalnu hemoragiju 3. i 4. stepena (definisanu u međunarodnoj klasifikaciji bolesti &ndash; deseta revizija (MKB10) pod &scaron;ifrom P52.2), cističnu periventrikularnu leukomalaciju, retinopatiju prematuriteta, bronhopulmonalnu displaziju, nekrotizirajući enterokolitis, sepsu i/ili meningitis (mikrobiolo&scaron;ki ili klinički dijagnostikovanu). Prisustvo urođenih anomalija ili genetskih sindroma i bolesti (definisanih u MKB10 pod &scaron;iframa Q00 do Q99), kao i prisustvo urođenih bolesti metabolizma (definisanih u MKB10 pod &scaron;iframa E00 do E90).<br />U retrospektivnom delu studije, pregledani su specijalistički izve&scaron;taji iz neonatolo&scaron;ke ambulante pri posetama deteta u uzrastu deteta od 12, 18 i 24 meseca, i beleženi su sledeći podaci: sve prethodno postavljene dijagnoze koje su navedene na specijalističkim izve&scaron;tajima iz neonatolo&scaron;ke ambulante, antropometrijski prametri u momentu pregleda (telesna dužina, telesna masa i obim glave), neurolo&scaron;ki nalaz (tonus, trofika, kožni i tetivni refleksi, prisustvo lateralizacije u neurolo&scaron;kom nalazu), nalaz oftalmologa (uredan nalaz/patalo&scaron;ki nalaz), procena fine i grube motorike, govora, kognitivne funkcije i socijalnog kontakta i zbirna procena psihomotornog razvoja. U prospektivnom delu studije, pri kontrolnim pregledima u neonatolo&scaron;koj ambulanti, u uzrastu deteta od 12, 18 i 24 meseca, određivano je i beleženo sledeće: ranije postavljene dijagnoze koje su navedene u medicinskoj dokumentaciji, antropometrijski prametri u momentu pregleda (telesna dužina, telesna masa i obim glave), neurolo&scaron;ki nalaz (tonus, trofika, kožni i tetivni refleksi, prisustvo lateralizacije u neurolo&scaron;kom nalazu), nalaz oftalmologa (uredan nalaz/patalo&scaron;ki nalaz), procena fine i grube motorike, govora, kognitivne funkcije i socijalnog kontakta i zbirna procena psihomotornog razvoja.<br />Rezultati: Prosečna vednost TM ispitanika iz Grupe 1, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, bila je statistički značajno manja u odnosu na ispitanike iz Grupe 2 (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim oftalmolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Fi&scaron;erov test tačne verovatnoće). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim neurolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti globalnog koeficijenta razvoja (RQ), kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i dru&scaron;tvenost) po Brunet -L&eacute;zine skali, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 92 (59,740%) deteta čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 61 (39,610%) dete čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Ova razlika u broju dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast je statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p=0,0004). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (RQ&lt;90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je vi&scaron;i, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,495; 95% CI 1,181 &ndash; 1,892). U Grupi 1, bilo je 87 (56,494%) dece koja su postigla ispodprosečne korigovane vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ&lt;90). U Grupi 2 bilo je 69 (44,805%) dece koja su postigla ispodprosečne korigovane vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ&lt;90). Ova razlika je statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p =0,040). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ&lt;90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je vi&scaron;i, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,261; 95%CI 1,008 &ndash; 1,577). U kategoriji dece, koja su i pored korekcije u odnosu na GS imala ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja, u Grupi 1 čak 81/87 (93,310%) dece je imalo vrednost korigovanog RQ &ge; 85, a u Grupi 2 ovu vrednost korigovanog RQ imalo je 60/69 (86,956%) dece.<br />Prosečne vednosti TM ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički načajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim oftalmolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim neurolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti RQ, kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i dru&scaron;tvenost) po Brunet -L&eacute;zine skali su se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa u uzrastu od 18 meseci (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 57 (37,013%) dece čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 31 (20,130%) dete čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Udeo dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast je statistički značajno različit između grupa (Hi kvadrat test, p = 0,010). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (nekorigovani RQ&lt;90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je vi&scaron;i, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,288; 95%CI 1,181 &ndash; 2,730). Statistički značajna razlika postojala je i kada je upoređen broj dece sa vrednostima korigovanog RQ ispod 90 u Grupi 1 i Grupi 2 (36 naspram 19 po redosledu navođenja; Hi kvardat test, p = 0,011). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ&lt;90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je vi&scaron;i, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,895; 95%CI 1,139 &ndash; 3,152).<br />Prosečne vednosti TM ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim oftalmolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Udeo ispitanika sa patolo&scaron;kim neurolo&scaron;kim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti RQ, kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i dru&scaron;tvenost) po Brunet -L&eacute;zine skali, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa, u uzrastu od 24 meseca (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 21 dete (13,636%) čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 17 (11,049%) dece čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Razlika u broju dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast nije statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p= 0,488). Statistički značajna razlika nije postojala ni kada je upoređen broj dece sa vrednostima korigovanog RQ ispod 90 u Grupi 1 i Grupi 2 (12 naspram 9 po redosledu navođenja; Hi kvardat test, p = 0,497).<br />Logističkom regresionom analizom pokazano je da su ve&scaron;tačko začeće, vi&scaron;eplodnost trudnoće i IUGR nezavisni faktori rizika za manju TM u kalendarskom uzrastu od 12 meseci. Logističkom regresionom analizom dobijena je statistički značajna korelacija između vrednosti RQ u uzrastu od 18 meseci i sledećih nezavisnih varijabli: arteficijalno začeta trudnoća i vi&scaron;eplodna trudnoća. Isptanici iz Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 nisu se statistički značajno razlikovali ni po jednom od posmatranih pokazatelja telesnog i psihomotornog razvoja u uzrastu od 24 meseca.<br />Struktura morbiditeta kod dece, tokom dvogodi&scaron;njeg perioda praćenja, nije se značajno razlikovala između grupa. Jedina razlika između grupa, konstatovana je u uzrastu od 12 i 18 meseci, bila je u učestalosti akutnih respiratornih infekcija, čija je pojava, pak, bila direktno povezana sa vi&scaron;eplodnim trudnoćama, odnosno brojem siblinga u domaćinstvu.<br />Zaključak: Prosečna starost majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om je veća od prosečne starosti majki dece koja su spontano začeta. Struktura morbiditeta majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om i majki dece koja su začeta spontanom koncepcijom je ista, ali je stopa morbiditeta veća kod majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om. Vi&scaron;eplodne trudnoće su veoma zastupljene kod začeća IVF-om. Trudnoće začete IVF-om se dominantno i skoro ekskluzivno okončavaju carskim rezom. Prevremena ruptura ovojaka ploda je česta komplikacija trudnoća koje su začete IVF-om. Stopa morbiditeta prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom nije veća u odnosu na prevremeno rođenu decu začetu prirodnim putem. U strukturi morbiditeta kod dece koja su začeta vantelesnom opodnjom, zastupljena su ista oboljenja i komplikacije kao kod prevremeno rođene dece začete prirodnim putem. Incidencija pojedinih oboljenja je ista, sa izuzetkom bronhopulmonalne displazije koja se javlja če&scaron;če kod dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom i retinopatije prematuriteta koja se javlja če&scaron;če kod dece začete prirodnim putem. Porođajna telesna masa, intrauterina restrikcija rasta, starost majke, stručna sprema majke, prethodna hronična oboljenja majke, bolesti majke dijagnostikovane tokom trudnoće, jednoplodna i vi&scaron;eplodna trudnoća, način porođaja i PROM su potencijalni faktori rizika za lo&scaron;iji postnatalni ishod kod dece iz arteficijalno začetih trudnoća. U uzrastu od 12 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca začeta tehnikama in vitro fetrilizacije, sem po dostignutoj telesnoj masi, ne razlikuju se značajno po drugim telesnim karakteristikama, od prevremeno rođene dece koja su začeta prirodnim putem. Faktori rizika za manju telesnu masu kod prevremeno rođene dece, u uzrastu od 12 meseci su: arteficijalno začeće, vi&scaron;eplodne trudnoće i intrauterina restrikcija rasta. U uzrastu od 12 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca začeta in vitro fertilizacijom, imaju blago lo&scaron;ije (ali ne i značajno niže) postignuće na testovima za procenu psihomotornog razvoja, odnosno imaju vi&scaron;i rizik da postignu ispodprosečne vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja. U uzrastu od 18 meseci, nema razlike u pokazateljima telesnog razvoja između prevremeno rođene dece koja su arteficijalno začeta i dece koja su rođena iz spontano začetih trudnoća. U uzrastu od 18 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca iz arteficijalno začetih trudnoća imaju niže postignuće na testovima za procenu psihomotornog razvoja u odnosu na prevremeno rođenu decu iz spontano začetih trudnoća. Faktori rizika koji su povezani sa lo&scaron;ijim postignućem na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece su arteficijalno začeće trudnoće i vi&scaron;eplodnost trudnoće. U uzrastu od 24 meseca nema razlike u telesnim parametrima između prevremeno rođene dece koja su arteficijalno začeta i prevremeno rođene dece koja su začeta prirodnim putem. U uzrastu od 24 meseca nema razlike u postignuću na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece su arteficijalno začeće trudnoće i vi&scaron;eplodnost trudnoće. U uzrastu od 24 meseca, prevremeno rođena deca, i iz arteficijalno, i iz spontano začetih trudnoća, na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja postižu rezultate koji su u skladu sa njihovim kalendarskim uzrastom.</p> / <p>Introduction: Infertility is defined as an unsuccessful conception after one year of sexual intercourse without the use of contraception in the fertilizing phase of the menstrual cycle. Assisted reproduction methods represent an effective way of treating infertility. Examination and identification of short-term and long-term effects of artificial reproductive technologies is a very challenging task. The primary reason for this is the great heterogeneity in the way of collecting, processing, classifying and interpreting, now, the abundance of information that has been gathered in various studies. Individual approach to the treatment of infertility, rapid progress and constant changes in the methodology of the artificial reproductive technologies, in addition to the aforementioned difficulties associated with the collection and analysis of data, significantly hamper accurate assessment of all possible risks and consequences artificial conception. Despite numerous studies, scientific publications and the accumulated evidence, many doubts about the question whether artificially conceived pregnancies are accompanied by the higher risks or inadequate fetal development, poor perinatal and long-term outcomes still remained.<br />The Aim: The objectives of this work were to determine the structure of morbidity in prematurely born children conceived by artificial reproductive technologies (from single and multiple pregnancies) in the first two years of life, and to identify perinatal factors that are associated with the occurrence of acute and chronic complications and diseases in prematurely born children from this pregnancies. In addition, the aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of psychomotor development in prematurely born children conceived by artificial reproductive technologies at the end of the twelfth, eighteenth and twenty-fourth month of life, as well as to identify specific risk factors for the unfavorable physical, neurological and psychological outcome of those children.<br />Materials and Methods: The study included premature born newborns who were hospitalized in the Department for neonatology and intensive and semi-intensive care unit, and are thereafter, during the first two years of life. The retrospective part of the study included children who were hospitalized at the Institute, and who were born from January 1st 2011. to December 31st 2012. and were followed up to 2 years of life. Data on patients included in the retrospective part of the survey were collected through a review of medical records. The prospective part of the study included children who were treated and followed up at the Institute, and who were born between January 1st 2013 and December 31st 2014. and then followed up to 2 years of life. From this cohort two groups were formed: The tested group (Group 1) included all preterm infants who were conceived by ART. The control group (Group 2) included naturally conceived prematurely born children. The children in the control group were selected from the cohort so that their number was equal to the number of children in the study group. The gestational age of the examinees from the control group does not differ for more than &plusmn; 4 days from the children from the study group. The date of birth of subjects included in the control group does not differ for more than &plusmn; 3 months from the children in the study group.<br />At the moment of inclusion in the study, the following individual data were taken:<br />Maternal data, pregnancy and childbirth: the age of the mother at the moment of conception, the number of previous attempts at assisted conception, professional care, place of residence, chronic diseases diagnosed before pregnancy, acute and chronic diseases diagnosed during pregnancy (hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, liver damage), premature rupture of the fetuses, the use of medication during pregnancy, single or multiple pregnancy. Data on placental disorders and abnormalities: ablation, placenta overdose, horioamnionitis. Child-related data: intrauterine infection, intrauterine growth restriction, delivery method, Apgar score. Anthropometric parameters (body weight, body length, head circumference) at birth and during the period of outpatient monitoring of the child. Length of initial hospitalization of the child. Length of invasive and / or non-invasive respiratory support and oxygen therapy. Diagnosis on discharge from the hospital: the presence of severe consequences of prematurity, which implies intracranial hemorrhage of 3rd and 4th degree (defined in International Classification of Disease - Tenth Revision (MKB10) under code P52.2), cystic periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia , necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and / or meningitis (microbiologically or clinically diagnosed). Presence of congenital anomalies or genetic syndromes and diseases (defined in MKB10 under codes Q00 to Q99), as well as the presence of congenital metabolic diseases (defined in MKB10 under codes E00 to E90).<br />In the retrospective part of the study, specialist reports from a neonatological clinic were examined for child visits at the age of 12, 18 and 24 months, and the following data were ecorded: all pre-diagnosis reported on specialist reports from a neonatological clinic, anthropometric arms at the moment examination (body length, body weight and head circumference), neurological findings (tone, trophic, skin and tendon reflexes, presence of lateralization in neurological findings), ophthalmologist findings (neat / patial findings), assessment of fine and coarse motoring, speech, cognitive functions and social contact and a collective assessment of psychomotor development. In the prospective part of the study, during control examinations in a neonatological clinic, at the age of 12, 18 and 24 months, the following were determined and recorded: previously set out in the current medical documentation, anthropometric parameters at the moment of examination (body length, body weight and the volume of the head), neurological findings (tone, trophic, skin and tendon reflexes, presence of lateralization in neurological findings), ophthalmologist findings, assessment of fine and grose motor functions, speech, cognitive functions, social contact and psychomotor development.<br />Results: The average BW of subjects in Group 1 at the age of 12 months, was statistically significantly lower in relation to respondents from Group 2 (Student&#39;s T test). The average length of subjects from both groups at the age of 12 months did not statistically differ (Student&#39;s T test). The average head circumference between children from both groups, at the age of 12 months, did not statistically differ (Student&#39;s T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Fischer&#39;s exact probability test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average values of the global development coefficient (RQ), as well as the average score values for individual elements of development evaluation test - Brunet-L&eacute;zine scale (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) did not differ significantly between groups (Student t test). In Group 1 there were 92 (59.740%) of children whose uncorrected RQ was under 90, while in Group 2 there were 61 (39.610%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. This difference in the number of children with RQ below the average for calendar age is statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.0004). The relative risk of under-achievement in the psychomotor evaluation test (RQ &lt;90) for children from Group 1 was higher than in children from Group 2 (RR = 1.495; 95% CI 1.181 - 1.922). In Group 1, there were 87 (56.494%) children who achieved sub-optimal corrected score values for the assessment of psychomotor development (corrected RQ &lt;90). In Group 2, there were 69 (44.805%) children who achieved sub-optimal corrected score values for the assessment of psychomotor development (corrected RQ &lt;90). This difference is statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.040). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement in the psychomotor evaluation test (corrected RQ &lt;90) for children from Group 1 was higher than in Group 2 (RR = 1.261; 95% CI 1.008 - 1.577). In Group 1, as many as 81/87 (93.310%) of children had a corrected RQ value of &ge; 85, while in Group 2 this value of the corrected RQ there were 60/69 (86.956%) children.<br />At the age of 18 months, the average BW of subjects from both groups did not differ significantly (Student&#39;s T test). The average length of subjects from both groups, at the age of 18 months, did not statistically differ (Student&#39;s T test). The average head circumference of children from both groups, at the age of 18 months, did not statistically differ (Student&#39;s T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average RQ values, as well as the average scores for individual elements of psychomotor development (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) according to the Brunet-L&eacute;zine scale, have been statistically significantly different between groups, at the age of 18 months (Student&#39;s T test). In Group 1 there were 57 (37.013%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90, while in Group 2 there were 31 (20,130%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. The share of children with RQ below the average value for the calendar age is statistically significantly different between groups (Hi square test, p = 0.010). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement in the Psychomotor Development Assessment (uncorrected RQ &lt;90) for Group 1 children was higher than in Group 2 (RR = 1.288; 95% CI 1.181 - 2.730). A statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 existed when the number of children with corrected RQ below 90 was compared (36 naspram 19 respectively, Hi quadrate test, p = 0.011). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement on the Psychomotor Evaluation Test (corrected RQ &lt;90) for the children from Group 1 was higher when compared to children in Group 2 (RR = 1.895; 95% CI 1.139 &ndash; 3.152).<br />At the age of 24 months the average BW, body length and head circumference of subjects in both groups were not significantly different (Student&#39;s T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average RQ values, as well as the average score values for individual elements for development evaluation (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) according Brunet-L&eacute;zine scale, did not significantly differ between groups at the age of 24 months (Student&#39;s T test). In Group 1, there were 21 children (13.636%) whose uncorrected RQ was under 90, while in Group 2 there were 17 (11.049%) of children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. The difference in the number of children with RQ below the average for the calendar age was not statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.488). A statistically significant difference did not exist even when the number of children with values of the corrected RQ below 90 in Group 1 and Group 2 (12 naspram 9 respectively, Hi quadrate test, p = 0.497) was compared.<br />Logistic regression analysis has shown that artificial conception, multiple pregnancy and IUGR are independent risk factors for lesser BW in a calendar age of 12 months. By logistic regression analysis, a statistically significant correlation between RQ values at 18 months of age and the following independent variables was obtained: artificially started pregnancy and multiple pregnancy. Group 1 and Group 2 patients did not significantly differ by any of the indicators of physical and psychomotor development at the age of 24 months.<br />The structure of morbidity in children, during the two-year follow-up period, did not differ significantly between groups. The only difference between the groups was found in the rates of acute respiratory infections at the age of 12 and 18 months (rate of infections was higher in Group 1), whose occurrence, however, was directly related to multiple pregnancies, or the number of sibling in the household.<br />Conclusion: The average age of mothers of children conceived by the IVF is higher than the average age of mothers of children who were conceived spontaneously. The structure of the morbidity of mothers of children who were artificially conceived and mothers of children born after spontaneous conception is the same, but the morbidity rate is higher in the mothers of children who were conceived by IVF. Pregnancies concieved by IVF almost exclusively ended by cesarean section. Premature rupture of the membranes is a common complication of IVF pregnancies. The rate of morbidity of prematurely born children conceived by ART is not higher than that of prematurely born children conceived naturally. The structure of morbidity in children from ART pregnancies was the same as in naturally conceived prematurely born children. The incidence of specific illnesses is the same, with the exception of bronchopulmonary dysplasia that occurs more frequently in children born from ART pregnancies, and retinopathy of prematurity that occurs more frequently in spontaneously conceived children. Maternal birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, mother&#39;s age, maternal care, previous mother&#39;s chronic illness, mother&#39;s disease diagnosed during pregnancy, single and multiple pregnancies and PROM are potential risk factors for worse postnatal outcome in children from artificially initiated pregnancies. Risk factors for lower body weight in premature babies, at the age of 12 months, are: artificial conception, multiple pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction. At the age of 12 months, prematurely born children from IVF pregnancies, have slightly worse (but not significantly lower) psychomotor achievements. At the age of 18 months, there is no difference in the indicators of physical development between prematurely born children who are artificially conceived and children born from spontaneous pregnancies. At the age of 18 months, prematurely born children from ART pregnancies have lower achievement on tests for assessing psychomotor development compared to prematurely born children from spontaneously initiated pregnancies. Risk factors associated with a poor performance on the psychomotor development assessment tests, in preterm infants, are an artificial conception of pregnancy and a multi fertile pregnancy. At the age of 24 months, there is no difference in the physical parameters between prematurely born children from ART and naturally conceived pregnancies. At the age of 24 months, there is no difference in the achievement on the test for the assessment of psychomotor development between children from ART and spontaneous pregnancies. At the age of 24 months, on the psychomotor development assessment, prematurely born children achieve the results consistent with their calendar age.</p>

Introdução: No contexto do envelhecimento populacional, uma questão fundamental é avaliar se as estratégias de prevenção de doenças crônicas poderiam contribuir para o aumento dos anos vividos em boas condições de saúde, pela população idosa. Objetivo: Avaliar se a eliminação de determinadas doenças crônicas é capaz de levar à compressão da morbidade em indivíduos idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal analítico, de base populacional, utilizando dados oficiais secundários para o Município de São Paulo, em 2000, e dados obtidos a partir do estudo SABE. O método de Sullivan foi utilizado para o cálculo de expectativas de vida livre de incapacidade (E.V.L.I.). O impacto da eliminação de uma doença na prevalência de incapacidade foi estimado com um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Tábuas de vida de eliminação de causas foram utilizadas para calcular as probabilidades de morte com a eliminação de doenças. O efeito da eliminação das doenças crônicas foi avaliado, considerando a teoria de riscos competitivos e a abordagem proposta por Nusselder e colaboradores. Resultados: Os maiores ganhos em E.V.L.I., com a eliminação de doenças crônicas, ocorreram no sexo feminino, levando a um processo de compressão absoluta da morbidade. Nos indivíduos de idade mais avançada, os ganhos em E.V.L.I., ocorreram em função de um processo de compressão relativa da morbidade. Nos homens com idade de 75 anos, todas as doenças estudadas, com exceção da doença cardíaca e da hipertensão arterial sistêmica, levaram a um processo de expansão absoluta da morbidade, mas simultaneamente a um processo de compressão relativa da morbidade, ao serem eliminadas. A doença cardíaca apresentou-se como aquela que mais promoveria a compressão da morbidade, caso fosse eliminada, em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: A eliminação de doenças crônicas na população idosa poderia levar a uma compressão da morbidade em homens e mulheres, tanto na idade de 60 anos, quanto na de 75 anos / Introduction: In the context of the aging process, a key issue is to assess whether strategies to prevent chronic diseases may contribute to the increase in years lived in good health among elderly individuals. Objective: To evaluate whether elimination of certain chronic diseases can lead to the compression of morbidity, in the elderly. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional survey, based on official data for the city of São Paulo, in 2000, and data obtained from the SABE study. Sullivans method was used for the calculation of disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). Cause-deleted disability prevalence was estimated using multiple logistic regression model. Cause-deleted probabilities of dying were derived with the cause-elimination life-table technique, considering the independence of the causes of based on the approach proposed by Nusselder and co-workers. Results: The greatest gains in DFLE, with the elimination of chronic diseases, occurred in women, leading to a process of absolute compression of morbidity. Among individuals of a more advanced age, gains in DFLE occurred due to a relative compression of morbidity process. Among men aged 75 years, all diseases eliminated, except heart disease and hypertension, led to a process of absolute expansion of morbidity, but simultaneously, to a relative compression of morbidity. If eliminated, heart disease was the condition that would most lead to the compression of morbidity in both genders. Conclusion: The elimination of chronic diseases in the elderly population could lead to the compression of morbidity in men and women at both 60 years of age and in 75 years of age or older

We miss summer time during winter especially when it snows heavily resulting in cancelation of classes but we turn to ignore high temperature and its associated health impacts during summer. Several studies have shown that high temperatures during summer are associated with morbidity and mortality in many cities in the United States over the past decade. Gradual increase in temperature over the past years raises public health concerns about the impacts of heat on human health in future and the role of adaptation. Our study aimed at assessing future heat-related mortality due to climate change in the United States. We hypothesized that incidence of premature death will increase with future temperature rise and population adaptation will reduce the mortality rate. We reviewed research articles on temperature-related premature death. The literature search was limited to studies conducted in United States and seven studies which demonstrated positive association between temperature and premature death were selected for this study. We predicted future high temperature-related mortality using BenMap benefit model designed to estimate 2015 Appalachian Student Research Forum Page 111 air pollution impacts on public health. Based on the selected studies, BenMap model projected 2020-2050 temperature scenario using modeled daily mean apparent temperature to estimate future heat-related mortality. Our results showed that high temperatures would cause an increase in heat-related mortality and adaptation would minimize the effects of climate change as people get used to high temperatures. The outcome of our study confirms the positive association between high temperature and mortality which emphasizes the need for policy makers to take appropriate actions such as greenhouse gas emission reduction to protect public health.

Population ageing and the tendency for older adults to have poorer health status than younger adults have raised concerns about potential increases in the number of elderly suffering disease and disability. Significantly, many health problems experienced in later life are associated with the onset of a more sedentary lifestyle. Increasing older adults' participation in leisure time physical activity (henceforth LTPA) offers an opportunity to reduce the prevalence of preventable morbidity in later life and offset a potential burden of ageing on the public health sector. As a forerunner to the development of strategies to increase older adults' LTPA participation, researchers have investigated the intrapersonal, interpersonal and, to a lesser extent, environmental influences on this health behaviour. Recent findings from studies of the adult population have suggested that neighbourhood deprivation, a measure of the socioeconomic conditions of small areas, may significantly influence LTPA participation. Extending previous findings, this research investigated how neighbourhood deprivation influenced older adults' LTPA participation. A total of 63 older adults were recruited from high- and low-deprivation neighbourhoods in Christchurch, New Zealand. Neighbourhoods were selected because of their relative positions on the New Zealand Deprivation Index and were characterised by the researcher as "East-town", a neighbourhood of high deprivation, and "West-town", a neighbourhood of low deprivation. The research incorporated a cross-sectional, comparative and mixed-methods approach. The methods of enquiry employed in this research included a recall survey, Q method, and semi-structured interviewing. Each method addressed a different aspect of the primary research question and provided data that was used in the creation of an integrated model depicting the influence of neighbourhood deprivation on older adults' LTPA participation. The results derived from the three research methods showed that older adults from the low-deprivation neighbourhood of West-town participated in LTPA more frequently than older adults from the high-deprivation neighbourhood of East-town. East-town was identified as having many physical and social environmental constraints to LTPA and comparatively few facilitators. Alternatively, West-town was found to have many physical and social environmental facilitators to LTPA and relatively few constraints. Neighbourhood attributes which appeared to influence older adults' LTPA participation included appropriateness of leisure provision, neighbourhood attractiveness, walkability, traffic, and perceptions of crime and antisocial behaviour. One implication of this research is that environmental interventions should be considered in attempts to engage older adults in LTPA for health purposes, particularly in high-deprivation neighbourhoods.

Background Due to small iron stores and rapid growth during the first months of life, infants with low birth weight (LBW) are at risk of iron deficiency (ID). ID in infancy is associated with irreversible impaired neurodevelopment. Preventive iron supplementation may reduce the risk of ID and benefit neurodevelopment, but there is also a possible risk of adverse effects. More than 50% of all LBW infants are born with marginally LBW (MLBW, 2000-2500g), and it is not known if they benefit from iron supplementation. Methods We randomized 285 healthy, Swedish, MLBW infants to receive 3 different doses of oral iron supplements; 0 (Placebo), 1, and 2 mg/kg/day from six weeks to six months of age. Iron status, during and after the intervention was assessed and so was the prevalence of ID and ID anemia (IDA), growth, morbidity and the interplay with iron and the erythropoetic hormones hepcidin and erythropoietin (EPO). As a proxy for conduction speed in the developing brain, auditory brainstem response (ABR) was analyzed at six months. In a follow up at 3.5 years of age, the children were assessed with a cognitive test (WPPSI-III) and a validated parental checklist of behavioral problems (CBCL), and compared to a matched reference group of 95 children born with normal birth weight. Results At six months of age, the prevalence of ID and IDA was significantly higher in the placebo group compared to the iron supplemented infants. 36% had ID in the placebo group, compared to 8% and 4 % in the 1 and 2mg/kg/day-groups, respectively. The prevalence of IDA was 10%, 3% and 0%, respectively. ABR-latencies did not correlate with the iron intake and was not increased in infants with ID or IDA. ABR wave V latencies were similar in all three groups. Hepcidin correlated to ferritin and increased in supplemented infants while EPO, which was negatively correlated to iron status indicators, decreased. At follow up there were no differences in cognitive scores between the groups but the prevalence of behavioral problems was significantly higher in the placebo group compared to those supplemented and to controls. The relative risk increase of CBCL-scores above a validated cutoff was 4.5 (1.4 – 14.2) in the placebo-group compared to supplemented children. There was no detected difference in growth or morbidity at any age. Conclusion MLBW infants are at risk of ID in infancy and behavioral problems at 3 years of age. Iron supplementation at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg/day from six weeks to six months of age reduces the risks with no adverse effects, suggesting both short and long term benefit. MLBW infants should be included in general iron supplementation programs during their first six months of life.