Chapter 1 (General Introduction), Chapter 2 (Polyspermy produces viable haploid/diploid mosaics in sturgeon), Chapter 3 (First evidence of viable progeny from three interspecific parents in sturgeon), Chapter 4 (General discussion, English Summary, Czech Summary, Acknowledgements, List of Publications, Training and Supervision Plan during Study, Curriculum Vitae). The thesis is written in English, contains 71 pages. The results were published in two scientific journals. The actuality of work: The majority of sturgeons are critically endangered and at the same time they are producers of the most expensive food product - black caviar. Presently, sturgeon restoring and conservation are depended on artificial reproduction in hatcheries. However, the way of fertilization is not clear: monospermy, physiological or pathological polyspermy? Moreover, during last decades it was believed that under artificial fertilizations, can appear atypically divided embryos like 3 or 6 cells, which die prior hatching stage or sometimes develop into malformed shape fry with soon death due to deformations. Atypically divided embryos, their origin and the reason of appearance was not studied well. Investigation of fertilization aspects in economically significant and endangered fishes is extremely important. Requires attention and studies a hybridization abilities in sturgeons, as hybridization plays an important role in sturgeon evolution. The purposes of the study were: to find a way of fertilization in sturgeons (monospermy/polyspermy); to understand the reasons of atypical division of cells during artificial breeding; to investigate if atypically divided embryos are able to develop beyond the feeding stage, to analyze their ploidy; to classify the types of atypically divided embryos and their frequency; to investigate sturgeon hybridization plasticity, to produce first interspecific hybrid from three parents. Novelty and scientific originality: In this research two ways of fertilization were found in sturgeons: physiological polyspermy (fertilization typical for caudate amphibians) and karyogamy with an additional plasmogamy, which results in production of viable multiple-sperm mosaics with atypical division on the 2-4 cell stage and mosaic ploidy). Conducted research is important for avoiding of negative effect on sturgeon propagation programs, due to uncontrolled fertilization and releasing of multiple-sperm mosaics into the wild, which can cause appearance of sturgeons with irregular ploidy and induce a detrimental genetic effects on sturgeon populations. However, multiple-sperm mosaics, which were discovered in this study and their easy way of production can be used as a beneficial tool for a rapid manufacture of isogenic strains in sturgeons. In this study was shown that applying of just one part of body (blood, tail, etc.) for ploidy determination is not giving a full view of a real ploidy of the studied individual. A huge ability for hybridization and plasticity were described in sturgeon. It was possible to generate a first viable hybrids from three interspecific parents.

This thesis deals with viral pathogens of pea and its seed transmission. It describes characteristic of pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) and Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), mechanism of seed transmission, methods for detection viruses in seeds and pea resistence to both of viruses. In the experimental part was tested different stages of development of three breeding on new varietes (SM 247, 1019/12 and 1011/12) for presence PSbMV by DAS-ELISA. The aim of the experiment was to determine the developmental stage of pea relevant to determine the transmission PSbMV on pea plants. After the evaluation, it was concluded that this developmental stage is the embryo or one week plant. Furthermore, the selected lines of pea were tested for resistance to PEMV. On the basis of this experiment were obtained pea populations resistant to this virus.

This thesis focuses on the mosaic scenes of Roman era, especially on the gods and other mythological figures associated with water. The thesis is divided into 10 chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the mythology of gods and characters and their brief iconographic characterization. Other chapters are divided by the areas that were under domination of Roman Empire. Each of these chapters has identical structure. The text deals with the mosaics and motifs of these areas in general. Then there are described subsequently collected examples of mosaics. On the basis of the description and characteristics is the last chapter sub-section dealing with similarities and comparison. The penultimate chapter focuses on a mosaic in terms of several aspects: production, technology, workshops, location, different techniques, signatures and trademarks. The conclusions that result from surveyed sample mosaics are summarized at the end of thesis. It is especially focused on the motifs and characters. Keywords Iconography, mosaics, Roman art, deities

Statistical aspects of random mosaics have not been heretofore given enough attention. This thesis deals with the derivation of estimators and statistical tests in a three-dimensional Poisson-Voronoi mosaic model. The first chapter compiles elementary results in the fields of point processes, random closed sets and particle processes. These are used in a second chapter to deduce geometric properties of random mosaics. The third chapter introduces the statistical research itself, estimators and model tests. Horvitz- Thompson estimator is introduced in order to correct statistics calculated on a reduced sample. Own results are tried in a computer simulation and compared to existing research in the last chapter. Mainly, the quality of estimators and the power of proposed tests is observed. 1

This Master thesis deals with the development, mainly the technological development of the Greek mosaics in the Hellenistic period. Mosaics of the late Classical period are also included in this work as the early Hellenistic mosaic pavements continued to use and improve the late Classical technique. With respect to the technological aspect it is important to describe the production process, sources of which also exist in the ancient literature. The working environment and the organization of the mosaicists or other craftsmen involved can be to some extent reconstructed based on the archaeological finds. The next part of the thesis is concerned with the architectural context, the function and the meaning of the Greek mosaics. Certain hierarchy of the mosaic importance and the meaning can be identified on the basis of their motifs, the technique of the performance and their location inside the building. Furthermore, it is examined, how spaces of private houses changed with mosaics from the late Classical to the late Hellenistic times. In closing there is basic information about the Hellenistic mosaic repertory presented. Keywords mosaics, Greek, Hellenism, Art, Hellenistic, development

The part of RNA2 genome segment of several isolates of Radish mosaic virus (RaMV) including capsid protein genes was sequenced. Variability of capsid protein genes among the isolates of Radish mosaic virus was studied.

A new method was developed for testing antiviral compounds against plant viruses based on rapidly growing brassicas in vitro on liquid medium. While using ribavirin as a standard for comparison, phytotoxicity and ability of the acyclic nucleotide analogues(R)-PMPA, PMEA, PMEDAP, and (S)-HPMPC to eliminate ssRNA Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) were evaluated by this method. Double antibody sandwich ELISA was used for relative quantification of viral protein in plants. Ribavirin had the most powerful antiviral effect against TYMV. On the other hand, (R)-PMPA and PMEA had no antiviral effect and almost no phytotoxicity compared to the control. (S)-HPMPC and PMEDAP showed moderate antiviral effect, accompanied by higher phytotoxicity.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most investigated viruses and its attributes and structure are therefore well-known. In this work, we have chosen TMV as a biotemplate for the adjustable-length particles production in plants. The viral RNA and coat protein of TMV self-assemble into particles under physiological conditions. The particle length depends on the length of packaged RNA. The encapsidation signal that is necessary for preferential viral RNA packaging by coat protein disks is known and characterized since the 1980's. In this work, we have proposed a two-component system based on a Nicotiana bentamiana plants infection with packaging competent defective RNA (dRNA) and a helper virus RNA which provides all the components necessary for dRNA replication and packaging. The encapsidation signal in the helper virus sequence was removed to avoid formation of particles of incorrect length. Some of our helper viruses contained a coat protein with modified region of the particle's inner channel. This modification should allow specific binding of metal atoms within the core of the rod shaped particle. Several variants of dRNA and helper viruses were prepared to identify individual areas important for the replication, encapsidation and nanoparticle stability. We focused on the particle formation...

White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) virions were purified using a modified method of Wetter (1960). Antisera were produced by rabbit immunisation and virus-specific polyclonal antibodies were obtained. Suitable conditions were optimised for serological detection of virus by DAS-ELISA and compared with a commercial kit.

The Master's thesis is focused on research of the Italian academic discourse from the years 1891-2008 dealing with the influence of the visual culture of Ravenna on Dante's Divine Comedy. One of the scholars that can be placed in the context of Italian discourse is the philologist and aesthetician Jaroslav Hruban, the only Czech scholar who occupied himself with the relationship between Dante and Ravenna and continuously followed up the development of the interwar Italian Dantology. The thesis puts forward two questions: how the scholars of the Italian academic discourse and Jaroslav Hruban reflect the relationship of Dante and Ravenna, and if we can trace the influence of the visual culture of Ravenna (especially of the mosaics from the 5th and 6th centuries) in the text of Dante's Divine Comedy. The questions are solved by application of the historiographic methods that were used to examine Italian Dantology, the methods of literary studies and art history by which analysis and comparison of the text and imagery were performed, and also the methods of visual culture that were used to reconstruct the image of Ravenna during the time of Dante's stay in the town and his "period eye". The scholars believe that the inspirational influences of the Ravenna mosaics and visual culture on Dante's Divine...