I samband med Gävle kommuns omvandling av den havsnära stadsdelen Näringen identifieras många naturgeografiska och geotekniska utmaningar. Dessa utmaningar förväntas förvärras av klimatförändringar, men också betyda en större påverkan på låglänta och havsnära områden. Däremot identifieras en ekonomisk vinst av exploatering av centrumnära mark. Den kommande omvandlingen av stadsdelen innefattar att 6 000 nya bostäder och 450 000 kvadratmeter nya verksamheter ska tillkomma, enligt avtal med svenska staten. Ökad ekonomisk belastning för försäkringsbolagen i samband med klimatförändringar och naturfenomen tvingar dock försäkringsbolagen att se över vad som i framtiden bör kunna försäkras. En konflikt kunde identifieras mellan kommunen och statens definition av hållbarhet, i jämförelse med försäkringsbolagens syn på vad som är hållbart och dessutom hållbart på lång sikt. Syftet med studien var att besvara forskningsfrågan Hur kan omvandlingen av Näringen utformas genom riskreducering för att minska exponering och sårbarhet och samtidigt öka stadsdelens resiliens? För att besvara frågan har studien använt metoderna spatial multikriterieanalys med farokartor, och gestaltning utifrån multikriterieanalysens resultat, för att skapa ett gestaltningsförslag som redovisar en ny utformning av stadsdelen som uppfyller avtalets krav kring antal bostäder och kvadratmeter verksamhetsytor, och detta på ett sätt som bidrar till att bebyggelsen i största möjliga mån placeras i områden där exponeringen för diverse risker är lägre.  Studiens resultat syftar att påvisa skillnader i ställningstaganden. Som en del av riskreduceringsstrategin klassificerades högriskområden som blågrön infrastruktur för de områden där konventionell markanvändning, som exploatering för bostäder och verksamheter, inte bedömdes vara lämplig till följd av de höga riskvärdena i dessa områden. Utifrån resultatet av dessa kartor skapades en 3D-modell med syfte att skapa ett pedagogiskt verktyg. 3D- modelleringen bidrar även till en högre förståelse för hur enligt studien olämplig mark, eller strandskydd kan omvandlas till attraktiva gröna områden som erbjuder rekreationsmöjligheter, infiltrering av dagvatten och som ökar den biologiska mångfalden. Studiens resultat erbjuder lättförståeliga tolkningar av de bakomliggande naturgeografiska och geotekniska riskerna, som även gemene man kan ta del av och tolka.  Ett återkommande inslag i studiens resultat är att stora skyddsområden som omfattas av strandskydd, även täcker de områden som har högst riskvärden. / The context of this study came from Gävle municipality's planned transformation of the coastal district of Näringen, where many natural geographical and geotechnical challenges are identified. These challenges are expected to be exacerbated by climate change, but also to have a greater impact on low-lying areas and areas close to the sea. On the other hand, an economic gain is identified from the exploitation of land close to the center. The upcoming transformation of the district includes that 6,000 new homes and 450,000 square meters of new businesses will be added according to an agreement with the Swedish state. Increased financial burden for the insurance companies in connection with climate change and natural phenomena forces the insurance companies to review what can be insured in the future. A conflict was identified between the municipality's and the state's definition of sustainability, in comparison with the insurance companies' view of what is sustainable and sustainable in the long term. The purpose of the study was to answer the research question How can the transformation of Näringen be designed through risk reduction to reduce exposure and vulnerability and at the same time increase the district's resilience? To answer the question, methods have used spatial multi-criteria analysis with hazard maps, and design based on the results of the multi-criteria analysis to create a modelled proposal that presents a new layout of the district, which meets the agreement's requirements for housing and square meters, in addition to that the placement of the settlement is made to the highest degree possible, in areas where the exposure to various risks is lower.  The results of the study aim to show differences in standpoints. As part of the risk reduction strategy, high-risk areas were classified as blue-green infrastructure for those areas where conventional land use, such as development for housing and businesses, was not deemed appropriate due to the high-risk values in these areas. Based on the results of these maps, a 3D- model was created with the aim of creating an educational tool. The 3D- modeling also contributes to a higher understanding of how, according to the study, unsuitable land or beach protection can be transformed into attractive green areas that offer recreation, infiltration of stormwater and that increase biodiversity. The results of the study offer easy-to-understand interpretations of the underlying natural geographical and geotechnical risks, which even the general public can take part in and interpret. A recurring element in the results of the study is that large, protected areas that are covered by beach protection (strandskydd), also cover the areas that have the highest risk values.

The current decision-making processes involved in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) in South Africa suffer from a lack of coherence and do not include evaluation of trade-offs between qualitative and quantitative impacts, as well as environmental, economic, and social dimensions. In addition, insufficient capacity and knowledge among authorities, a lack of objectivity among Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs), and mediocre reports add to the problems associated with effective decision-making. This work presents a framework aimed at improving the effectiveness and objectivity of the decision-making process applied in South Africa’s EIAs in the energy sector. A number of decision-making models and tools are available to researchers and practitioners throughout the world that could potentially be applied in EIAs. Among these are Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM), and Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). Each of the tools has its own advantages and disadvantages. With respect to the CBA, its biggest disadvantage is the fact that it requires conversion into monetary terms of all impacts, which is sometimes difficult to achieve. The RIAM, on the other hand, fails to provide a systematic approach to the ranking of alternatives. Both of these issues are addressed by the MCA tools. The MCA framework, furthermore, is universal, transparent, easy to replicate, and does not require a particularly large amount of labour and financial resources to complete. It is, however, subjective, but this shortcoming can be overcome by making the decision process more transparent. The framework proposed in this research paper is based on the Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) technique that allows the identification of the proposed development's cumulative impact versus the current status of the environment. It then compares possible alternatives, where available, in order to identify the most optimal solution. The proposed solution takes into account the trade-offs between the different impact metrics. The research methodology followed in this paper comprised four steps, namely:<ul><li> Selection of case studies, </li><li> Information collection, </li><li> Framework application and testing and </li><li> Feedback. </li></ul> The development of the framework followed an eight-step approach that is generic for MCA and was tested on two case studies that have already gone through the Environmental Impact Assessment process, i.e. the Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) plant in the Western Cape and the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant in the Northern Cape. The former was evaluated against the "no-go option", but included a decision tree comprised of impact areas, categories of impacts and dimensions (environmental, social, and economic). The latter included alternatives for four components of the project, but the decision tree comprised only of categories and dimensions. The effectiveness of the framework was verified by testing the results of the case studies against the recommendations proposed in the respective Environmental Impact Reports. In all cases, but one, the results of the framework correlated with the recommendations made by the Environmental Assessment Practitioners in the respective studies. In addition, a workshop with the decision-makers was held to obtain their viewpoints regarding the usefulness of the framework in their decision-making environment. These decision-makers supported the use of the framework in their environment as it offered an integrated and transparent approach to the evaluation of projects and alternatives. They emphasised, however, that the decision-making process was complex and the application of the framework alone would not be able to address all the challenges. The case studies demonstrated that the proposed framework could be successfully applied in the process of undertaking impact assessments in the energy sector. It can be used to determine the trade-offs between impacts and dimensions, while taking into consideration the opinions of specialists and decision-makers when assigning weights. The framework has the ability to clearly illustrate the benefit of introducing mitigation measures and it also indicates an alternative that produces the optimal cumulative impact. In conclusion, the work presented contributes to the new body of knowledge in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment in the energy sector as it will assist authorities in making objective and informed decisions, while ensuring greater transparency in the process. It also opens opportunities for conducting follow-on investigations, such the application of the framework in other sectors of the economy, undertaking a sensitivity analysis to compare the range of scores used in the evaluation of impacts, and investigating the possibility of acquiring input from Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and integrating those into the framework. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

The mining, processing, and use of finite natural resources is associated with significant interventions in the natural environment. Thus, these and other negative consequences make it necessary to reduce resource consumption. An important field of action is the more efficient use of biogenic residues as secondary raw materials. However, high water containing biomasses are still a problem since they need an energy- and cost-intensive pre-treatment for many conversion processes, which can make their use uneconomical. Hydrothermal processes (HTP) seem to be promising, since they require an aqueous environment for optimal processing anyway. Although technological progress within the industry is recognisable, however, to date HTP have not been established in industrial continuous operation in Germany. The core of this work is identifying reasons for this sluggish development and deriving appropriate recommendations for action. Based on the hypothesis that HTP can contribute to the efficient utilisation of biogenic residues in the future, potentials and obstacles for the development of HTP in Germany are identified using a literature review, expert survey, expert workshop, and SWOT analysis. To estimate the future potential of HTP in a systematic and structured way, a multi-criteria technology assessment approach is developed based on the results. To this end, assessment criteria for HTP are derived, weighted by expert judgment, and integrated into a transparent and structured procedure. In addition, mainly based on a Delphi-survey key factors of HTP development by 2030 in Germany are identified and three development alternatives for HTP in Germany by 2030 are derived. Using a system analysis and a comparative multi-criteria analysis at plant level, these scenarios are analysed for their possible future impact. Based on this methodology, the work shows that the production costs for the end products, the energy efficiency of the process, and the proportion of recycled phosphorus are of high relevance to the techno-economic success of HTP compared to reference systems, and they are therefore of high importance for its future development on the plant level. In addition, further key factors for the future development of HTP in Germany on the system level are found to be mainly in the political-legal (e.g. legal waste status of products from HTP) and techno-economic (e.g. cost-effective process water treatment) areas. According to this, important fields of action are the identification and use of cost reduction potentials (e.g. heat waste use), the development of system integrated decentralised plant concepts with integrated nutrient recycling (e.g. phosphorus), and the development of cost-effective ways to treat process water. System integration, cost-effective process water treatment, and nutrient recycling are all closely linked to production costs, investment costs, and potential revenues, and can contribute to improved process economics. For these areas, there is promising future potential to achieve higher competitiveness with reference technologies that are currently more economical.:Bibliographic description Curriculum Vitae Selbstständigkeitserklärung Danksagung List of Publications Contribution to the Publications Contents List of Acronyms List of Tables List of Figures Part I Introductory Chapters 1 Introduction and Background Hydrothermal processes: Introduction and status quo State of the art in the research field and knowledge gaps Objective and research framework Expected value added of this work 2 Materials and methods Derivation of HTP evaluation metrics and technology assessment tool Derivation of key HTP development factors and scenarios Performing the system-level scenario analysis Plant-level scenario analysis and test application of the assessment tool Derivation of core recommendations 3 Results and discussion Key development factors for HTP in Germany and scenarios System-level scenario analysis Test application of the assessment tool on plant level scenarios Recommendations Discussion 4 Conclusion and outlook Future research Further fields for the application of the developed methods 5 References Part II Appended Articles Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Paper V Paper VI / Der Abbau, die Verarbeitung und die Nutzung endlicher natürlicher Ressourcen sind mit erheblichen Eingriffen in die natürliche Umwelt verbunden. Diese und andere negative Folgen machen es daher erforderlich, den Ressourcenverbrauch zu senken. Ein wichtiges Handlungsfeld ist die effizientere Nutzung biogener Reststoffe als Sekundärrohstoffe. Stark wasserhaltige Biomassen sind jedoch ein Problem, da sie für viele Umwandlungsprozesse eine energie- und kostenintensive Vorbehandlung benötigen, was ihre Verwendung unwirtschaftlich machen kann. Hydrothermale Prozesse (HTP) scheinen für diese Reststoffe allerdings vielversprechend zu sein, da sie ohnehin eine wässrige Umgebung für eine optimale Verarbeitung benötigen. Obwohl der technologische Fortschritt innerhalb der Branche erkennbar ist, wurde HTP in Deutschland bisher nicht im industriellen Dauerbetrieb etabliert. Der Kern dieser Arbeit besteht darin, Gründe für diese schleppende Entwicklung zu ermitteln und geeignete Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Basierend auf der Hypothese, dass HTP in Zukunft zur effizienten Nutzung biogener Reststoffe beitragen können, werden Potenziale und Hindernisse für deren Entwicklung in Deutschland anhand einer Literaturrecherche, einer Expertenumfrage, eines Expertenworkshops und einer SWOT-Analyse ermittelt. Um das zukünftige Potenzial von HTP systematisch und strukturiert abzuschätzen, wird basierend auf den Ergebnissen ein multi-kriterieller Technologiebewertungsansatz entwickelt. Zu diesem Zweck werden Bewertungskriterien für HTP abgeleitet, nach Expertenmeinung gewichtet und in ein transparentes und strukturiertes Verfahren integriert. Darüber hinaus werden hauptsächlich auf der Grundlage einer Delphi-Umfrage Schlüsselfaktoren für die HTP-Entwicklung bis 2030 in Deutschland identifiziert und drei Entwicklungsalternativen für HTP in Deutschland bis 2030 abgeleitet. Mithilfe einer Systemanalyse und einer vergleichenden multi-kriteriellen Analyse auf Anlagenebene werden diese Szenarien auf ihre möglichen zukünftigen Auswirkungen hin analysiert. Basierend auf dieser Methodik zeigen sich als Ergebnisse, dass die Produktionskosten für die Endprodukte, die Energieeffizienz der Prozesse und der Anteil an recyceltem Phosphor für den techno-ökonomischen Erfolg von HTP im Vergleich zu Referenzsystemen von hoher Relevanz und daher auch von hoher Bedeutung für die zukünftige Entwicklung auf Anlagenebene sind. Darüber hinaus liegen weitere Schlüsselfaktoren für die künftige Entwicklung von HTP in Deutschland auf Systemebene hauptsächlich im politisch-rechtlichen (z. B. legalen Abfallstatus von Produkten aus HTP) und techno-ökonomischen (z. B. kostengünstige Prozesswasseraufbereitung)) Bereichen. Wichtige Handlungsfelder sind demnach die Ermittlung und Nutzung von Kostensenkungspotentialen (zB Abwärmenutzung), die Entwicklung systemintegrierter dezentraler Anlagenkonzepte mit integriertem Nährstoffrecycling (z.B. Phosphor) und die Entwicklung kostengünstiger Wege zur Prozesswasserbehandlung. Systemintegration, kostengünstige Prozesswasseraufbereitung und Nährstoffrecycling hängen eng mit Produktionskosten, Investitionskosten und potenziellen Einnahmen zusammen und können zu einer verbesserten Wirtschaftlichkeit der Prozesse beitragen. Für diese Bereiche besteht ein vielversprechendes Zukunftspotenzial für eine höhere Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu Referenztechnologien, die derzeit noch wirtschaftlicher sind.:Bibliographic description Curriculum Vitae Selbstständigkeitserklärung Danksagung List of Publications Contribution to the Publications Contents List of Acronyms List of Tables List of Figures Part I Introductory Chapters 1 Introduction and Background Hydrothermal processes: Introduction and status quo State of the art in the research field and knowledge gaps Objective and research framework Expected value added of this work 2 Materials and methods Derivation of HTP evaluation metrics and technology assessment tool Derivation of key HTP development factors and scenarios Performing the system-level scenario analysis Plant-level scenario analysis and test application of the assessment tool Derivation of core recommendations 3 Results and discussion Key development factors for HTP in Germany and scenarios System-level scenario analysis Test application of the assessment tool on plant level scenarios Recommendations Discussion 4 Conclusion and outlook Future research Further fields for the application of the developed methods 5 References Part II Appended Articles Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Paper V Paper VI

Les systèmes photovoltaïques de pompage d'eau (PVWPS) sont une solution intéressante pour améliorer l’accès à l’eau dans les communautés rurales des pays en voie de développement. Cette thèse développe une méthodologie de conception optimale des PVWPS pour l’accès à l’eau domestique basée sur une approche interdisciplinaire. L’objectif est de déterminer les dimensionnements du PVWPS et ses positions géographiques dans le village qui maximisent l’impact positif du système sur le développement socio-économique et minimisent son coût sur cycle de vie. Cette méthodologie est appliquée au cas d’un village rural du Burkina Faso, où nous avons collecté des données techniques et sociaux-économiques depuis 2 ans. La première originalité principale de ce travail est la modélisation du lien entre la conception du PVWPS et son impact socio-économique, ce qui permet d’inclure l’impact socio-économique comme fonction objectif de l’optimisation. La seconde originalité principale est l’intégration de la position géographique du PVWPS dans le village comme variable d’optimisation, en plus du dimensionnement du système. Cette méthodologie pourrait également être appliquée à la mise en place d'autres types de systèmes, tels que les moulins communaux alimentés par énergie photovoltaïque dans les zones isolées ou les bornes de recharges publiques pour les véhicules électriques dans les villes. / Photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS) are an interesting solution to improve access to water in rural communities of developing countries. This thesis develops a methodology for the optimal design of PVWPS for domestic consumption based on an interdisciplinary approach. The objective is to determine the sizings of the PVWPS and its geographical positions in the village that maximize the positive impact of the system on socio-economic development and minimize its life-cycle cost. This methodology is applied to the case of a rural village in Burkina Faso, where we have been collecting technical and socio-economic data for 2 years. The first main originality of this work is the modelling of the link between the design of a PVWPS and its socio-economic impact, which allows to include the socio-economic impact to be included as an objective function of the optimisation. The second main originality is the inclusion of the geographical position of the PVWPS in the village as an optimisation variable, in addition to the sizing of the system. There is potential for applying the proposed methodology for the set-up of other types of systems such as community mills powered by photovoltaic energy in isolated areas and public charging points for electrical vehicles in cities.

The aim of my master's project is to design a new building of kindergarden with nearly zero energy consumption. The project consists of three main parts. The first part is to create project documentation. The building is designed regarding to architectural expression. The kindergarden is split into two departments each for twenty children. It is single storey building with saddle roof. It is based on concrete foundation and under them there is foam glass. External walls are made of sand-lime blocks which are insulated with a contact thermal insulation system. The second part is to assess the energy performance of the building and usage of energy from renewable sources. The building uses ground source heat pump as a heating, air is provided by mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and eleckricity is partly provided by a photovoltaic system. The last part of master's project evaluates the building by the method of multi–criteria analysis. For this evaluation I used national method SBToolCZ.

Följande arbete utgör en fallstudie där en hybridanalys bestående av de två analysverktygen SWOT och AHP tillämpats. Syftet med arbetet har varit att identifiera vad den studerade verksamheten bör prioritera för att bli mer effektiv. Med hjälp av SWOT-modellen har styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot kunnat identifieras. SWOT visar dock inte relevansen av de olika faktorerna och därför har modellen kompletterats med hjälp av AHP. Vid tillämpningen av AHP har en numerisk metod införts, vilket gör det möjligt att kvantifiera faktorerna inom SWOT och således kan de relativa viktfaktorerna härledas. Detta skapar ett tillförlitligare underlag för de strategiska beslut som verksamheten bör vidta, jämfört med om SWOT-analysen utförs självständigt. Studien har med signifikans identifierat att byråkratin ligger bakom en del av ineffektiviteten, vilket medför utdragna inköpsprocesser och planeringsprocesser. Studien utvärderar två olika skalor som en del av den numeriska metoden, en linjär och en kvadratisk. Den kvadratiska kräver normalt mer tid, men medför också högre tillförlitlighet. Däremot kan den medföra nackdelar om man inkluderar allokerandet av resurser, såsom tid, pengar eller personal som en tredje dimension inom AHP. Slutligen föreslår denna studie ett upplägg av hybridmodellen där man utnyttjar signifikansmåttet för att undersöka samstämigheten mellan exempelvis två individer kring vad som bör prioriteras. / This thesis presents a case study where a hybrid analysis containing the two frameworks SWOT and AHP has been made. The purpose has been to identify what the studied support business should prioritize in order to be more efficient. Using SWOT, one has been able to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the function. However, SWOT fails to show their relevance and therefor it has been supplemented with an AHP analysis. When applying AHP, a numerical method has been introduced that makes it possible to quantify the factors. Thus, the relative weight of the factors can be derived. This will create a more reliable basis for the strategic decisions that the support business should implement. The study shows, with significance that the biggest issue of the support function lies in bureaucracy, causing the purchase and planning processes to be inefficient. The study also evaluates two different scales as a part of the numerical method, one linear and one quadratic. The quadratic usually requires more time but provides a more reliable result. However, it can bring some disadvantages if one includes allocations of resources, such as time, money or labor as a third dimension within AHP. Finally, the thesis proposes a way of using the hybrid model and the significance measurement to find out how two people agrees regarding what should be prioritized.

How do different stakeholders weigh different criteria in a sociallyimportant decision? When a decision needs to be made in today'ssociety, there are many criteria that can be analyzed. These criteriacan be linked to three main areas: economy, ecology, and socialaspects. This study examines how different stakeholder groupsvalue and prioritize different criteria. The study has focused on theissue of speed limits on the E14 road, aiming to use decisionanalytic models to determine how these stakeholders valuedifferent decisions and how they weigh and prioritize differentcriteria related to this decision. To achieve this goal, interviewswere conducted with two stakeholder groups relevant to the issue,namely the Swedish Transport Administration and themunicipality and region. During the interviews, the respondentsweighed and evaluated the different criteria and how they areinfluenced by a speed reduction. The information from theinterviews was then compiled using multi-attribute value theory.The results of the study show that the two stakeholder groupsview the speed reduction from different perspectives. One groupprimarily considered the issue from a traffic safety standpoint,where economic criteria played a less significant role, while theother group highly valued both traffic safety and economic factors.The results indicate that the speed reduction has an overall positiveimpact based on the analyzed criteria. / Hur viktar sig olika intressenter olika kriterier i ett samhällsviktigtbeslut? När ett beslut i dagens samhälle behöver göras finns detmånga kriterier som det går att analysera beslutet från. Dessakriterier kan kopplas ihop till tre stycken huvudområden:ekonomi, ekologi och sociala. I denna studie studeras hur olikaintressentgrupper värderar och viktar olika kriterier. Arbetet harstuderat frågan om hastighetsbeslut på E14 där målet med studienär att genom användning av beslutsanalytiska modeller därintressenter identifieras ta reda på hur dessa intressenter värderarolika beslut och hur de viktar och värderar olika kriterier kopplattill detta beslut. För att uppnå målet har intervjuer gjorts med tvåolika intressentgrupper som är relaterade till frågan, nämligenTrafikverket och Kommun och Region. Respondenterna har iintervjuerna viktat och värderat de olika kriterierna och hur depåverkas av en hastighetssänkning. Informationen frånintervjuerna har därefter sammanställts genom att använda multiattribute value theory. Resultatet från studien visar att de två olikaintressegrupperna ser hastighetssänkningen från olika perspektiv.Den ena gruppen såg på frågan mer från etttrafiksäkerhetsperspektiv där de ekonomiska kriterierna inte hadenågon större betydande roll, medan den andra gruppen värderadeäven trafiksäkerhet högt samt även de ekonomiska. Resultatetvisar att hastighetssänkningen får totalt sett en positiv inverkanutifrån de kriterier som analyseras.

Um den wachsenden Herausforderungen, denen Städte weltweit gegenüberstehen, entgegenwirken zu können, bedarf es an Schutz und Förderung urbaner Ökosysteme (oder auch “Stadtnatur”). Urbane Ökosysteme stellen eine Vielfalt diverser Ökosystemleistungen bereit und sind damit elementar für den Erhalt der Lebensqualität und des Wohlergehens städtischer Bevölkerung. Zudem spielt die Förderung urbaner Ökosysteme eine bedeutende Rolle in der Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels, da sie in der Lage sind, klimatische Extremereignisse abzumildern. In diesem Kontext ist es von hoher Bedeutung, die Position urbaner Ökosysteme in der Stadtentwicklung und im Rahmen von Entscheidungsprozessen zu stärken; denn gerade diese “Leistungserbringer” sind es, die stark gefährdet sind und durch zunehmende Bebauungen, Versiegelungen und klimatische Veränderungen in Städten negativ beeinflusst werden. Eine stärkere Einbindung des Ökosystemleistungskonzepts kann die Position urbaner Ökosysteme in Stadtplanungsprozessen stärken und deren Erhalt und Förderung evozieren. Hierzu werden standardisierte und praxisorientierte Methoden zur Erfassung und Bewertung urbaner Ökosystemleistungen benötigt. Die Betrachtung lokaler, kleinräumiger Skalen und Bereiche ist in diesem Zusammenhang von hoher Bedeutung, da diese einerseits die Planungsebene und andererseits auch die Nachfrage seitens der lokalen Bevölkerung direkt betreffen. Hier knüpft die vorliegende Dissertation an und verfolgt das übergeordnete Ziel, einen anwendungsorientierten methodischen Ansatz für die Erfassung und Bewertung urbaner Ökosystemleistungen auf kleinräumiger Skala zu entwickeln und zu erproben. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist in drei aufeinanderfolgende Untersuchungsstufen aufgeteilt: (1) „Review”, (2) „Development” und (3) „Transfer”. Jeder Artikel dieser kumulativen Dissertation adressiert jeweils eine dieser Stufen und befasst sich mit jeweiligen Untersuchungszielen sowie Fragestellungen. Der erste Artikel stellt eine systematische Literaturübersicht über den aktuellen Wissensstand zu Bewertungsmethoden urbaner Ökosystemleistungen unterschiedlicher Grüninfrastrukturtypen und Raumskalen vor. Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass ein Großteil der Methoden generalisierender Art ist und damit nur wenige Ansätze auch einzelne, kleinskalige Raumstrukturen (z.B. Einzelbäume, kleine Grünflächen) untersuchen. Vielmehr werden Grüninfrastrukturen aggregiert und zusammengefasst bewertet. Mit der ersten Stufe dieser Dissertation („Review”) konnte eine Übersicht über den Wissensstand gegeben und bestehender Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt werden. In dem zweiten Artikel wurde die Entwicklung sowie Anwendung eines praxisorientierten methodischen Ansatzes zur Erfassung und Bewertung urbaner Ökosystemleistungen kleinskaliger Raumstrukturen präsentiert. Mittels dieses Ansatzes, welcher die zweite Stufe „Development” adressiert, können Potenziale urbaner Ökosystemtypen hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von drei ausgewählten Ökosystemleistungen bewertet werden. Darüber hinaus können gezielte Maßnahmenvorschläge abgeleitet werden, die z.B. den Zustand und folglich das Leistungsvermögen dieser Ökosystemtypen verbessern können. Der dritte Artikel dieser Dissertation ist der Untersuchungsstufe „Transfer” zugehörig und befasst sich mit digitalen Tools, die die Planung und Umsetzung von Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen auf kleinen, urbanen Raumskalen erleichtern. Der erste Teil des Artikels analysiert bestehende Tools und identifiziert optimale Tooleigenschaften sowie Forschungslücken, welche für die Entwicklung entsprechender anwendungsfreundlicher Planungstools von Bedeutung sind. Im zweiten Teil dieses Artikels werden diese Ergebnisse aufgegriffen und ein sich in Entwicklung befindliches, webbasiertes Tool zur Ableitung kleinskaliger Hitzeanpassungsmaßnahmen für die Planungspraxis vorgestellt. Der zuvor entwickelte und präsentierte methodische Ansatz der „Development”-Stufe stellt dabei einen integrierten Bestandteil des Tools dar und kann zur Förderung von Ökosystemleistungen bei der Planung kleinräumiger Hitzeanpassungsmaßnahmen beitragen. Die Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag für das Forschungsfeld urbaner Ökosystemleistungen, insbesondere deren Erfassung und Bewertung auf kleinräumigen Skalen. Mit den aufeinander aufbauenden Untersuchungsstufen und damit verbundenen wissenschaftlichen Artikeln konnten zum einen der Stand der Wissenschaft sowie bestehende Forschungslücken aufgezeigt werden. Zum anderen konnten diese Erkenntnisse in der Folge im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines methodischen Ansatzes zur Erfassung und Bewertung urbaner Ökosystemleistungen aufgegriffen werden. Die Anwendung dieses Ansatzes wurde ebenfalls an zwei deutschen Stadtteilen (Dresden-Gorbitz, Erfurt-Oststadt) demonstriert. Die praxisorientierte Ansatzentwicklung stellt eine Basis für einen Transfer in die Planungspraxis in Form eines Webtools dar, wodurch die Dissertation zudem zur Entwicklung eines Hilfsinstrumentes für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung beitragen kann. Aus den drei Artikeln dieser kumulativen Dissertation können einerseits im Rahmen der Synthese Potenziale für weitere Forschungen sichtbar gemacht werden, wie beispielsweise einer Erweiterung des Ansatzes um Zustands- und Bewertungsparameter sowie Möglichkeiten zur digitalen Generierung der benötigten Datengrundlage. Andererseits werden im Syntheseteil auch methodische Schwächen aufgezeigt und reflektiert, wie z.B. sich potenziell ergebende Verzerrungen durch den Einbezug von Fachexpertise in den Bewertungsschlüssel. Zusammenfassend ist hervorzuheben, dass das Ökosystemleistungskonzept durch eine gezielte Darstellung und Vermittlung von Werten urbaner Ökosysteme einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Stadtplanung leisten kann. Die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Erfassung und Bewertung dieser Leistungen, welche bestenfalls standardisiert sowie praxisorientiert sind und kleinräumige Maßstäbe berücksichtigen, spielt dabei eine elementare Rolle. Der Einsatz solcher Methoden kann dazu beitragen, dass Ökosystemleistungen in urbanen Räumen erhalten und gar gefördert werden. Letztlich ergeben sich hierdurch Potenziale für nachhaltige Stadtentwicklungen und den dazugehörigen Entscheidungsprozessen. / In order for cities to withstand or even counteract the growing challenges they face, it is vital to protect and promote urban ecosystems (or “urban nature”). Providing a variety of diverse ecosystem services, urban ecosystems are fundamental to maintaining the quality of life and well-being of city residents. In addition, the promotion of urban ecosystems plays an important role in the task of adapting to the repercussions of climate change and can help mitigate extreme climatic events. In this context, it is hugely important to strengthen the position of urban ecosystems within urban development and decision-making processes, because it is precisely these “service providers” that are seriously endangered and negatively affected by the spread of built-up areas, the expansion of soil sealing and related changes in the urban climate. A stronger integration of the ecosystem services concept and thus the representation and communication of the various ecosystem services can ensure that greater account is taken of urban ecosystems in urban planning processes and at the same time secure their preservation. For this purpose, we need standardized and practice-oriented methods for mapping and assessing urban ecosystem services, in particular regarding local, small-scale sites and areas, as these are directly related to both the planning level and the needs of the local population. This is the point of departure for the present dissertation, which pursues the overall objective of developing and testing an application-oriented methodological approach for the mapping and assessment of urban ecosystem services at small spatial scales. The dissertation is divided into three successive stages of investigation: (1) Review, (2) Development and (3) Transfer. Each article in this cumulative dissertation addresses one of these stages by considering the respective research objectives as well as questions. The first article presents a systematic literature review of current methods to assess urban ecosystem services for different green infrastructure types and at various spatial scales. It is shown that most previous methods are rather generalized, i.e. only a few approaches allow the investigation of individual, small-scale spatial structures such as single trees or small green spaces. Instead, most standard methods assess green infrastructure in an aggregated manner. The opening Review stage of this dissertation provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and identifies existing research needs. In the second article, I present the development and application of a practice-oriented methodological approach for the mapping and assessment of urban ecosystem services provided by small-scale spatial structures. Through this approach, which addresses the second Development stage, the potentials of urban ecosystem types can be assessed with respect to the provision of three selected ecosystem services. Such assessments can then be used to identify proposals for targeted measures to improve the condition and consequently the capacity of these ecosystem types to deliver ecosystem services. The third article of this dissertation belongs to the Transfer stage and deals with digital tools to facilitate the planning and implementation of climate change adaptation measures at small (urban) spatial scales. The first part of the article analyzes existing tools and identifies optimal tool features as well as research gaps relevant to the development of appropriate user-friendly planning tools. The second part addresses these findings and presents a web-based tool currently under development aimed at deriving small-scale heat adaptation measures for planning practice. The previously developed and presented methodological approach of the Development stage represents an integrated component of the tool which can contribute to the promotion of ecosystem services in the planning of heat adaptation measures at small spatial sites. The dissertation contributes to the research field of urban ecosystem services, in particular their mapping and assessment at small spatial scales. Through the successive stages of investigation and the publishing of associated scientific articles, I was able to determine the state of the art and pinpoint existing research gaps. These findings could subsequently be exploited to develop a methodological approach for the mapping and assessment of urban ecosystem services. The application of this approach was demonstrated on two German city districts, namely Dresden-Gorbitz and Erfurt-Oststadt. The practice-oriented approach ultimately enabled a transfer to planning practice in the form of a web tool, whereby the dissertation also contributes to the development of a supporting tool for sustainable urban development. Potentials for further research can be drawn from the three articles of this dissertation, such as an extension of the methodological approach by condition and assessment parameters as well as possibilities for digital generation of the required data basis. Furthermore, methodological limitations are also identified and reflected on, such as potential biases due to the inclusion of expert opinions within the assessment key. In summary, it should be emphasized that the ecosystem services concept can make a significant contribution to sustainable urban planning through the targeted presentation and communication of urban ecosystem services. Here we require methods for mapping and assessing these services which are standardized, practice-oriented and take small-scale scales into account. The use of such methods can help to maintain and even promote ecosystem services in urban areas. Ultimately, this will lead to fresh potentials for sustainable urban development and improvements in the associated decision-making processes.

Norrvatten producerar dricksvatten i sitt vattenverk, Görvälnverket, som distribueras till 700 000 människor i norra Stockholm. Om problem uppstår med den ordinarie dricksvattenförsörjningen kan leveranserna säkras upp genom en reservvattenförsörjning. Norrvattens nuvarande reservvattenförsörjning klarar dock inte av att leverera tillräcklig kapacitet och kvalitet totalt sett och behöver därför förstärkas. För att utgöra underlag för vidarearbete med att förstärka Norrvattens reservvattenförsörjning genomförs en multikriterieanalys där sju olika reservvattenalternativ analyseras med avseende på ett antal kriterier. MKA-verktyget Water Investments for Sustainability Enhancement and Reliability (WISER) tillämpas som är utvecklat för att studera dricksvattenåtgärder. Även fyra olika känslighetsanalyser utförs för att se hur resultatet påverkas av val av viktning och hur osäkerheter i använd data bidrar till osäkerheten i resultatet.  Resultatet visade att alla reservvattenalternativ förutom ett är fördelaktiga jämfört med Norrvattens nuvarande reservvattenförsörjning. Det vore mest fördelaktigt att etablera en ny grundvattentäkt eller förstärka de befintliga grundvattentäkterna. Etablering av ett nytt råvattenintag till Görvälnverket bedöms ofördelaktigt jämfört med de andra alternativen. Om Norrvatten inte skulle begränsas av ekonomiska tillgångar visar resultatet istället att alla alternativ är fördelaktiga och rangordningen av alternativen ändras. Rangordning ändras även om analysen enbart beaktar alternativens kapacitet och dricksvattenkvalitet. För att uppnå Norrvattens målproduktion av reservvatten behöver fler av alternativen etableras, eller bara ett nytt råvattenintag till Görvälnverket. De kriterier som bidrar med störst osäkerhet i resultatet är investeringskostnader samt drift- och underhållskostnader följt av genomförbarhet, rådighet och dricksvattenkvalitet. Resultatet påverkas mer av osäkerheterna i kriterierna investeringskostnader, drift- och underhållskostnader, dricksvattenkvalitet och tillförlitlighet än de övriga kriterierna. / Norrvatten produces drinking water in its Water Treatment Plant, Görvälnverket, which is distributed to 700,000 people in northern Stockholm. If problems arise with the ordinary drinking water supply, the deliveries can be secured through a reserve water supply. However, Norrvatten's current reserve water supply is not able to deliver sufficient capacity and quality overall and therefore needs to be strengthened. To form a basis for further work to strengthen Norrvatten's reserve water supply, a Multi Criteria Analysis is carried out in which seven different reserve water alternatives are evaluated regarding several criteria. The MCA tool Water Investments for Sustainability Enhancement and Reliability (WISER) is applied, which has been developed to study drinking water measures. Four different sensitivity analyzes are also performed to see how the result is affected by the choice of weighting and how uncertainties in the data used contribute to the uncertainty in the result.  The result showed that all reserve water alternatives except one are favorable compared with Norrvatten's current reserve water supply. It would be most favorable to establish a new groundwater source or to strengthen the existing groundwater sources. Establishment of a new raw water intake to Görvälnverket is considered unfavorable compared with the other alternatives. If Norrvatten wouldn’t be limited by financial assets, the result instead show that all alternatives are favorable and the ranking of the alternatives changes. The ranking of the alternatives also changes if the analysis only considers the alternatives' capacity and drinking water quality. To achieve Norrvatten's goal production of reserve water, several of the alternatives need to be established, or only a new raw water intake to Görvälnverket. The criteria that contribute to the greatest uncertainty in the result are investment costs as well as operating and maintenance costs followed by feasibility, availability and drinking water quality. The result is affected more by the criteria investment costs, operating and maintenance costs, drinking water quality and reliability than the other criteria.

Målet med studien är att med hjälp av multikriterieanalyser hitta platser i Gävle tätort att anlägga fickparker på. Till en början gjordes en litteraturöversikt som bland annat bidrog med uppfattningen om vad som är viktigt för fickparker och vilka kriterier som är användbara för att hitta platser att anlägga fickparker på. Utifrån denna uppfattning samt intervjuer valdes kriterierna. Kriterierna skapades i form av restriktioner och faktorer i programmet ESRI ArcGIS 10.2. Intervjuer genomfördes med tre sakkunniga personer. Respondenterna rangordnade och diskuterade kriterierna utifrån vad de ansåg var minst respektive mest viktigt vid anläggandet av fickparker. Rangordningarna blev underlag till viktning av kriterierna (enligt rank-sum-weights). En känslighetsanalys genomfördes också för att testa kriterierna mot fler uppsättningar av vikter. Resultatet av analyserna redovisas på tre kartor baserat på en egen rangordning samt respondenternas. Kartorna visar de bästa platserna att anlägga fickparker på enligt respektive rangordning. Skillnader finns mellan kartorna, men oavsett hur kriterierna rangordnades blev ungefär samma platser valda som de bästa att anlägga fickparker på. De tre bästa platserna som är gemensamma för alla tre rangordningar är alla lokaliserade på Norr (norr om Gavleån). Resultatet av analysen visade att platser som inte på förhand är uppenbara kan bli valda som lämpliga för fickparker. / The purpose of this study is to locate places in Gävle to create pocket parks in, using multi criteria analyzes. Initially a literature review was made that, among other things, contributed with an understanding of what is important to pocket parks and which criteria that is useful in order to locate places to create pocket parks in. The criteria were chosen based on that understanding and interviews. The criteria were produced in the form of constraints and factors in ESRI ArcGIS 10.2. Interviews were conducted with three experts in the field. The interviewees ranked and discussed the criteria based on what they considered to be least and most important in the creation of pocket parks. Weighting of the criteria was based on the gathered rankings (using rank-sum-weights). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the criteria against more sets of weights. The results from the analyzes are presented on three maps based on a self-made rank as well as the ones that the interviewees made. The maps show the best locations to create pocket parks in accordance to each rank. There are differences between the maps, but approximately the same locations are chosen as the best ones no matter how the criteria were ranked. The three best locations that the ranks have in common are all located in Norr (north of Gavleån). The results from the analysis demonstrate that locations that pre-analysis aren’t obvious can be chosen as suitable for the creation of pocket parks.