The focus of this study is on the relationships among three basic auditory representations as well as their interaction with a measure of overall musicianship (sight-singing) among a group of classical and non-classical university music students (N = 112) selected from three different universities. Students were enrolled in level one of an aural skills course at the time. Basic auditory representations included were tonic centrality, measured by Colwell’s (1968) Feeling for Tonal Center, tonal grouping, measured by Colwell’s (1968) Auditory-Visual Discrimination, and harmonic function grouping, measured by a revised version of Holahan, Saunders and Goldberg’s (2000) assessment. I evaluated relationships by correlating scores on each measure and also compared these relationships among classical and non-classical music students. The participants in this study were the most skilled at forming auditory representations of tonic centrality and non-classical musicians significantly (p = .002) outperformed classical musicians in this area. Tonic centrality was also most strongly correlated with overall musicianship (τ = .45, p < .001) within the sample, and this relationship appeared to be stronger among non-classical musicians (τ = .52, p < .001) than among classical musicians (τ = .39, p < .001). This difference may be accounted for by the increased reliance on grounding in a tonal center required by the musical activities of a typical non-classical music student. Given the changing balance of musical endeavors present in tertiary music schools today (Lehmann, Sloboda, & Woody, 2007), educators are encouraged to better understand the particular strengths non-classical musicians may bring to the classroom in terms of ear-based musical abilities. Likewise, music educators on each level are encouraged to incorporate ear-based activities such as improvisation and playing by ear to the benefit of musicians of all genres.

Orientador: Eduardo Augusto Ostergren / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_RodrigoFalson_M.pdf: 2773962 bytes, checksum: 2fdb19214b9f6842f6333b12488b3fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa, de cunho essencialmente prático, teve por finalidade desenvolver uma coletânea de exercícios para a redução da partitura coral ao piano, visando a atender às necessidades de estudantes de regência quanto às técnicas de leitura dessas partituras, apresentando um material que tratasse desse assunto. Realizamos este trabalho coletando, criando e adaptando exercícios voltados para a prática da redução ao piano e, assim, também incluímos trechos de obras do repertório coral. Em cada exercício, propomos algumas soluções para os problemas, do ponto de vista da leitura. Na partitura coral, normalmente escrita em mais de duas pautas, cria-se o problema do movimento do olho ao se fixar as informações contidas na partitura. Os exercícios foram incluídos por grau de dificuldade: primeiramente, partituras escritas em duas pautas, posteriormente, a três pautas, e, assim, sucessivamente, até chegar a quatro pautas, fazendo com que o estudante abra seu campo de visão da leitura de uma maneira progressiva. Os exercícios e os trechos homofônicos do repertório coral exigem uma fixação e um movimento de olho diferente para trechos polifônicos. Devido a esse fato, estruturamos os exercícios de maneira a levar o estudante a desenvolver a abertura do seu campo de visão, em sentido vertical e horizontal, para posteriormente introduzir trechos polifônicos. Como apêndice deste trabalho, incluímos um capítulo sobre claves antigas e alguns exercícios que devem ser realizados ao piano. Foram feitas quatro entrevistas com músicos gabaritados sobre a questão da leitura e da redução de partituras ao piano no intuito de enriquecer a dissertação. As entrevistas foram gravadas em fita cassete e depois transcritas. Análises foram feitas sob a ótica da pesquisa qualitativa, destacando-se, dentro da fala dos entrevistados, pontos importantes sobre a problemática da redução / Abstract: It is the purpose of this work, essentiality practical, to develop a collection of exercises to help the student of conducting to develop the ability to effect the reduction of a choral musical score at the piano. Because of limited literature and support material on this subject matter we tried to develop a procedure to help with the practice of score reading and score reduction at the piano by collecting, creating and adapting various and appropriate musical examples. Excerpts of works from the choral repertoire have been included as exercises and for each we proposed a few solutions for the different problems that might arise from the aspect of eye movement. In the choral score normally written on more than two staves a problem arises, that of the eye movement and the effort to retain all information found in the score. Appropriate exercises have been indicated and are presented by degrees of difficulty. At first a musical score written on two staves, then three and finally the standard four to address this very aspect and also as a way to allow the student to open his field of vision in a progressive manner. The reading of homophonic music demands the fixation and movement of the eye that is different from that of polyphonic. Because of it we have tried to structure exercises in such a way as to lead the student to develop the ability to widen his field of vision both vertically and horizontally, in preparation for the reading of polyphonic excerpts. In the appendix we have included a chapter about old clefs and a few exercises to be realized at the piano as well. Four personal interviews with respected musicians in this field have also been included. They were first recorded on tapes and later transcribed to the printed page. Their final version was effected after qualitative research evaluation which addressed not only problematic aspects inherent in score reduction but the important musical elements as well / Mestrado / Mestre em Música

Chunking is a cognitive process that re-organizes information into groupings, promoting efficient memory storage and recall. Due to the complexity of music scores, music reading requires both knowledge of the individual notes and recognition of musical chunks for rapid and accurate reading. For young piano students, it is especially important to systematically introduce and develop connections between individual notes and chunks. However, despite the importance of chunking, few studies have examined the development of chunking techniques in music reading for younger students. The objective of this thesis is to investigate how beginner piano method book and sight-reading book series for young students address chunking and provide a guide to develop chunking techniques that influence both reading and playing the piano. This study analyzes the contents of ten method book series and seven sight reading book series, examining the types and sizes of patterns introduced within the series, and the frequency of reinforcement. The study also examines pattern-related instructions, concepts and visual cues included in the series. The results reveal a lack of systemic chunking technique development, the importance of pattern recognition and the need for incorporating written instructions and visual cues to encourage chunking. Although the present study affirms the lack of development on chunking techniques in the evaluated teaching materials, the findings demonstrate the areas that could be developed to form chunking processes. Based on this research, suggestions are made to improve teaching materials to include chunking techniques and processes.

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Syftet med studien är att få en fördjupad inblick i hur instrumentallärare behandlar musikteori i sin undervisning för elever i grundskoleålder. Forskning tyder på att elever väljer bort musikteori som ämne på grund av bristande intresse. För att få en bild av i vilken mån instrumentallärare integrerar musikteori i sin undervisning gjorde jag korta strukturerade intervjuer med ett större antal musiklärarstudenter. Jag gjorde också djupintervjuer med fyra instrumentallärare som på ett aktivt sätt integrerar musikteori i sin undervisning. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt i studien har jag använt mig av teorier om lärande. I resultatet visas två olika arbetssätt över hur musikteori kan läras. Det ena sättet sker genom att lära ut musikteorin i mindre delar, motiverade utifrån det eleven spelar. Det andra sättet är att presentera musikteoretiska helheter, ”system”. Resultatet visar också på två olika förhållningssätt till musikteori som ämne. I det första förhållningssättet betonas teorins praktiska funktion. Den ger alla som sysslar med musik ett gemensamt språk att samlas runt. I det andra betonas teorins musikaliskt konstnärliga funktion. Teorin utvecklar en förmåga att se och höra sammanhang och enskildheter i musiken, och detta skapar en förståelse och medvetenhet hos musikerna, vilket i sin tur öppnar för ett självständigare och rikare musicerande. / The study aims to gain a deeper insight into how music teachers apply music theory in their teaching of pupils at the compulsory school age. Research suggests that students opt out of music theory as a subject because of a lack of interest. To get an idea of the extent to which instrumental teachers integrate music theory in their teaching, I have interviewed a large number of music student teachers through a structured interview. I also interviewed four instrumental teachers who actively integrate music theory in their teaching, and had access to their methodology and approach to the subject. I have used theories of learning as the theoretical basis of the study. The results are shown by two different approaches in how theory can be taught. One method is by presenting music theory into smaller parts, motivated by what the student plays. The other method is to present the music theoretical entities, a "system". The results also indicate two different approaches to music theory. The first theory emphasizes practical function. It gives everyone involved in music a common language to gather around. The second theory emphasizes musically artistic function. The theory develops an ability to see and hear the context and details of the music, and this creates an understanding and awareness in musicians, which in turn allows for a more autonomous and richer music.

Syftet med studien är att få fördjupad insikt i hur sångpedagoger arbetar med musikteori i enskild sångundervisning på gymnasiet. I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras de rådande betygskriterierna inom ämnet Instrument eller sång I samt tidigare forskning och litteratur som har anknytning till studiens syfte.   Jag har använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer och har sedan analyserat materialet ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Samtliga informanter har utbildning från musikhögskola och arbetar vid gymnasieskolans estetiska program. De beskriver sin syn på musikteori ur ett sångperspektiv, berättar hur de arbetar med musikteori i sin undervisning samt ger exempel på hur eleverna kan motiveras till lärande. Resultatet visar att alla informanter anser att musikteori och notläsningsförmåga är viktigt för elevernas musikaliska helhetsbild. Eleverna själva har dock svårt att förstå nyttan av musikteorin eftersom det är lättare för dem att lära sig genom att lyssna på inspelningar via internet. De har också svårt att få en översiktlig helhet över musik och musikteori. / The purpose of this study is to gain deeper insight into how vocal teachers incorporate music theory during individual lessons in upper secondary school. The background chapter presents the grading criteria for Instrument eller sång I, in addition to previous literature related to this purpose.   I have used qualitative interviews and analysed the data from a sociocultural perspective. All of the informants have a higher musical education and work at the designed aesthetical programme at various upper secondary schools. They describe their view of music theory from a vocalist’s perspective and also explain how they incorporate music theory when teaching. The result indicates that the informants consider music theory and the ability to read music as being very important for the student’s general comprehension of music. The students though, have difficulties understanding the advantage of music theory skills since it is easier for them to learn by listening to recordings on the Internet.

Syftet med arbetet var att utveckla en individuellt utformad färgstödd notinstuderings- metod för att underlätta inlärning samt stärka musikaliskt uttryck avseende musikens riktning och karaktär. Det är inte ovanligt att musikstudenter kämpar med notläsning något som ofta kan förklaras av svårigheter i de väsentliga funktioner som behövs vid inlärning. Färger har en psykologisk inverkan på människan och det finns generella uppfattningar om vad de betyder. Dessa färgassociationer låg som grund för färgläggningsmetoden. I utvecklandet av färgläggningsmetoden spelades tio orkesterutdrag för cello. På åtta av dessa representerades musikens olika karaktärsdrag av specifika färger i noterna. Utdrag före och efter metodutvecklingen spelades in och bedömdes enligt en bedöm- ningsmall. De objektiva delarna av resultatet visade generellt inga större skillnader i det klingande utfallet. Däremot var förändringen i den subjektiva upplevelsen av instuderingsproces- sen mer påtagligt positiv. Fortsatt forskning med modifierad metod kan stärka resultat och ge värdefull kunskap. Förhoppningsvis inspirerar detta arbete både lärare och stu- denter till att på ett individuellt anpassat sätt använda färgläggning eller andra kreativa metoder för att förbättra instuderingsprocessen av notbaserad musik. / The overall objective of the present study was to develop an individually designed col- our based musical study method to facilitate learning and to improve musical expres- sion regarding direction and character in music. It is not unusual that music students struggle with reading music, something that can be explained by difficulties in the es- sential functions necessary in a learning process. Colours have a psychological effect on humans and there are general opinions of their individual meaning. The colouring method was based on these colour associations. During the development of the colouring method ten orchestra excerpts for cello was used. On eight of these are the different characters in the music represented by specific colours on the music sheet. The objective parts of the result showed generally no major differences in the sounding outcome. However, a positive change in the subjective experience of the learning pro- cess became apparent. Continued research with somewhat modified method could strengthen the result and give valuable knowledge. Hopefully, the present study will inspire both teachers and students to, in an individual adapted way, use creative meth- ods such as colouring to facilitate the studying process of note-based music.

Leitura musical à primeira vista é uma tarefa complexa que envolve a sobreposição de processos cognitivos, de execução motora, de memória e perceptuais. A habilidade demanda do músico uma ampla base de conhecimento em repertório, estilos e compreensão de códigos musicais. O desenvolvimento da habilidade de ler à primeira vista pode promover o melhoramento de muitas habilidades musicais, incluindo o aumento da consciência musical global. O objetivo deste trabalho é testar o uso de guias para o auxílio no desenvolvimento da tarefa de ler música à primeira vista com estudantes universitários, utilizando a análise musical como ferramenta de auxílio. Esta pesquisa contou com 23 participantes, organistas e pianistas, divididos em dois grupos (experimental e controle), os quais foram submetidos à performance de três trechos musicais inéditos. Os participantes do grupo experimental realizaram a interpretação do segundo trecho com interferência de guias de auxílio para a execução. A maioria dos estudantes demonstrou interesse em desenvolver estudos em leitura à primeira vista. A média de andamento dos sujeitos nos trechos da pesquisa foi 63,5% mais baixa do que o andamento sugerido na partitura A média de erros foi de 8,78 erros por trecho, e os tipos de erros mais cometidos foram os da voz do baixo. As melhores avaliações foram dadas aos estudantes de pós-graduação. 81,82% dos participantes do grupo experimental consideraram que os guias auxiliaram suas execuções. Os resultados mostram que o melhoramento em leitura à primeira vista possivelmente é mais efetivo em um estudo a longo prazo, envolvendo conhecimentos de análise musical, aspectos motores e conhecimento de repertório. Concluímos que o uso dos guias promoveu o melhoramento do andamento da execução dos trechos dos estudantes do grupo experimental e estes sujeitos obtiveram médias menores de erros e as melhores avaliações de juízes externos, além de cometerem menos erros na melodia e na voz do baixo depois de serem submetidos aos guias. / Sight-reading is a complex task that involves overlap of cognitive processes, motor execution, memory and perceptual process. This skill demands broad knowledge in repertory skills, styles and comprehension of musical codes. The development of sight-reading ability can improve several musical skills, including the increase of musical consciousness. The aim of this work is to test the use of musical guides in the development of sight-reading skills with undergraduate students, using musical analysis as a support tool. Twenty-three students participated in this research, among them organists and pianists, from undergraduate, graduate, and extension courses of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants were included in two groups, experimental and control, and were asked to perform three unpublished musical excerpts. Those included in the experimental group performed the second excerpt with the use of musical guides. The majority of the students demonstrated interest in developing studies in sight-reading. The average overall tempo of the subjects in the excerpts was 63.5% lower than that suggested in the score The average of errors was 8.78%, and the most frequent errors occurred in the bass voice. The best evaluations were awarded to postgraduate students. 81.82% of the participants considered that the guides helped their performances. Results show that improvement in sight-reading is more likely to occur in a long term study involving, in addition to knowledge of musical analysis, motor aspects and repertory background. The use of guides improved the musical tempo in the students‟ performance in the experimental group. Moreover, the subjects in the experimental group obtained a lower error average and a better rate from the external evaluators. They also made fewer mistakes in the melodic line and the bass voice after using the musical guides.

Leitura musical à primeira vista é uma tarefa complexa que envolve a sobreposição de processos cognitivos, de execução motora, de memória e perceptuais. A habilidade demanda do músico uma ampla base de conhecimento em repertório, estilos e compreensão de códigos musicais. O desenvolvimento da habilidade de ler à primeira vista pode promover o melhoramento de muitas habilidades musicais, incluindo o aumento da consciência musical global. O objetivo deste trabalho é testar o uso de guias para o auxílio no desenvolvimento da tarefa de ler música à primeira vista com estudantes universitários, utilizando a análise musical como ferramenta de auxílio. Esta pesquisa contou com 23 participantes, organistas e pianistas, divididos em dois grupos (experimental e controle), os quais foram submetidos à performance de três trechos musicais inéditos. Os participantes do grupo experimental realizaram a interpretação do segundo trecho com interferência de guias de auxílio para a execução. A maioria dos estudantes demonstrou interesse em desenvolver estudos em leitura à primeira vista. A média de andamento dos sujeitos nos trechos da pesquisa foi 63,5% mais baixa do que o andamento sugerido na partitura A média de erros foi de 8,78 erros por trecho, e os tipos de erros mais cometidos foram os da voz do baixo. As melhores avaliações foram dadas aos estudantes de pós-graduação. 81,82% dos participantes do grupo experimental consideraram que os guias auxiliaram suas execuções. Os resultados mostram que o melhoramento em leitura à primeira vista possivelmente é mais efetivo em um estudo a longo prazo, envolvendo conhecimentos de análise musical, aspectos motores e conhecimento de repertório. Concluímos que o uso dos guias promoveu o melhoramento do andamento da execução dos trechos dos estudantes do grupo experimental e estes sujeitos obtiveram médias menores de erros e as melhores avaliações de juízes externos, além de cometerem menos erros na melodia e na voz do baixo depois de serem submetidos aos guias. / Sight-reading is a complex task that involves overlap of cognitive processes, motor execution, memory and perceptual process. This skill demands broad knowledge in repertory skills, styles and comprehension of musical codes. The development of sight-reading ability can improve several musical skills, including the increase of musical consciousness. The aim of this work is to test the use of musical guides in the development of sight-reading skills with undergraduate students, using musical analysis as a support tool. Twenty-three students participated in this research, among them organists and pianists, from undergraduate, graduate, and extension courses of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants were included in two groups, experimental and control, and were asked to perform three unpublished musical excerpts. Those included in the experimental group performed the second excerpt with the use of musical guides. The majority of the students demonstrated interest in developing studies in sight-reading. The average overall tempo of the subjects in the excerpts was 63.5% lower than that suggested in the score The average of errors was 8.78%, and the most frequent errors occurred in the bass voice. The best evaluations were awarded to postgraduate students. 81.82% of the participants considered that the guides helped their performances. Results show that improvement in sight-reading is more likely to occur in a long term study involving, in addition to knowledge of musical analysis, motor aspects and repertory background. The use of guides improved the musical tempo in the students‟ performance in the experimental group. Moreover, the subjects in the experimental group obtained a lower error average and a better rate from the external evaluators. They also made fewer mistakes in the melodic line and the bass voice after using the musical guides.

Leitura musical à primeira vista é uma tarefa complexa que envolve a sobreposição de processos cognitivos, de execução motora, de memória e perceptuais. A habilidade demanda do músico uma ampla base de conhecimento em repertório, estilos e compreensão de códigos musicais. O desenvolvimento da habilidade de ler à primeira vista pode promover o melhoramento de muitas habilidades musicais, incluindo o aumento da consciência musical global. O objetivo deste trabalho é testar o uso de guias para o auxílio no desenvolvimento da tarefa de ler música à primeira vista com estudantes universitários, utilizando a análise musical como ferramenta de auxílio. Esta pesquisa contou com 23 participantes, organistas e pianistas, divididos em dois grupos (experimental e controle), os quais foram submetidos à performance de três trechos musicais inéditos. Os participantes do grupo experimental realizaram a interpretação do segundo trecho com interferência de guias de auxílio para a execução. A maioria dos estudantes demonstrou interesse em desenvolver estudos em leitura à primeira vista. A média de andamento dos sujeitos nos trechos da pesquisa foi 63,5% mais baixa do que o andamento sugerido na partitura A média de erros foi de 8,78 erros por trecho, e os tipos de erros mais cometidos foram os da voz do baixo. As melhores avaliações foram dadas aos estudantes de pós-graduação. 81,82% dos participantes do grupo experimental consideraram que os guias auxiliaram suas execuções. Os resultados mostram que o melhoramento em leitura à primeira vista possivelmente é mais efetivo em um estudo a longo prazo, envolvendo conhecimentos de análise musical, aspectos motores e conhecimento de repertório. Concluímos que o uso dos guias promoveu o melhoramento do andamento da execução dos trechos dos estudantes do grupo experimental e estes sujeitos obtiveram médias menores de erros e as melhores avaliações de juízes externos, além de cometerem menos erros na melodia e na voz do baixo depois de serem submetidos aos guias. / Sight-reading is a complex task that involves overlap of cognitive processes, motor execution, memory and perceptual process. This skill demands broad knowledge in repertory skills, styles and comprehension of musical codes. The development of sight-reading ability can improve several musical skills, including the increase of musical consciousness. The aim of this work is to test the use of musical guides in the development of sight-reading skills with undergraduate students, using musical analysis as a support tool. Twenty-three students participated in this research, among them organists and pianists, from undergraduate, graduate, and extension courses of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants were included in two groups, experimental and control, and were asked to perform three unpublished musical excerpts. Those included in the experimental group performed the second excerpt with the use of musical guides. The majority of the students demonstrated interest in developing studies in sight-reading. The average overall tempo of the subjects in the excerpts was 63.5% lower than that suggested in the score The average of errors was 8.78%, and the most frequent errors occurred in the bass voice. The best evaluations were awarded to postgraduate students. 81.82% of the participants considered that the guides helped their performances. Results show that improvement in sight-reading is more likely to occur in a long term study involving, in addition to knowledge of musical analysis, motor aspects and repertory background. The use of guides improved the musical tempo in the students‟ performance in the experimental group. Moreover, the subjects in the experimental group obtained a lower error average and a better rate from the external evaluators. They also made fewer mistakes in the melodic line and the bass voice after using the musical guides.