A exposição pré-natal ao álcool é uma das principais causas evitáveis de prejuízos ocasionados no nascimento, bem como alterações no desenvolvimento e comportamento do bebê. Ainda não se sabe qual a dose suficiente para causar danos psiconeurobiológicos. Esse fato é preocupante, visto que o consumo de álcool durante a gestação envolve risco de embriotoxicidade e teratogenicidade fetal. Com modelos animais de exposição pré-natal ao álcool é possível evidenciar diferentes tipos de prejuízos. A utilização de uma dieta líquida para administração via oral torna a exposição ao álcool nenos estressante e indolor para o animal. O presente trabalho pretende verificar os efeitos de diferentes doses de etanol, no desenvolvimento, maturação e comportamento de filhotes cujas mães foram expostas ao álcool no período prénatal. Para o experimento principal foram necessários ratos Lister Hooded (93 fêmeas e 31 machos) em idade reprodutiva (45-60 dias) para os acasalamentos. Durante a gestação as ratas do grupo tratado receberam uma dieta líquida nutricionalmente balanceada com duas diferentes doses de álcool (10 e 26%), enquanto os grupos controles receberam a mesma dieta líquida sem álcool ou apenas ração e água. O período de exposição à dieta líquida seguiu-se até o dia do parto. Os testes de desenvolvimento (peso, reflexo postural, geotaxia negativa e força de agarrar), maturação (abertura dos olhos e erupção dos dentes incisivos) e comportamento (campo aberto e labirinto em cruz elevado) foram realizados entre o primeiro dia pós-natal (DPN) e o DPN 60. Após 22 dias de exposição ao álcool cinco ratas foram sacrificadas para a verificação dos níveis de álcool no sangue. Durante os experimentos foi constatada uma alta taxa de mortalidade por canibalismo nas ninhadas. Nos testes, foi observado um atraso no desenvolvimento reflexo nos primeiros dias de vida, em que os ratos expostos à dieta líquida com etanol mostraram-se atrasados em relação aos grupos controles, no entanto, não foi observado diferença de peso ao nascer entre os grupos. Os grupos tratados com álcool demonstraram atraso na erupção dos dentes incisivos quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de comportamento labirinto em cruz elevado, o grupo tratado com 26% de álcool apresentou maior número de entradas no braço aberto e no braço fechado, permaneceu mais tempo no braço aberto e fez o maior número de respostas de risco. Os prejuízos causados pelo álcool podem variar de acordo com os fatores envolvidos, como os níveis de alcoolemia, quantidade de álcool ingerida, suscetibilidade da espécie e do ambiente, entre outros. No entanto, mesmo sob doses moderadas foi possível verificar que o etanol administrado no período prénatal pode ocasionar prejuízos motores, maturacionais e comportamentais, não sendo “segura” a ingestão alcoólica durante o período gestacional. / Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the main avoidable causes of birth defects, including developmental and behavioral dysfunctions. The minimum quantity of alcohol required to develop psyconeurobiological damage is still unknown. However, it is well known that alcohol intake during the gestational period can lead to fetal embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The present work intends to show the effects of different alcohol doses on development, maturation and behavior of pups whose mothers were exposed to alcohol during gestation. For this we used an animal model of prenatal alcohol exposure. A liquid diet administrated orally was chosen as a painless and stress free exposure to alcohol for the animal. For the main experiment we used Lister Hooded rats (93 females and 31 males) in reproductive age (45-60 days). During the gestational period, two groups of rats were given a nutritionally balanced liquid diet with two different alcohol doses, 10% and 26% respectively. Control groups were delivered the same liquid diet but without alcohol or alternatively dry food and water ad libtum. The exposure period to the liquid diet was suspended on the day of parturition. The developmental tests (weight, righting reflex, negative geotaxis and grip strength), maturational tests (eyes opening and incisors eruption) and behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus maze) were preformed between the first postnatal day (PND) and PND 60. After 22 days of alcohol exposure, five female rats were sacrificed for blood alcohol levels analysis. During the experiment we observed high litter mortality due to cannibalism. Pups from the alcohol group showed delayed righting reflex development in the first days of life compared with control groups. However, no weight difference at birth was found between the groups. Alcohol exposed groups also showed a delay in incisors eruption when compared with controls. In the elevated plus maze test, the alcohol group exposed to 26% of alcohol showed a higher number of entry in open arms and closed arms, spent more time in open arms and had the highest number of risk response. The damages caused by alcohol intake during the gestational period can be different depending on several factors such as, alcohol intake, blood alcohol levels or species susceptibility. Nevertheless, we could show that even a moderate alcohol intake during gestational period is not “safe” and as a result, motor, maturational and behavioral defects can arise.

A exposição pré-natal ao álcool é uma das principais causas evitáveis de prejuízos ocasionados no nascimento, bem como alterações no desenvolvimento e comportamento do bebê. Ainda não se sabe qual a dose suficiente para causar danos psiconeurobiológicos. Esse fato é preocupante, visto que o consumo de álcool durante a gestação envolve risco de embriotoxicidade e teratogenicidade fetal. Com modelos animais de exposição pré-natal ao álcool é possível evidenciar diferentes tipos de prejuízos. A utilização de uma dieta líquida para administração via oral torna a exposição ao álcool nenos estressante e indolor para o animal. O presente trabalho pretende verificar os efeitos de diferentes doses de etanol, no desenvolvimento, maturação e comportamento de filhotes cujas mães foram expostas ao álcool no período prénatal. Para o experimento principal foram necessários ratos Lister Hooded (93 fêmeas e 31 machos) em idade reprodutiva (45-60 dias) para os acasalamentos. Durante a gestação as ratas do grupo tratado receberam uma dieta líquida nutricionalmente balanceada com duas diferentes doses de álcool (10 e 26%), enquanto os grupos controles receberam a mesma dieta líquida sem álcool ou apenas ração e água. O período de exposição à dieta líquida seguiu-se até o dia do parto. Os testes de desenvolvimento (peso, reflexo postural, geotaxia negativa e força de agarrar), maturação (abertura dos olhos e erupção dos dentes incisivos) e comportamento (campo aberto e labirinto em cruz elevado) foram realizados entre o primeiro dia pós-natal (DPN) e o DPN 60. Após 22 dias de exposição ao álcool cinco ratas foram sacrificadas para a verificação dos níveis de álcool no sangue. Durante os experimentos foi constatada uma alta taxa de mortalidade por canibalismo nas ninhadas. Nos testes, foi observado um atraso no desenvolvimento reflexo nos primeiros dias de vida, em que os ratos expostos à dieta líquida com etanol mostraram-se atrasados em relação aos grupos controles, no entanto, não foi observado diferença de peso ao nascer entre os grupos. Os grupos tratados com álcool demonstraram atraso na erupção dos dentes incisivos quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de comportamento labirinto em cruz elevado, o grupo tratado com 26% de álcool apresentou maior número de entradas no braço aberto e no braço fechado, permaneceu mais tempo no braço aberto e fez o maior número de respostas de risco. Os prejuízos causados pelo álcool podem variar de acordo com os fatores envolvidos, como os níveis de alcoolemia, quantidade de álcool ingerida, suscetibilidade da espécie e do ambiente, entre outros. No entanto, mesmo sob doses moderadas foi possível verificar que o etanol administrado no período prénatal pode ocasionar prejuízos motores, maturacionais e comportamentais, não sendo “segura” a ingestão alcoólica durante o período gestacional. / Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the main avoidable causes of birth defects, including developmental and behavioral dysfunctions. The minimum quantity of alcohol required to develop psyconeurobiological damage is still unknown. However, it is well known that alcohol intake during the gestational period can lead to fetal embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The present work intends to show the effects of different alcohol doses on development, maturation and behavior of pups whose mothers were exposed to alcohol during gestation. For this we used an animal model of prenatal alcohol exposure. A liquid diet administrated orally was chosen as a painless and stress free exposure to alcohol for the animal. For the main experiment we used Lister Hooded rats (93 females and 31 males) in reproductive age (45-60 days). During the gestational period, two groups of rats were given a nutritionally balanced liquid diet with two different alcohol doses, 10% and 26% respectively. Control groups were delivered the same liquid diet but without alcohol or alternatively dry food and water ad libtum. The exposure period to the liquid diet was suspended on the day of parturition. The developmental tests (weight, righting reflex, negative geotaxis and grip strength), maturational tests (eyes opening and incisors eruption) and behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus maze) were preformed between the first postnatal day (PND) and PND 60. After 22 days of alcohol exposure, five female rats were sacrificed for blood alcohol levels analysis. During the experiment we observed high litter mortality due to cannibalism. Pups from the alcohol group showed delayed righting reflex development in the first days of life compared with control groups. However, no weight difference at birth was found between the groups. Alcohol exposed groups also showed a delay in incisors eruption when compared with controls. In the elevated plus maze test, the alcohol group exposed to 26% of alcohol showed a higher number of entry in open arms and closed arms, spent more time in open arms and had the highest number of risk response. The damages caused by alcohol intake during the gestational period can be different depending on several factors such as, alcohol intake, blood alcohol levels or species susceptibility. Nevertheless, we could show that even a moderate alcohol intake during gestational period is not “safe” and as a result, motor, maturational and behavioral defects can arise.

Orientadores: Ricardo Barini, Lilian Maria de Castilho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_IsabelaNelly_M.pdf: 4379028 bytes, checksum: 736478fb4460dda4f4426ddd14c19485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A Doença Hemolítica Perinatal ainda contribui para as taxas de morbi-mortalidade perinatal, a despeito do amplo uso da imunoprofilaxia. A determinação da tipagem sanguínea RhD fetal é útil para o acompanhamento pré-natal das gestantes RhD-negativo sensibilizadas e para a profilaxia da Doença Hemolítica Perinatal, evitando-se desnecessários procedimentos invasivos, investigações sorológicas e administração da imunoglobulina humana nos casos de fetos RhD-negativo. A análise molecular do plasma matemo abriu novas possibilidades para o diagnóstico pré-natal não invasivo, onde a genotipagem RHD fetal é uma das aplicações clínicas mais relevantes até o momento. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho da genotipagem RHD fetal através da análise do plasma matemo como método diagnóstico pré-natal não invasivo. Método: Foi conduzido um estudo de validação de teste diagnóstico a partir de 81 amostras sangüneas obtidas de gestantes RhD-negativo, entre 4 e 41 semanas de gestação. O DNA fetal foi extraído dos respectivos plasmas matemos utilizando kits comercialmente disponíveis. As regiões exon 10 e intron 4 do gene RHD foram testadas através da reação em cadeia da polimerase alelo- específica (AS-PCR) convencional. Os resultados da genotipagem fetal foram comparados com a tipagem sanguínea neonatal e os dados analisados pelo softwware SAS - versão 8.2@ (1999-2001). Resultados: 15 amostras foram obtidas no primeiro trimestre, 37 no segundo trimestre e 29 no terceiro trimestre. Houve falha de amplificação em 6 amostras, 3 RhD-negativo e 3 RhD-positivo à tipagem neonatal. A concordância entre os resultados da genotipagem e da tipagem neonatal foi de 97,3%, sensibilidade de 98,3% e especificidade de 93,8%. Foi observado 1 falso positivo no terceiro trimestre e 1 falso negativo no primeiro trimestre. Conclusão: AS-PCR convencional é um método com bom desempenho para a genotipagem RHD fetal através da análise do plasma matemo, como método diagnóstico pré-natal não invasivo / Abstract: Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn still contributes to perinatal morbidity and mortality, in spite of the widespread munoprophylaxis. Prenatal identification of fetal RHD status is a goal of obstetrical practice, in order to prevent maternal immunization and to help in the management of alloimmunized pregnant women. The analysis of the maternal plasma opened up new posibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis and the determination of fetal RHD genotype is one of the most relevant application of this molecular analysis. Objective: To establish the performance of conventional PCR analysis of the maternal plasma as a method to genotype fetal RHD. Method: A validity of diagnostic test was conduced with 81 peripheral blood samples obtained from RhD-negative pregnant women, between 4 and 41 weeks of gestation. Commercially available kits were used to extract DNA from the maternal plasma. Exon 10 and intron 4 RHD gene regions were tested using conventional Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR). Fetal RHD genotyping by PCR on maternal plasma was compared to conventional Rh typing in neonatal period and data analysed by SAS- 8.2 version@ (1999-2001). Results: Samples were obtained as follows: 15 on 1 si, 37 on 2nd and 29 on 3rd trimester. Amplification failed in six of the specimens, 3 were RhD-negative and 3 RhD-positive at neonatal typing. Concordance between the genotyping and neonatal typing was 97.3%, sensitivity of 98.3% and specificity of 93.8%. One false positive in the third trimester and one false negative in the first trimester were observed. Conclusion: Conventional AS-PCR is an accurate method for fetal RHD genotyping on maternal plasma, as a noninvasive prenatal dignosis / Mestrado / Tocoginecologia / Mestre em Tocoginecologia

The research question “What does it mean for a woman to be diagnosed with postnatal depression?” indicates three main overlapping areas of investigation: women, including issues of gender, discourses around womanhood and the roles and expectations being a woman carries; diagnosis, which is the categorising of experiences deemed to be outside of what is considered normal and includes discourses around mental health and mental illness; and mothers, including expectations of mothers and motherhood. All of these areas interlink and are arguably socially and culturally specific. There is also an underlying concept of identity as a woman, a mother and a mentally ill person, both separately and as an intersection of the three. It is therefore an important area of investigation within counselling psychology, a discipline that concerns itself with subjective experience and is therefore well placed to interrogate the process of medicalised diagnoses. The social and cultural influence also suggests Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory as the appropriate method as it uses ideas of social constructionism. In this study semistructured interviews were carried out with eight women who believed they had been given a diagnosis of postnatal depression. They were asked about the circumstances leading up to their diagnosis and what they felt the impact was. These interviews were transcribed and analysed using a Grounded Theory methodology (Charmaz, e.g. 2006). A theory of how women view their experience of being diagnosed with postnatal depression, as well as how social factors influence the way the women make sense of this experience, is proposed. This theory takes the form of a process in which women described a dissonance between their expectations of motherhood and their lived experience. They understood this as a lack in themselves and as a result hid their struggles to a point at which they felt they could no longer avoid seeking professional help. The subsequent diagnosis of postnatal depression led to an opening of a dialogue around the difficulties they were experiencing as well as options of possible treatments. The implications of this process are discussed.

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD (Community Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2013. / The purpose of this presentation is to share some ideas on the continuing challenges facing English speaking psychologists in the province of KwaZulu Natal working inter-racially and how it affects the therapeutic relationship as a whole. A convenient sample of five psychologists was drawn from general and psychiatric hospitals as well as those working in private practice. The target population for this study included White and Indian psychologists. Eight participants were selected for this study. The transcripts of three participants were eventually abandoned due to poor quality of the taped interview. All the participants had experience in working with diverse cultures and people who are speaking isiZulu. A discourse analytic approach was employed to understand the complicated language phenomenon in sharing sensitive and confidential material. The rationale of the study was to look at the extent to which psychologists from different cultural and diverse language backgrounds make sense of language and cultural diversity in their therapeutic relationship. There were interesting dynamics that came up from the data collected as follows: From the results it was identified that patients are disadvantaged of the psychological services because of the language they do and do not speak. In general, the study found that English speaking psychologists experience serious challenges when they have to conduct psychotherapy and other related activities with non-English speaking patients or clients. The study found that the issue of working with interpreters continues to be faced with many uncertainties. While the interpretation process is by no means ideal for carrying out psychotherapeutic work, however, it can go a long way in creating access to psychological services. This study has demonstrated that psychotherapy can be implemented successfully through using interpreters, until such time that the system is able to produce psychologists that are adequately proficient in different indigenous languages spoken in South Africa. v Finally, the researcher hopes that this study will offer suggestions to psychology as a profession and find means to deal with the cultural and language challenges that psychology is faced with in order for psychologists to have efficient psychotherapy and subsequent to that work interracially. It was hoped that the study would play a positive role in increasing psychologist’s sensitivity to issues of racism. Furthermore, it was hoped that the findings of this study would help promote culturally respectful programmes and strategies among psychologists and other health-care professionals in KZN.

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of IsiZulu namaGugu in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2004. / Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuqhakambisa iqhaza elibanjwe izindawo zomlando, ezemveIo nezokwakhiwa ekuthuthukiseni ezokuvakasha endaweni yasebaQulusini. Ucwaningo lukuveze kwagqama ukuthi indawo yasebaQulusini icebile ngezigigaba zomlando ezehla khona, icebile futhi ngezindawo eziyizikhungo zokongiwa kwemveIo, konke lokhu kuyiwozawoza elidonsa izivakashi ukuthi zithutheleke kule ndawo ukuze zizitike ngolwazi nobuhle bale ndawo.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History at the University of Zululand, 2000. / The policy of the Natal Colonial government towards amakhosi was overtly hostile. In 1843 the British forcefully took over a large territory, which formerly belonged to kwaZulu, from the Voortrekkers. They renamed their newly acquired land as Natal. Three years later a Boundary Commission was instituted with a clear mandate to demarcate boundaries. The results were very unfavourable to the African people in Natal. Fertile land was given to white people, while Africans were crowded into eight land barren magisterial districts. This meant that the Africans were deprived of land to live, plant and graze then-livestock. It also meant the introduction of foreign administration, customs and religion to amaZulu. Furthermore it meant that African people were converted into a cheap labour force for whites in the territory which historically belonged to them. This foreign rule greatly demolished amaZulu system of administration. Amakhosi, the institutions which formed the core of amaZulu bottom-up system of administration, were highly disregarded. In an attempt to run kwaZulu without any cost and responsibility, the British government implemented its indirect rule policy in the kingdom. Here hereditary leadership was replaced by the British appointed amakhosi. As the description points out, the latter paid allegiance to the colonial government. To ascertain that laws promulgated by the Natal government were implemented in kwaZulu, a hierarchy of white officials was introduced over these appointed amakhosi. These officials were granted powers to appoint and demote amakhosi. Furthermore they had powers to confiscate lands and to define and re-difine boundaries. Following the defeat of amaZulu in 1879 by the British government, kwaZulu was further divided into thirteen "Chiefdoms". The 1879 Settlement dealt a tremendous blow to hereditary amakhosi. The British tried to neutralize amakhosi who were loyal to the Royal House by exalting respected men in the former kingdom, abanumzane and complete strangers to the position of ubukhosi. The main objective was to divide and rule the kingdom. This policy successfully worked for the Natal Colonial Government. The results were civil wars and faction fights. The kingdom witnessed a prolonged civil war between the royalists, supporters of the Royal House, and the loyalists, supporters of the Natal Colonial Government. The loyalists strictly enforced their rule over the supporters of the Royal House, while the latter fiercely resisted the imposed order and were calling for the return of the hereditary and traditional amaZulu leadership. The government responded by supporting their appointed amakhosi against the supporters of the Royal House. As long as African people were fighting and killing each other, the Natal Colonial Government remained assured that a strong and united force against it would not be formed. It argued that if the African people in kwaZulu were divided, it would be easier to rule them. AmaZulu who were crowded in the reserves were also righting each other in endless wars in an attempt to get more land. In the process livestock, crops and property that belonged to their perceived enemies were severely damaged. The governor, who had powers to intervene, was not prepared to do this. Fighting and killings continued. In 1910 when the whites only Union Government was formed, the aspirations of the African people were ignored. Today the South African Government is still struggling with the inherited policies of the Natal government towards amakhosi. And the solution lies not only with the government but with all the role-players.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (D.PHIL) in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, 2010. / This study is intended to assess correctional supervision in the KwaZulu- Natal province, since the inception of correctional supervision in the early 1990s and also to investigate the political, economic and societal changes that resulted in the development of diverse perceptions (opinions). Relevant Acts (or legislation) and reports of government appointed commissions in the field of corrections were also examined for evidence of the prevailing trends. This study is therefore intended to serve two distinct purposes. Firstly, the study assist the community–based offenders to come to a better understanding of themselves as well as the societal norms and values which might improve such offenders’ attitudes and perceptions – provided these are utilised to their full potential. On the other hand, this study assists members of the society to fully understand and interpret the role that they are expected to play in the offender’s rehabilitation process – if rehabilitation of community–based offenders is to be realised successfully. For purposes of clarity, the statement of the problem and accompanying empirical research issues are clearly set out and discussed. The most important concepts and terms relating to correctional supervision as a social phenomenon were also highlighted and/or defined. (vii) Additionally, the present study also investigated various aspects pertaining to theoretical explanations underlying the concept of correctional supervision, the historical background and development of the idea of correctional supervision as a sentencing option, followed by a comparative view of probation and parole in South Africa and around the globe. Methodologically, specific aims (objectives) of the study were stated and hypotheses formulated in search of valid and reliable data. Correctional supervision was also compared with incarceration with a view to show the similarities and dissimilarities, advantages and disadvantages, of these orientations and, most importantly, the potential of correctional supervision to rehabilitate and reintegrate community-based offenders in a safe, secure and humane environment. In undertaking this study, appropriate research methods and techniques were selected and implemented for data analyses purposes. Two different questionnaires namely, for the correctional officers (Annexure A) and for public respondents (Annexure B), were designed and implemented as data capturing instruments. Analyses of perceptions pertaining to correctional supervision as a dependent variable were cross-correlated in respect of two independent (viii) samples: (a) correctional officers and (b) public respondents in two different regions of KwaZulu-Natal. Apart from gender, other independent variables like higher and lower management levels, representing a merger of the rank system of correctional officers, and two artificially created southern and northern regions, were also implemented in subsequent frequency distributions to portray respondents’ evaluations - either positive or negative opinions, towards various facets of correctional supervision. With minor exceptions, the findings of the study overwhelmingly emphasise favourable perceptions towards the present policies in regard to correctional supervision adopted by the Department of Correctional Services in the 2005-White Paper. The conclusions and recommendations are based on data contained in various statistical tables, either included in the text or attached as annexure at the end of this manuscript. / The Research Committee of the University of Zululand.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / The growth of tourism as a social phenomenon, a tourist industry as well as an economic enterprise have been full of drama during the last half of the twentieth century. Tourism has become a major economic force in many countries and regions throughout the world. Increasingly, it has been agreed that the growth of tourism offers means for developing countries to escape the confines of underdevelopment and that new forms of tourism allow this transition to be achieved sustainably and equitably (Mowforth & Munt, 1998: 221). As a global tourism player, KwaZulu-Natal has not been immune to the global trend of massive tourism development. The province of KwaZulu-Natal currently holds number one position in the domestic market and is number three in attracting the international market in South Africa (South African Tourism, 2004: 12). The research problem in this study is seen as four-fold: Firstly, tourism in KwaZulu- Natal is governed in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Act of (1996) as amended in (2000), which regrettably has serious shortcomings. The Act only advocates the establishment of Destination Management Organisation, the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority, and regulation of tourist guides without any reference to the mandate and functions of the provincial Department of Economic Development and Tourism [DEDT]. The Act confers the tourism marketing, development and investment function to KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority. This state of affairs has culminated to serious clashes in operational roles between the department and the destination management organisation. Secondly, KwaZulu-Natal does not have a provincial tourism master plan. The municipalities are developing their tourism plans and strategies without a guiding provincial tourism plan or tourism strategy. Thirdly, the tourism coordinating structures in Kwazulu-Natal are inefficient and ineffective and do not succeed in providing a coordinated tourism development approach and alignment of tourism policies and strategies between the provincial and local government. Lastly, the local communities are not properly consulted and involved in tourism matters at a local level. The objectives of this study were set to facilitate better comprehension of the study as well as to accomplish the main goals of the study. The objectives are: (a) To analyse the gaps in the legislative frameworks governing tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal and how these influence creation of the enabling environment for co-ordinated planning in the tourism industry. (b) To analyse the national, provincial and local government tourism policies and strategies, revealing how these are aligned to positively influence tourism planning and development in KwaZulu-Natal. (c) To scrutinise relevance, composition, stakeholder efficacy, operations and effectiveness of tourism co-ordinating structures for the public and private sector engagements in KwaZulu-Natal. (d) To investigate policy and strategic planning challenges facing a broad crosssection of tourism stakeholders in planning, coordination and delivery of tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal. (e) To establish the perceptions of tourism stakeholders towards the effectiveness of existing policy, institutional frameworks and their implementation in achieving co-ordinated tourism development in the study area. (f) To propose a mechanisms or model-related master plan that could be utilised to ensure a co-ordinated and integrated tourism planning and development process in KwaZulu-Natal. The section on methodology provides a discussion on the research strategy and general approach that was adopted in conducting the study. In essence the research design utilised the qualitative and quantitative approaches, which according to KZNTA (2008) are ideal in assessing the state of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. The sample of the study included a number of diverse organisations and institutions, namely; provincial and local government, private sector, local communities, development finance institutions which are all organisations somehow responsible for tourism policy, planning, development and management in KwaZulu-Natal. The study was conducted as an applied research The main findings of the study revealed that the legislative framework in KwaZulu- Natal has gaps and causes challenges in the tourism industry; national and provincial tourism policies are not fully communicated to local communities; the tourism coordinating structures are not effective and fully inclusive of the local stakeholders; the local communities are not adequately consulted on policy and planning matters in the province; and that municipalities do not have necessary by-laws to regulate the industry. The study was conducted as applied research and it developed a conceptual model for tourism planning and management in KwaZulu-Natal which is a new model that adds the body of knowledge in the field of tourism policy and planning. The new model is called the Community Coordination Matrix for Tourism Planning. The model was not adapted from any existing model but was developed to provide coordination and alignment of tourism activities among a number of tourism authorities and coordinating structures that exist in KwaZulu-Natal and to ensure that they are properly coordinated, synergised and work in unison to improve tourism policy, planning and development in the study area.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master Degree in Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008. / Any development, be it tourism development needs to be well planned and executed so as to effectively benefit the broader society in any entrepreneurial environment. Municipalities, such as strategic management model, the national mandate to promote tourism development within their areas with a bias to enhance entrepreneurship and Black economic empowerment. The application of such principles is particularly needed in the GDMA mainly for addressing of basic needs, equity and redistribution of tourism wealth for the benefit of the previously disadvantaged communities. The main purpose of this study is therefore to advocate for the exploitation of tourism opportunities to the superlative degree by historically disadvantaged individuals. The focus of the study is on the identification of tourism business opportunities around the Durban Metropolitan Area. In addition, to develop strategic management approaches that could be used as a guideline to manage the tourism business and empowerment of the previously disadvantaged communities. Some of the objectives of the study are: (a) To reveal the extent of Black people's awareness of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area. (b) To establish the levels of stakeholder participation in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area. (c) To investigate whether the BEE policy contributes towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area. (d) To identify appropriate competitive strategies that can be widely applied in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area. (e) To propose a strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The methodology for collecting data comprised a stratified sample size of 178 respondents, which was distributed in the GDMA as follows: sample consisting of Black entrepreneurs [92], tourism officials [8], government officials [5], tourism business persons [27], local community and public [103]. The findings of the study indicated that, on the whole, a significant number of respondents were not sufficiently in support of many of the hypotheses. The findings of the study established that: (a) Black people are adequately aware of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area; (b) Black stakeholders do not participate significantly in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area; (c) The present BEE policy as practiced makes an inadequate contribution towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area; (d) The existing competitive strategies are not adequately successful in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area; (e) There is no readily existing strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by tourism entrepreneurs in the study area. In conclusion the study found that there was an urgent need for designing a strategic entrepreneurial development or management model that could be used as a blue print for tourism delivery in the study area. The study actually put forward a strategic BEE entrepreneurial management model with the hope that it would contribute to the solution of tourism entrepreneurial shortcomings, towards achieving an equitable distribution of tourism benefits to all stakeholders in the Durban Metropolitan Area. The prospects for future research in this area include: the sustainability of tourism entrepreneurial development initiatives, the community benefits from emerging BEE initiatives in the area, and the adjustment of tourism legislation so as to benefit the BEE infrastructural requirements within the study areas.