The purpose of the project was to develop a Web application using GIS data that would map addresses or coordinate information and then find any hazardous areas that may fall within a given distance to this location. The geographic area of this project covers the extent of cities San Bernardino, Redlands, and Yucaipa, California.

Antecedentes: el Fenómeno de El Niño Costero azota la costa norte del Perú de forma cíclica y el año 2017 tuvo consecuencias catastróficas para la región. Un grupo de jóvenes soldados de servicio militar voluntario entre 18 y 24 años participaron en los rescates de la zona en Piura, dando muestras humanitarias más allá de su deber. Esto se denomina sentido de aportación. Objetivo: Explorar las manifestaciones del sentido de aportación en los voluntarios castrenses que participaron en labores de rescate del “FEN Costero” en Piura en marzo del 2017. Método: se desarrolló un estudio con enfoque cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico. Participaron 6 miembros del servicio que fueron parte del evento. La técnica de recolección de información fue entrevista a profundidad. Resultados: los hallazgos se organizaron en 4 dimensiones: 1) Sentido de utilidad subjetiva, 2) Sentido de propósito, 3) Sentido de vinculación al trabajo y 4) Aporte social. Conclusiones: el sentido de aportación se manifestó en todos los voluntarios con algunos matices, debe entenderse como una característica que se posee en potencia y que se moldea por la experiencia. / Background: The El Niño Costero Phenomenon hits the northern coast of Peru in a cyclically and the year 2017 had catastrophic consequences for the region. A group of young soldiers of voluntary military service between 18 and 24 years old participated in the rescues in Piura, giving humanitarian samples beyond their duty. This is called a sense of contribution. Objective: explore the manifestations of the sense of contribution in the military volunteers who participated in the rescue work of the "FEN Costero" in Piura in March 2017. Method: a study was developed with a qualitative approach and hermeneutical phenomenological design. There were 6 participants who were serving the event. The information gathering technique was an in-depth interview. Results: the findings were organized in 4 dimensions: 1) Sense of subjective utility, 2) Sense of purpose, 3) Sense of connection to work and 4) Social contribution. Conclusions: the sense of contribution was manifested in all the volunteers with some nuances, it should be understood as a characteristic that is potentially possessed and, at the same time, shaped by experience. / Tesis

This thesis aims to describe how the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) tends to maternal health care in floodings and whether it should be deemed sufficient. Floodings in Pakistan (2010), Bangladesh (2017) and Sudan (2013) are used as units of analysis when conducting a content analysis. The theoretical framework consists of critical success factors for disaster response based in the emergency management literature. A big part of the theoretical framework revolves around the importance of expertise and rationality in disaster response planning and implementation. The three floodings received relief efforts from IFRC which are presented in emergency appeal reports. Lists on essential maternal health care interventions in combination with the theoretical framework create analysis questions that are posed to the appeals. Results are presented in a table naming the prevalence of each intervention in each report. The findings show that maternal health care was seen to and deemed sufficient in only one of the three cases: Pakistan. The conclusion is that the discourse on maternal health care in natural disasters should be developed and that further research on the subject needs to be conducted.

While it has often been argued to be connected, the climate-peace nexus is still understudied. Multiple reasons are underlying this, such as that the focus has been solely on the effects of climate change on negative peace and that a clear definition of what peace consists of is non-existent. This study therefore aims to fill these gaps by answering the question “Under which conditions does climate change affect positive peace?”. Based on research on peace, human security, and the climate-conflict nexus, a theoretical underpinning of positive peace is constructed. In this, it is argued that positive peace consists of three overarching factors, namely political, social, and economic stability. It is further argued that climate change, more specifically natural disasters, has a negative effect on this positive peace. Through conducting a worldwide quantitative study by employing multivariate multiple regressions it is shown that droughts, and hydrological natural disasters, namely floods, decrease multiple components of positive peace. Opposite to the hypothesis that rapid-onset climate change decreases positive peace, extreme temperatures, storms, and fires, as well as the meteorological natural disasters increase multiple of its components. Therefore, more research is warranted to understand the effects of rapid-onset climate change on positive peace.

[pt] Esta tese é composta por 3 capítulos em Economia do Desenvolvimento, relacionando desastres naturais e a qualidade do ambiente com engajamento político e capital social. No primeiro capítulo, mostramos que desastres naturais podem levar à punição de incumbentes. De forma interessante, tal punição é consequência da heterogeneidade na participação política. Em eleições locais, eleitores em regiões onde o incumbente era do partido no poder a nível nacional (DPJ) compareceram menos às urnas, enquanto eleitores em regiões onde o incumbente era do principal partido concorrente (LDP) compareceram mais. Como consequência, o partido no poder perdeu mais assentos. A potencial razão para a heterogeneidade observada está na decepção na população em relação ao DPJ. Ainda, é também mostrada a heterogeneidade em relação ao nível de capital social. Enquanto é mais associado à maior participação política, a maior resiliência potencialmente levou a uma diferença no padrão de votos. O segundo capítulo sugere um arcabouço teórico para conectar as literaturas empírica e teórica sobre a influência da qualidade e dos riscos ambientais na formação de comportamento cooperativo. Em linha com a literatura empírica, mostra que, a depender das relações entre o ambiente e um bem público e das crenças dos indivíduos sobre o comportamento cooperativo dos demais, quanto maior for a probabilidade de ocorrência de tempos ruins, maior será a propensão de indivíduos em uma comunidade de agirem coletivamente. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo investiga os efeitos de desastres naturais na formação de capital social e em sua persistência no longo prazo. Se valendo se dados em terremotos passados no Japão, mostra que indivíduos vivendo em cidades rurais Japonesas que foram atingidas no passado exibem hoje em dia níveis mais altos de confiança e engajamento político. / [en] This thesis consists of 3 chapters in development economics that relate natural disasters and environmental quality to political engagement and social capital. In the first chapter, we show that natural disasters can lead to punishment of incumbents. Interestingly, such punishment is the result of some heterogeneity in political participation. In local elections, turnout was lower in regions where the incumbent belonged to the party in power at the country level (DPJ), while turnout was higher in regions where the incumbent belonged to the main rival (LDP). As a result, the ruling party suffered a loss in these elections. The possible reason for this heterogeneity lies in the population s disappointment with the DPJ. In addition, it shows a further heterogeneity in regards to the level of social capital. Whereas it is related to higher political participation, the associated higher community resilience possibly led to different voting behavior. The second chapter proposes a theoretical framework to link the empirical and theoretical literatures on the influence of environmental quality and risk on the emergence of cooperative behavior. Consistent with the empirical literature, it is shown that depending on the relationship between the environment and the club good and individuals beliefs about the cooperative behavior of others, the higher the probability of bad times, the greater the propensity of individuals to engage in collective action within a community. Finally, the third chapter examines the impact of natural disasters on the formation of social capital and its long-term persistence. Using data on ancient earthquakes in Japan, it is shown that people living in rural Japanese cities that were strongly hit in the past currently exhibit higher levels of trust and political engagement.

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[pt] Com o crescimento dos efeitos causados pelos fenômenos naturais, cada vez mais os Estados são chamados a aplicar seus recursos disponíveis para amenizar o sofrimento humano. O aumento do emprego das Forças Armadas (FA) em apoio à Defesa Civil nas operações de resposta a desastres naturais acompanha a necessidade de incremento nas pesquisas da logística humanitária no âmbito militar. Consciente de que as lições aprendidas durante a resposta podem ser diretamente aplicadas em projetos futuros e nos esforços para redução do impacto dos desastres, este estudo tem por objetivo, sob a ótica da modelagem de processos, apresentar e analisar o emprego da Marinha do Brasil (MB) em operações de resposta a desastres. Para cumprir este objetivo, é realizado o mapeamento das ações realizadas pela MB, baseado nas legislações em vigor e no caso da operação de apoio às vítimas do desastre da região serrana do Rio de Janeiro em 2011, mais especificamente na cidade de Nova Friburgo. Na comparação destas análises com a literatura acadêmica, na qual são identificados 96 (noventa e seis) processos, verifica-se que 46 (quarenta e seis) não constam em legislações e 10 (dez) destes são realizados na operação real, mesmo não constando nas publicações internas. Através de tais resultados, busca-se subsidiar pesquisas sobre o tema no meio acadêmico, além de contribuir para elaboração de uma doutrina militar específica sobre o assunto, a fim de aumentar o intercâmbio entre os todos os agentes envolvidos e alcançar uma maior eficácia no apoio da MB nas operações humanitárias. / [en] With the growth of the effects caused by natural phenomena, more and more states are called upon to apply their available resources to alleviate human suffering. The increased use of the Armed Forces (AF) in support of civil defense in disaster response operations accompanying the need to increase research in humanitarian logistics in the military. Aware that the lessons learned during the response can be directly applied to future projects and efforts to reduce the impact of disasters, this study aims, from the perspective of process modeling, presenting and analyzing the use of the Brazilian Navy (BRN) in disaster response operations. To fulfill this objective, it is done the mapping of actions taken by the BRN, based on legislation in force and in the case of support to disaster victims in the mountainous region of operation in Rio de Janeiro in 2011, specifically in the city of Nova Friburgo. In comparing these analyzes with the academic literature, which are identified 96 (ninety-six) cases, it is found that 46 (forty-six) are not included in legislation and 10 (ten) of these are performed in the actual operation, even do not appear in internal publications. Through these results, we seek to support research on the topic in the academic world, and contribute to development of a specific military doctrine on the subject in order to increase the exchange between all stakeholders and achieve greater effectiveness in supporting MB in humanitarian operations.

We use the 2002 flood disaster in the German state of Saxony as a natural experiment to study whether the population avoided disaster-prone areas after the flood. Such voting-by-feet location choices should enhance the resilience of municipalities in the future. Our difference-in-differences analysis with data from 419 municipalities over more than 10 years, however, shows that the communities affected by the flood had higher migration development than non-affected communities. The differential effect is also economically significant; the net migration rate is higher by approximately 2.5 people per 1000 inhabitants per year in affected municipalities.

This dissertation consists of three essays in the field of environmental economics and sustainable finance. The first chapter investigates the impact of localized exposure to heat waves and floods on the pricing of U.S. municipal bonds. I identify a significant relationship between the vulnerability of cities to heat waves and flood-related damages and municipal bond yield spreads. In particular, the effects are more pronounced in the case of municipal bonds with extended maturity periods. Cities demonstrating heightened capacities for adaptation exhibit a discernible mitigating impact on the yield spreads of these bonds. Moreover, my paper underscores the variations in political affiliations, climate attitudes, and risk perceptions across different cities, shaping this dynamic relationship. The second chapter presents empirical insights into the economic and financial effects of natural disasters, focusing on wildfires in California. Integrating financial data with historical wildfire records from 2016 to 2020, the study quantifies how wildfire risks influence municipal tax policies, revealing that local governments adjust tax rates in response to these risks. Furthermore, the study examines how municipalities enhance expenditures on public safety, particularly in fire and disaster preparedness, reflecting proactive measures to mitigate wildfire impacts and ensure community resilience. The third chapter, co-authored with Christina Laskaridis, analyzes sovereign green, social, sustainability, and sustainability-linked (GSS+) bonds in emerging and developing countries. This study maps out trends and characteristics of sovereign GSS+ bond issuances, assessing their potential to finance the energy transition and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research evaluates the risks and limitations of GSS+ bonds, emphasizing the need for longer maturities, longer costs of capital, and increased funding scales to effectively contribute to sustainable development financing. Overall, these essays contribute multifaceted perspectives on the intersection of climate risks, fiscal policies, and sustainable finance, offering valuable implications for policymakers, investors, and stakeholders aiming to navigate the complexities of climate economics.