Bochum, Univ., Diss., 2004. / Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004.

Very few studies have explored the multi-dimensional and developmental nature of child neglect. In the present study, child neglect was examined from a developmental victimology perspective, which would predict that age trends in the incidence of different types of neglect would vary with the developmental needs of children, and that the family contexts of these neglect types would vary accordingly. The hypothesis that the incidence of child neglect would vary depending on children’s particular vulnerabilities at different ages was supported. However, the hypothesis that the family context typifying each form of neglect would vary according to children’s needs was largely unsupported. The results of this study illustrate that child neglect and its context are complex and multi-dimensional; that the developmental victimology framework is a promising approach to understanding the variation in types of neglect children experience; and that the role of family characteristics in child neglect is not as simple or obvious as is often assumed.

Very few studies have explored the multi-dimensional and developmental nature of child neglect. In the present study, child neglect was examined from a developmental victimology perspective, which would predict that age trends in the incidence of different types of neglect would vary with the developmental needs of children, and that the family contexts of these neglect types would vary accordingly. The hypothesis that the incidence of child neglect would vary depending on children’s particular vulnerabilities at different ages was supported. However, the hypothesis that the family context typifying each form of neglect would vary according to children’s needs was largely unsupported. The results of this study illustrate that child neglect and its context are complex and multi-dimensional; that the developmental victimology framework is a promising approach to understanding the variation in types of neglect children experience; and that the role of family characteristics in child neglect is not as simple or obvious as is often assumed.

Studiens syfte är att ge upphov till en djupare och förberedande kunskap inför kommande yrke inom området barn som utsätts för våld i hemmet. Arbetet genomsyras utav ett perspektiv vilket är förskollärarperspektivet. Vi kommer genom analyser ta reda på förskollärares utsagor om barn som utsätts för fysiskt våld i hemmet. Detta för att bidra med mer kunskap till kommande profession om hur barn som utsätts för våld i nära relationer interagerar i mötet med andra aktörer i förskolan. Vi har genom studiens gång använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Genom intervjuer har förskollärare berättat om hur barn som utsätts för våld i hemmet uppmärksammats samt hur förskollärare kan arbeta för att finnas där och stödja dessa barn.

Pseudoneglect is the tendency to be biased towards the left side of space in tasks of a spatial nature. A non-visual form of the bias referred to as ‘representational pseudoneglect’ has been observed when people generate a mental representation of a stimulus in the complete absence of visual input - participants pay more attention to the left-hand side of the mental representation. The aim of this thesis was to advance our understanding of representational pseudoneglect by exploring the bias across lifespan using different modes of non-visual presentation (touch vs. audition vs. visual imagery). In Experiments 1 and 2 healthy participants aged 3 to 96 years used touch alone without vision to bisect wooden rods at the perceived centre. All participants (with the exception of some adolescents) showed leftward biases on tactile rod bisection and significant gender and age effects were found. In Experiments 3 to 10 healthy young adults listened to aural-verbal descriptions of abstract patterns or real-world scenes without vision and formed a mental representation of the spatial layout that was described. A leftward bias was consistently found for a relative judgement task along with a significant effect of monaural presentation and start side, but no lateralised bias for memory recall regardless of ‘mental mapping’ ability or method of response. In Experiment 11 participants eye movements were recorded while they visually processed and then memorised natural real-world scenes; again there was no lateralised memory or eye movement bias. Experiment 12 showed that a secondary task increased the magnitude of visuo-spatial pseudoneglect for children and adults under certain conditions. This thesis argues that purely representational forms of pseudoneglect clearly exist in healthy participants and that: 1) the results can be explained in terms of contralateral attentional orienting by the right hemisphere, 2) extraneous variables (gender; physical or imagined starting position) can mediate representational pseudoneglect, and 3) current models of cognitive ageing need to provide for a cognitive bias that can be enhanced by age.

No description available.

Pseudoneglect (PN) reveals a contralateral bias in the deployment of visuospatial attention by the dominant (right) hemisphere. The magnitude of PN is phasically modulated by transient exogenous visual cues which automatically recruit attention to cued locations. Optimal cue-line onset asynchrony (SOA), cue-contrast of this cueing effect and the relative effectiveness of cue locations relative to line endpoints are unknown. Similarly, the direction of line scanning modulates the tonic bias, although the origin of this modulation is unknown. The present experiments aim at informing theories about visuospatial attention as well as some neurological conditions such as hemispatial neglect. Four experiments were conducted where observers performed a tachistoscopic visual line bisection task. In experiments 1-3, pretransected lines were preceded by peripheral cues delivered to the left and right line ends at a variety of (1) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), (2) contrasts and (3) horizontal positions relative to the line endpoints. Experiment 4 used a tachistoscopic line bisection protocol to manipulate the type (saccadic, smooth pursuit) and direction (leftward, rightward) of attentional scanning, executed with or without eye movements (overt, covert) while performing eye-tracking. Experiment 1 demonstrated early attentional capture with optimal cue-line SOA of 60 ms. Experiment 2 demonstrated that cue contrasts below 12% were ineffective in modulating perceived midpoint and the maximal effect occurred for cues of 100% contrast. Experiment 3 demonstrated modulation of the spatial error resulting from cues at all locations except the one lying completely beyond the line endpoints. Experiment 4 showed that leftward scanning resulted in leftward error and rightward scanning resulted in rightward error. Smooth pursuit scanning was more potent than saccadic scanning. Overt scanning was more potent than covert scanning and overall the strongest effects were found in leftward overt smooth pursuit scanning. Results from the cueing experiments suggest that the mechanisms subserving exogenous attentional capture in line bisection are fast, predominantly parvocellular-mediated and exert their effects at least partially in an object-referenced coordinate system. Experiment 4 suggests attentional magnification of the left line halve where visuospatial attention is deployed asymmetrically ahead of a scanned target.

Self-Neglect among older adults is a major concern in the United States. It is estimated that one in ten older adults report experiencing some form of abuse or potential for neglect (Acierno et al., 2010). The National Center on Elder Abuse has estimated that for every one case of elder abuse, neglect, exploitation, or self-neglect reported to authorities, about five more cases go unreported (National Elder Abuse Incidence Study, 1998). Among literature regarding elder mistreatment, researchers have indicated self-neglect as the most common form of elder abuse and neglect reported to adult protection and social service agencies (Dong, Simon, & Evans, 2012). Maintaining the environment is one of the most frequently cited concerns of elder self-neglect reported to adult protection services (Dyer et al., 2006). This study evaluated the efficacy of an intervention, found within the environmental neglect literature, as an intervention for environmental symptoms of self-neglect among older adults.

No description available.