Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à l'étude et à la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation dans le domaine du transport. La première problématique concerne le problème d'élaboration de tournées avec gestion des stocks, et nous considérons dans une seconde partie le problème du voyageur de commerce avec tirant d'eau. Nous avons développé des approches basées sur la recherche à voisinage variable pour résoudre ces problèmes NP-Difficiles, en proposant différentes structures de voisinages et schémas de résolution efficaces. L'évaluation globale des approches proposées sur des instances de la littérature montre leur efficacité. En particulier, nos algorithmes ont amélioré les résultats obtenus par les meilleures approches existantes pour ces deux problèmes. / This thesis deals with the study of optimization problems in the transportation domain. We first address the inventory routing problem and we consider the traveling salesman problem with draft limits in a second part. In both cases we have developed methods based on the variable neighborhood search to solve these NP-hard problems. We have proposed several efficient neighborhood structures and solving frameworks. The global evaluation of the proposed approach on sets of benchmarks available in the litterature shows a remarkable efficency and effectiveness. In particular, our algorithms have improved the results obtained by the current best approaches for these two problems.

The master's thesis, framed as a sociological case study, aims it's interest at the theme of neighborhood evolution at a pre-fabricated panel building area. The subject of interest is the reflection of neighborhood evolution given by the original residents of the research locality. The research locality is represented by the most populated street in Hradec Králové, Edvarda Beneše boulevard, which drew considerable attention both of lay and academic public at the time of it's emergence due to unique architectonic and urbanistic design. The defined research problem is the question asking about current state and underwent changes of a neighborhood situated at specific environment of a block-of- flats area located in a contemporary city, specifically in the most populated area of Hradec Králové statutory city. Also three separate research questions were formulated. They ask specifically about the current state of the neighborhood, it's underwent changes during time and the role of it's physical a geographical situatedness. The aim of the thesis was to perform complex exploration of current state and evolution of the studied phenomenon, both in social and physical dimension. The thesis doesn't provide description of the current state and evolution only, but it also identifies local relevant factors...

Existing studies of household overcrowding in Sweden are often descriptive and examine patterns at a large scale. Levels of overcrowding have increased since the mid-1980s and the highest shares are found in the largest cities among residents with a low income, a migration background, living in rental apartments, and often with children. The aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the measurements of household overcrowding, its development over time, its spatial patterns and its determinants at a small-scale neighborhood level with application to the City of Stockholm. It examines how the associations between overcrowding and other neighborhood characteristics can be understood in different neighborhood settings and what the implications are of using different scales and definitions of overcrowding. Cluster, correlation and regression analyses have been conducted using administrative data aggregated to key code areas and city districts. The results demonstrate that there are two types of overcrowding within the City of Stockholm, which are spatially separated and associated differently with socio-economic, demographic and housing characteristics of neighborhoods. It is suggested that explanatory segregation theories related to preference and economic and discriminatory structures are needed to understand the uneven spatial distribution of overcrowding in the City of Stockholm.

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Thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public & Development Management) to the Faculty of Commerce, Law, and Management, University of the Witwatersrand May 2016 / The study aimed to conduct an output evaluation of eKhaya Neighbourhood Development Programme in Hillbrow South, an intervention which was set up in 2004 to advance safety, cleanliness and welcoming behaviour among residents in a historically perilous and unpopular neighbourhood. Hillbrow South is the first precinct to conduct this intervention within Hillbrow and even with the expansion of the intervention to the broader part of Johannesburg, the niggling factor since eKhaya’s implementation has always been whether there is any value for this type of intervention to the stakeholders, whether the intervention is worth the support of funders who can potentially carry this programme forward through adequate funding. Such stakeholders require convincing indication that the programme is working hence an output evaluation study. The research interrogates various literatures to find the ones used to guide this study. In this regard, Howarth (1998) and the Housing Development Agency (2012) are the two literatures identified for this purpose. Through self-administered questionnaires and focus groups, data was collected from existing tenants who are beneficiaries of the intervention. A t-test was used to analyse data and content analysis or narrative analysis for the analysis of focus group data. The research findings in both the survey and focus group are in-sync and show a positive outcome among residents. One of the lessons learned from this study indicate the need for continued research on the impact of the programme. These findings are accompanied by recommendations on how to improve the programme in various areas. / MB2016

This thesis aims to investigate how the City of Lund, and Lund University will provide accommodation for researchers associated with the construction of the research facilities ESS and MAX IV. Furthermore, this paper will study what synergies that exist between housing for researchers, the City of Lund, and its university to attract international researchers.  There is a shortage of housing for students and researchers, especially in municipalities with higher education institutions. To solve this, the Swedish government issued a regulation that enabled universities to offer accommodation to further groups of researchers to strengthen Sweden as a research nation. With the ESS and MAX IV as catalysts for growth, the municipality of Lund will function as an important research hub on an international level. The research conducted a study of strategic documents, such as the City of Lund’s comprehensive plans and in-depth comprehensive plan. As well as a qualitative method that implemented interviews, whereby some of the questions were based on the analyzes of the document study. The interviews were constructed from three groups and will be the perspectives this thesis will discuss its results and analysis by.  The results showed the need for strategic documents to include socio-cultural values and place-based innovations to attract knowledge-intense professionals and further highlight the need for cooperation between Lund municipality and Lund University to maintain its guest researchers.

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Denna studie ämnar belysa boendesegregationen i Malmö och vilka strategier och verktyg Malmö stad använder för att minska boendesegregationen. För att få inblick i lokala bostadsprojekt har vi undersökt införandet av hyresrätter i Limhamns Sjöstad samt Mallbomodellen i Hyllie. I Malmö är segregationen påtaglig och stadens områden har varierad socioekonomisk prägel. Vi har genomfört dokumentanalys, policyanalys och intervjuer, vilka tillsammans med utvalda samhällsteorier hjälper oss att besvara studiens frågeställningar. För att motverka uppdelade stadsdelar och uppnå social blandning strävar Malmö stad efter blandade upplåtelseformer. Ett blandat bostadsbestånd är av vikt i såväl befintliga bostadsområden som i uppförandet av nya för att motverka segregation. Utöver bostadsprojekt med fokus på integration och social hållbarhet är allmännyttans handlingsutrymme i Malmö något vi i denna studie undersöker. Allmännyttiga bostäder som godtar ekonomiskt bistånd som inkomst gör det möjligt för fler att bo och om dessa bostäder finns på olika platser i staden skapar det förutsättningar för en socialt blandad stad. Vi påverkas av vår omgivning och hur vi bor och för att ge likvärdiga förutsättningar för alla i staden är det viktigt att bryta boendesegregationen. / This study aims to examine residential segregation in Malmö and which strategies and tools Malmö stad uses to reduce residential segregation. To gain insight into local housing projects, we have examined the new rental apartments in Limhamns Sjöstad and the Mallbo project in Hyllie. In Malmö, segregation is evident and the different areas in the city have a varied socio-economic character. We have done document analysis, policy analysis and interviews, which together with selected theories help us answer the study's issues. Malmö stad strives for mixed forms of housing in order to achieve social mix and to counteract divided districts. Mixed housing is important in both existing housing areas and in the construction of new ones to counter segregation. In addition to housing projects with a focus on integration and social sustainability, we investigate the command of public housing in Malmö stad. Public housing that accepts financial assistance as income makes it possible for more people to reside and if the public housing is located in different places in the city, it creates the conditions for a socially mixed city. We are affected by our surroundings and how we live and to provide equal conditions for everyone in the city, it is important to break the residential segregation.

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