Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This study attempts to analyse the key FDI determinants in African countries using annual data for the period from 2003 to 2015. It firstly, gives the introduction and the background of FDI. Secondly, it provides both theoretical and empirical literature review on the key FDI determinants. Based on the literature review, the pre-estimation diagnostics (correlation analysis, descriptive statistics and mean and overall mean analysis), panel root tests, panel co-integration tests, main data analysis (fixed effects, random effects, pooled OLS, fully modified OLS and dynamic GMM) and robustness tests using the lagged variable approach were conducted to analyse the key FDI variables. Main data analysis indicated that the lag of FDI had a significant positive impact on FDI. The empirical results revealed that human capital development, infrastructure, growth rate, trade openness, natural resources, financial development, unemployment, exchange rate, government final consumption expenditure and population are the key FDI determinants in African countries. The robustness tests using the lagged variable approach were estimated to analyse if there is a causal relationship FDI and other variables such GDP, random effects revealed that there is uni-directional causality from GDP growth to FDI. Additionally, FDI was found to have been negatively but non-significantly affected by economic growth under the pooled OLS. / Hierdie studie poog om die sleuteleterminante van buitelandse direkte investering (BDI) in Afrikalande te ontleed deur gebruikmaking van jaarlikse data vir die tydperk 2003 tot 2015. Eerstens stel dit BDI bekend en verskaf ’n agtergrond daarvoor. Tweedens bied dit sowel ’n teoretiese as empiriese literatuuroorsig van die belangrikste BDI-determinante. Op grond van die literatuuroorsig is die volgende uitgevoer om die belangrikste BDI-veranderlikes te ontleed: voorskattingsdiagnostiek (korrelasieontleding, beskrywende statistiek en ontleding van gemiddelde en algehele gemiddelde), paneelworteltoetse, paneelkoïntegrasietoetse, hoofdataontleding (vaste effekte, ewekansige effekte, saamgevoegde gewone kleinste kwadrate [GKK], volledig gewysigde GKK en dinamiese veralgemeende momentemetode [VMM]) en robuustheidstoetse deur gebruikmaking van die gesloerdeveranderlike-benadering. Hoofdataontleding het aangedui dat die naloop van BDI ’n beduidende positiewe uitwerking op BDI het. Die empiriese resultate het aan die lig gebring dat mensekapitaalontwikkeling, infrastruktuur, groeikoers, handelstoegang, natuurlike hulpbronne, finansiële ontwikkeling, werkloosheid, wisselkoers, die staat se finale verbruiksbesteding en bevolking die belangrikste BDI-determinante in Afrikalande is. Die robuustheidstoetse deur gebruikmaking van die gesloerdeveranderlike-benadering het ten doel gehad om te ontleed of ’n kousale verband tussen BDI en ander veranderlikes soos BBP bestaan. Ewekansige effekte het getoon dat daar eenrigtingkousaliteit van BBP-groei na BDI is. Daarbenewens is bevind dat BDI negatief maar niebeduidend geraak is deur ekonomiese groei ingevolge die saamgevoegde GKK. / Lolu cwaningo luzama ukuhlaziya izinto ezinquma ngotshalo-mali lwamanye amazwe oluqonde ngqo olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-foreign direct investment (FDI) emazweni ase-Afrika ngokusebenzisa idata yonyaka yesikhathi sokusukela ngo 2003 ukuya ku 2015. Okokuqala, lwethula nokuhllinzeka ngesendlalelo nge-FDI. Okwesibili, luhlinzeka ngokubuyekeza imibhalo yethiyori kanye nobufakazi ngezinto ezibalulekile ezinquma nge-FDI. Ngokulandela imibhalo ebuyekeziwe, isilinganiso sokubonwa kwezimbangela okwaziwa nge-pre-estimation diagnostics (correlation analysis, descriptive statistics kanye ne-mean ne-overall mean analysis), uhlolo lwe-panel root tests, uhlolo lwe-panel cointegration tests, kanye nohlaziyo lwe-main data analysis (fixed effects, random effects, i-pooled ordinary least squares [OLS], i-fully modified OLS kanye ne-dynamic generalised method of moments [GMM]. kanye nohlolo olujulile ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-lagged variable approach kwaqhutshwa ukuhlaziya izinto ezibalulekile ezinquma ngama-FDI variables. Uhlaziyo lwe-data enkulu lukhombise ukusalela emuva kwe-FDI kube nomphumela omuhle kwi-FDI. Imiphumela yobufakazi bocwaningo ikhombise ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwabantu, ingqalasizinda, izinga lokukhula komnotho, ukuvuleka kwezokuhwebelana, imithombo yemvelo, intuthuko yezezimali, ukusweleka kwemisebenzi, izinga lokushintshiselana ngezimali, izindleko zokusebenzisa izinto kukahulumeni, kanye nesizwe sonkana, yizinto ezinkulu ezinquma nge-FDK kumazwe ase-Afrika. Uhlolo olujulile olusebenzisa inqubo ye-lagged variable approach lwalinganiselwa ukuhlaziya ukuthi ngabe bukhona ubuhlobo bembangela yobuhlobo obukhona phakathi kwe-FDI kanye namanye ama-variable afana nawe-GDP. Imiphumela engahlelekile ye-random effects ikhombise ukuthi kukhona uhidehide lwembangela phakathi kokukhula kwe-GDP kanye ne-FDI. Nangaphezu kwalokho, i-FDI itholakale ichaphazeleka kabi kodwa ngokungabalulekile kakhulu ngokukhula komnotho ngaphansi kwe-pooled OLS. / Business Management / M. Com. (Financial Management)

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This thesis investigates gender relations in agricultural value chains by examining gender differentials in terms of gender roles in agricultural production and marketing, gender division of labour within the household, gendered daily and seasonal activities in the household, decision-making power within the household, and access to productive resources and agricultural support services. The study also assessed historical, socio-cultural, and institutional factors constraining gender equality and women’s empowerment in agricultural value chains. Employing critical theory, the study used a qualitative research approach, specifically basic classical ethnographic methods - participant observation, field notes, in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and secondary documents. The study also used a time-use survey and seasonal calendar as its primary source of data. The study revealed that women are generally underrepresented in most profitable nodes of the value chains. However, agricultural value chain interventions have different outcomes for women in female-headed households (FHHs) and women in male-headed households (MHHs). The commercialization of agriculture, particularly in MHHs, has led women to lose control over the commodities they traditionally used to control, as these commodities have fallen into the hands of men. Therefore women in this category are either disempowered or at least not empowered by the value chain interventions. Nevertheless, for women of FHHs, gender mainstreaming in agricultural value chains has contributed to improving gender equality, employment, and women’s empowerment by boosting their economic, social, and personal empowerment levels, though they still lag behind the men in many aspects. The participation of women in managing and controlling high-value crops is constrained by unequal power relations within the household and society. This could be explained in terms of limited resources, low level of literacy, shortage of labour and time, limited access to productive inputs, technologies, market information and agricultural extension services, restriction of mobility, and other socio-cultural and institutional barriers. / Hierdie studie handel oor genderverhoudings in landbouwaardekettings deur genderkenmerke te ondersoek ten opsigte van genderrolle in landbouproduksie en -bemarking, die verdeling van take by die huis op grond van gender, daaglikse en seisoenale werksaamhede tuis volgens gender, besluitnemingsbevoegdheid in die huishouding, en toegang tot produktiewe hulpbronne en landbouhulpdienste. Die studie verreken ook die historiese, sosiaal-kulturele en institusionele faktore wat gendergelykheid en die bemagtiging van vroue in landbouwaardekettings belemmer. Genderverhoudings word deur die lens van die kritiese teorie bekyk. ʼn Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg en klassieke etnografiese metodes is toegepas, waaronder deelnemerwaarneming, veldaantekeninge, deurtastende en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude, onderhoude met sleutelinformante, fokusgroepbesprekings en sekondêre dokumente. ʼn Tydbenuttingsopname en seisoenale kalender was die primêre databronne. Uit die studie het geblyk dat vroue by die mees winsgewende skakels van die waardeketting grotendeels onderverteenwoordig is. Die uitkomste van landbouwaardekettingintervensies vir vrouehuishoudings (VH) (huishoudings waarin ʼn vrou die broodwinner is) verskil van dié vir mannehuishoudings (MH) (huishoudings waarin ʼn man die broodwinner is). Weens die kommersialisering van die landboubedryf, in veral MH’s, het beheer oor die kommoditeite van vroue se hande in dié van mans oorgegaan. Gevolglik word vroue in hierdie kategorie ontmagtig of ten minste nie deur die waarde van kettingintervensies bemagtig nie. Ofskoon ʼn groter genderbewustheid in die landbouwaardeketting gelyke indiensneming en die ekonomiese, maatskaplike en persoonlike bemagtiging van vroue bevorder het, het vroue steeds ʼn groot agterstand. Ongelyke magsverhoudings tuis en in die samelewing beperk vroue se bestuur van en beheer oor lonende gewasse. Die redes hiervoor is onder meer beperkte hulpbronne, ongeletterdheid, ʼn tekort aan arbeid en tyd, beperkte toegang tot produktiewe insette, tegnologieë, markinligting en landbouverlengingsdienste, beperkte mobiliteit en talle ander sosiaal-kulturele en institusionele struikelblokke. / Lolu cwaningo luphenya ubudlelwano kwezobulili kwezemisebenzi yokukhiqiza ngasemkhakheni wezolimo , lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthi kuhlolwe izimpawu ezahlukile kwezobulili, mayelana nezindima ezidlalwa ubulili emkhakheni wezemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo, ukwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ngokobulili ngaphakathi kwekhaya kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo yokukhiqiza kanye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ezolimo. Isifundo futhi sihlola izinto ezithinta umlando, inhlalakahle yabantu kwezolimo kanye nezimo/nezinto ezikumaziko ezidala ukungalingani kobulili kanye nokuhlonyiswa ngamandla kwabesimame emisebenzini yezokukhiqiza kwezolimo. Ukusebenzisa umqondo ogxekayo (critical theory), kusetshenziswe indlela yokucwaninga eyencike kwingxoxo, ikakhulukazi izindlela zokuqala ze-ethinogilafi, phecelezi (basic classical ethnographic methods) – ukubhekisisa izenzo zabadlalindima, ukuthatha amanothi wokwenzeka ezinkundleni zokusebenza ezingaphandle, ukwenza izinhlolo vo ezijulile, ukwenza izinhlolo vo ezimbaxambili, ukwenza izinhlolovo zomuntu onolwazi olunzulu, izingxoxo zeqembu eliqondiwe kanye nemibhalo yesigaba sesibili. Isaveyi yesikhathi ebizwa nge (time-use survey) kanye nekhalenda yenkathi (seasonal calendar ) zisetshenziswe njengemithombo yokuqala yedatha. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi abesimame ngokwenjwayelo bamele inani elincane labesimame emikhakheni eminingi yezokukhiqiza, okuyimikhakha engenisa inzuzo eningi. Yize kunjalo, imizamo yokuxhasa imisebenzi yokukhiqiza kwezolimo inemiphumela eyehlukahlukene kwabesimame kumakhaya aphethwe abesimame (FHHs) futhi le mizamo inemiphumela eyehlukahlukene kwabesimame kumakhaya aphethwe ngabesilisa (MHHs). Ukufakwa kwemboni yezolimo kwibhizinisi, ikakhulukazi kwimizi ephathwe ngabesilisa (MHHs), sekuholele ekutheni abesimame balahlekelwe yilawulo kwimithombo yezomnotho ebebejwayele ukuyiphatha, njengoba le mithombo yezomnotho seyiwele ngaphansi kwezandla zabesilisa. Ngakho-ke abesimame kulo mkhakha mhlawumbe bephucwe amandla noma mhlawumbe abahlonyisiwe ngokwanele ngamandla ngamakhono okuxhasa imisebenzi yezokukhiqiza. Yize-kunjalo, ngasohlangothini lwabesimame abaphethe imizi FHHs, ukulinganisa amanani ngokobulili kwimisebenzi yezolimo sekube negalelo ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana ngokobulili, kwezemisebenzi kanye nokuhlomisa ngamandla kwabesimame ngokuxhasa amazinga abo ezomnotho, ukuhlonyiswa kwamazinga abantu kanye nomuntu ngamunye, yize abesimame basahamba emuva kwabesilisa emikhakheni eminingi. Ukubandakanyeka kwabesimame ekuphatheni kanye nasekulawuleni kwezitshalo zecophelo eliphezulu kukhinyabezwa ukungalingani ngamandla ngaphakathi kwekhaya kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu kungachazwa ngokwemithombo yomnotho emincane, ngokwamazinga aphansi emfundo, ngokusweleka kwabasebenzi kanye nesikhathi, ngokwamathuba amancane okufinyelela izinsiza zokukhiqiza, ngokwezixhobo zobuchwepheshengokuswela ulwazi lwezimakethe kanye nokwandiswa kwemisebenzi yezolimo, ngokwemigomo evimbezela ukuhamba kanye nezinye izihibe ezivimbela inhlalakahle yabantu kwezolimo kanye nezihibe zamaziko. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)