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31	Terapia de rede para adictos: programa de tratamento e prevenção para dependentes de drogas em comunidades terapêuticas / Program for treatment and prevention dependents of drugs in communities therapeutic Jair Lourenço da Silva 06 October 2011 (has links) As comunidades terapêuticas para dependentes químicos são importantes recursos, descritos pela Secretária Nacional Antidrogas, na rede de atenção aos transtornos relacionados ao abuso de substâncias psicoativas. A equipe profissional nestas comunidades terapêuticas é representada, principalmente, por conselheiros em dependência química. É consenso entre os especialistas, pela complexidade desta problemática, que o tratamento deve abordar o paciente em seu contexto sociofamiliar (Stanton e Todd, 1990). O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar e avaliar um programa de tratamento e prevenção para dependentes químicos em comunidades terapêuticas com foco em seu contexto sociofamiliar, por nós denominado TRA: terapia de rede para adictos. Um programa destinado aos conselheiros em dependência química, que trabalham nestas comunidades. Fundamentados no pensamento-novo-paradigmático, de Esteves de Vasconcellos (2002), e na representação social, de Moscovici (2003), utilizamos como método uma pesquisa interventiva, com delineamento qualitativo construtivista, baseado em Pakman (1995), o que significa, no contexto deste trabalho, que o modelo de TRA foi construído em conjunto com os participantes: conselheiros e pacientes da comunidade terapêutica na qual realizamos a pesquisa. As principais técnicas empregadas foram: a família de origem do conselheiro e o discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC), de acordo com Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003). Para a análise dos resultados, usamos a técnica de triangulação de dados, segundo Denzin e Lincoln (2000). Os resultados obtidos contribuíram para conhecermos as representações sociais dos participantes sobre suas famílias e, sistemicamente, compreendermos os múltiplos aspectos envolvidos na complexidade do ciclo da drogadicção. As téc nicas interventivas auxiliaram no resgate dos aspectos resilientes e das competências dos sistemas familiares e no empoderamento da comunidade terapêutica, dos pacientes e de suas famílias, para lidar com os problemas da dependência química. Estas técnicas também colaboraram para a compreensão e a abordagem da imprevisibilidade ocorrida, em vários âmbitos, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. As diferentes representações sociais nos DSC foram analisadas sob o olhar da intersubjetividade, proporcionando uma rica troca entre os participantes. A coparticipação, na elaboração deste modelo, contribuiu, principalmente, para a coconstrução de um novo saber em prevenção e tratamento para as comunidades terapêuticas, com um olhar mais amplo e globalizador, para o sistema familiar e outros sistemas envolvidos no problema da drogadicção / Therapeutic communities for chemical dependents are important resources, described by National Antidrug Secretary, to the network of care for disorders related to the abuse of psychoactive substances. The professional team in these therapeutic communities and represented, mainly, by advisers in chemical dependency. There is a consensus among the experts, the complexity of the problem, that treatment must approach the patient in their family environment (Stanton and Todd, 1990). The purpose of the present study is to present and assess a program of prevention and treatment for chemical dependents in therapeutic communities with a focus on their family environment, we called TRA: therapy of network for addiction. A program for counselor in chemical dependency, working in these communities. Based on thought-new-paradigmatic, Esteves de Vasconcellos (2002), and the social representation of Moscovici (2003), we used the method an interventional research, with qualitative design constructivist, based in Pakman (1995), which means, in the context of this work, that the model of TRA was built together with the participants, counselors, and patients in the therapeutic community where we have the research. The main techniques used were: the family of origin of the counselor and the collective subject discourse (DSC), according to Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003). For the analysis of the results, we used the technique of data triangulation, second Denzin and Lincoln (2000). The results contributed to know the social representations of the participants on their families, and systemically, we understand the many aspects involved in the complexity of the cycle of drug-addiction. The interventional techniques helped with the rescue of the aspects resilient and the skills of the family systems and the empowerment of the therapeutic community, patients and their families to approach with the problems of chemical dependency. These techniques also collaborated for the understanding and approach of unpredictability that occurred in a number of areas in the development of the research. The different social representations in DSC were analyzed under the gaze of the intersubjectivity, providing a rich Exchange of views between the participants. The participation in colaboration, in drawing up this model contributed mainly to build together a new knowledge in treatment and prevention for the therapeutic communities, with a broader perspective and global vision, for the family system and other systems involved in the problem of drug-addiction Comunidade Terapêutica Conselheiro em Dependência Química Dependência de Drogas Sistemas Familiares Terapia de Rede para Adictos Counselor for Chemical Dependence Drug Addiction Family Systems Netting-Therapy to Drugs Addicts Therapeutic Community
32	Sensor wire-mesh de impedância para investigação de escoamentos multifásicos Vendruscolo, Tiago Piovesan 03 July 2012 (has links) BG - Brasil e do Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis / Escoamentos multifásicos estão presentes em diversas atividades industriais como na exploração, produção e transporte de petróleo e gás, onde é comum encontrar escoando por dutos uma mistura de óleo, gás e água. Em muitos casos, o tipo de escoamento determina a eficiência e segurança dos processos e equipamentos onde ocorrem. Com isso, investigações experimentais de escoamento multifásicos são de grande importância no auxilio do desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e na validação de predições realizadas por simulações, ampliando o entendimento do fenômeno. No passado algumas técnicas para investigação de escoamentos multifásicos foram propostas e aplicadas. Contudo, estas técnicas, na sua maioria, estão limitadas a investigação de escoamentos envolvendo apenas duas fases. Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma nova eletrônica para operar um sensor de malha de eletrodos (Wire-Mesh Sensor) que é capaz de investigar escoamentos contendo até três fases. Inicialmente proposto para visualização de escoamentos bifásicos, o sensor wire-mesh realiza o imageamento da distribuição de fases de uma seção transversal. Com a passagem do escoamento através do sensor, o mapeamento das fases é realizado de forma intrusiva com alta resolução temporal e espacial. Para possibilitar seu uso em escoamentos trifásicos, neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma nova eletrônica capaz de medir simultaneamente a permissividade elétrica e a condutividade elétrica do fluido presente entre os eletrodos do sensor. O princípio básico do funcionamento é baseado na excitação com duas frequências distintas. Além do hardware foi também desenvolvido um software, onde é possível salvar os dados adquiridos em uma base de dados para futuros estudos. O desempenho da nova eletrônica foi verificado através de medições em componentes (rede RC) com valores de referência. O sistema completo foi utilizado para gerar imagens de uma mistura trifásica ar-óleo-água em condições estáticas e dinâmicas, apresentando bons resultados. Desta forma, a principal contribuição deste trabalho é a disponibilização de uma nova ferramenta para análise de escoamentos multifásicos. / Multiphase flows are present in many industrial activities such as in exploration, production and transportation of oil and gas, in which is common to find a mixture of oil, gas and water flowing inside pipes. In many cases this type of flow determines the efficiency and safety of the processes and equipment where they occur. In this way, experimental investigations of multiphase flow are of great value to develop new theoretical models and to validate predictions made by computer simulations, hence increasing the understanding of the flow phenomena. In this work, a new measuring electronics to operate a wire-mesh sensor (WMS) is introduced. Initially proposed for visualization of two-phase flow, the WMS performs the imaging of the phase distribution of a cross section based on the multiplexed measurement of an electrical property of the fluid in contact with the mesh grid of the sensor. With the passage of flow through the sensor, the phase mapping is realized by intrusive electrodes at high temporal and spatial resolution. To allow its use in multiphase flows, the new electronics developed in this work simultaneously measures the electrical permittivity and electrical conductivity of the media in the mesh grid. The basic idea is to activate the electrodes with a signal composed of two distinct frequencies. Besides the development of the electronics' hardware, a software was also implemented, by which data can be acquired and for future investigation. The performance of the new instrument has been verified by use of components (RC network) with reference values. The developed system was used to generate images of a multiphase mixture of air-oil-water in static and dynamic conditions, showing good results. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to make available a new tool for the investigation of multiphase flows. Escoamento multifásico - Mediação Gás - Escoamento Detectores Impedância (Eletricidade) Malha de eletrodos Processamento de imagens Software - Desenvolvimento Simulação (Computadores) Multiphase flow – Mediation Gas flow Detectors Impedance (Electricity) Wire netting Image processing Computer software - Development Computer simulation
33	Sensor wire-mesh de impedância para investigação de escoamentos multifásicos Vendruscolo, Tiago Piovesan 03 July 2012 (has links) BG - Brasil e do Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis / Escoamentos multifásicos estão presentes em diversas atividades industriais como na exploração, produção e transporte de petróleo e gás, onde é comum encontrar escoando por dutos uma mistura de óleo, gás e água. Em muitos casos, o tipo de escoamento determina a eficiência e segurança dos processos e equipamentos onde ocorrem. Com isso, investigações experimentais de escoamento multifásicos são de grande importância no auxilio do desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e na validação de predições realizadas por simulações, ampliando o entendimento do fenômeno. No passado algumas técnicas para investigação de escoamentos multifásicos foram propostas e aplicadas. Contudo, estas técnicas, na sua maioria, estão limitadas a investigação de escoamentos envolvendo apenas duas fases. Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma nova eletrônica para operar um sensor de malha de eletrodos (Wire-Mesh Sensor) que é capaz de investigar escoamentos contendo até três fases. Inicialmente proposto para visualização de escoamentos bifásicos, o sensor wire-mesh realiza o imageamento da distribuição de fases de uma seção transversal. Com a passagem do escoamento através do sensor, o mapeamento das fases é realizado de forma intrusiva com alta resolução temporal e espacial. Para possibilitar seu uso em escoamentos trifásicos, neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma nova eletrônica capaz de medir simultaneamente a permissividade elétrica e a condutividade elétrica do fluido presente entre os eletrodos do sensor. O princípio básico do funcionamento é baseado na excitação com duas frequências distintas. Além do hardware foi também desenvolvido um software, onde é possível salvar os dados adquiridos em uma base de dados para futuros estudos. O desempenho da nova eletrônica foi verificado através de medições em componentes (rede RC) com valores de referência. O sistema completo foi utilizado para gerar imagens de uma mistura trifásica ar-óleo-água em condições estáticas e dinâmicas, apresentando bons resultados. Desta forma, a principal contribuição deste trabalho é a disponibilização de uma nova ferramenta para análise de escoamentos multifásicos. / Multiphase flows are present in many industrial activities such as in exploration, production and transportation of oil and gas, in which is common to find a mixture of oil, gas and water flowing inside pipes. In many cases this type of flow determines the efficiency and safety of the processes and equipment where they occur. In this way, experimental investigations of multiphase flow are of great value to develop new theoretical models and to validate predictions made by computer simulations, hence increasing the understanding of the flow phenomena. In this work, a new measuring electronics to operate a wire-mesh sensor (WMS) is introduced. Initially proposed for visualization of two-phase flow, the WMS performs the imaging of the phase distribution of a cross section based on the multiplexed measurement of an electrical property of the fluid in contact with the mesh grid of the sensor. With the passage of flow through the sensor, the phase mapping is realized by intrusive electrodes at high temporal and spatial resolution. To allow its use in multiphase flows, the new electronics developed in this work simultaneously measures the electrical permittivity and electrical conductivity of the media in the mesh grid. The basic idea is to activate the electrodes with a signal composed of two distinct frequencies. Besides the development of the electronics' hardware, a software was also implemented, by which data can be acquired and for future investigation. The performance of the new instrument has been verified by use of components (RC network) with reference values. The developed system was used to generate images of a multiphase mixture of air-oil-water in static and dynamic conditions, showing good results. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to make available a new tool for the investigation of multiphase flows. Escoamento multifásico - Mediação Gás - Escoamento Detectores Impedância (Eletricidade) Malha de eletrodos Processamento de imagens Software - Desenvolvimento Simulação (Computadores) Multiphase flow – Mediation Gas flow Detectors Impedance (Electricity) Wire netting Image processing Computer software - Development Computer simulation
34	Řízení likvidity a solventnosti (na příkladu konkrétního podniku) / Liquidity and solvency management Brabcová, Lucie January 2016 (has links) The thesis deals with the individual aspects of liquidity and solvency management in the context of financial risk management and working capital components. The main accent is put on the foreign exchange risk management and the cash management tools on the group level: netting and cash pooling. These tools are supported by the cash forecasting system and the actual cash flows evaluation. The methods of liquidity and solvency management are demonstrated on the example of a Shared Service Center organisation.
35	跨國破產事件之爭議問題探討—以店頭衍生性金融交易市場及其案例為探討中心 / A study on legal issues regarding cross-border insolvency cases : focus on over-the-counter derivatives markets and the relevant cases 張家欣, Chang, Chia-hsin Unknown Date (has links) 在金融市場國際化之趨勢下，各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時，受到金融創新潮流的驅使，非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一，從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式，實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心，探討跨國破產事件相關議題，包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力，以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」），以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎，進行法學分析，並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究，於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章，內容簡介如後。首先，於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構，同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性，為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦，故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題，並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍，探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題，以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易，以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念，學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能，包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等，而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能，也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性，此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題，以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯，故有說明之必要。第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則，再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下，觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力），著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況，並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性，以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能，本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評，並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論，也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等，以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題，同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷，各具實體理由；以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。第五章在本論文題旨範圍內，先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後，二十國集團（G20）所提出的國際性指導建議，之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議，對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規，包含（但不限於）交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施；此外，在跨國交易監理層面上，簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二，一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結，也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響，以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面，相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式，第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察，藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃，以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論，包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則；同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會（FSB）相關建議，以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後，綜結第四章至第六章之內容，按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題，對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件，說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末，分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。最後，第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題，進行總結論，並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases. Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters. Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system. Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case. Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws. Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan. 跨國破產店頭衍生性金融交易系統性風險提前終止與淨額結算金融改革法令 Cross-border insolvency Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives Systemic risk Close-out netting Financial regulatory reforms
36	Les législations concernant les marchés financiers en France et aux Etats-Unis - Approche comparée / The legislation concerning financial markets in France and in the United States - Comparative approach Shen, Jun 01 February 2012 (has links) Les législations concernant les marchés financiers régissent non seulement les marchés, mais également les acteurs, les produits ainsi que les activités dans les marchés. En utilisant ces outils juridiques indispensables, les législateurs des deux côtés de l'Atlantique visent, entre autres, à protéger les investisseurs dont la confiance est primordiale pour les marchés, d'une part, et à diminuer les risques systémiques dont le déclenchement pourrait survenir dans un contexte financier de plus en plus globalisé, d'autre part. En effet, après la crise financière globale de 2008, les risques systémiques ont attiré davantage l'attention législative. À partir desdits objectifs que les législateurs veulent atteindre, nous essayons de trouver et analyser les particularités des législations concernées, tant en France ou dans l'Union européenne qu'aux États-Unis, en passant par la comparaison des dispositions législatives ou des initiatives législatives à travers l'Atlantique, avec la considération de l'évolution législative respective. Nous apportons aussi nos réflexions sur les insuffisances ou les déficiences à l’égard de mesures ou d’efforts législatifs pris en compte par les législateurs transatlantiques en vue de réaliser ces objectifs. Face à une crise financière sans précédent à nos jours, et donc à l'exigence d'une réaction législative active, appropriée, opportune et raffinée, il nous semble qu’il est le temps pour les législateurs en France, dans l'Union et aux États-Unis d'approfondir leurs connaissances sur des produits financiers en innovation sans cesse, de mieux adapter leurs stratégies législatives aux développement des activités financières et des entités finiancières, et de renforcer leurs coopérations et coordinations en profondeur dans le domaine de réglementation et supervision financière, et enfin, de mieux réaliser leurs buts poursuivis. / The legislations concerning financial markets govern not only the markets, but also the participants, the products and the activities as well in the markets. By using these indispensable legal tools, the legislators of both sides of Atlantic aim at, among others, protecting the investors whose confidence is of top priority to the markets, on the one hand, and reducing the systemic risk which would occur in a more and more globalised financial context, on the other. Indeed, after the global financial crisis of 2008, systemic risk has drawn more legislative attention. From the abovementioned objectives which the legislators would like to achieve, we try to find and analyze the particularity of the legislation concerned, both in France or in the European Union and in the USA, by way of comparison of legislative dispositions or legislative initiatives across the Atlantic, with the consideration about their respective legislative evolution. We also give our reflections on the insufficiencies or the deficiencies with regard to the legislative measures or efforts taken by the transatlantic legislators to realize those objectives. Facing the actual and unprecedented financial crisis, and thus a requirement of dynamic, appropriate, timely and refined legislative reaction, it seems to us that it is the time for legislators in France, in the EU and in the USA to deepen their knowledge about financial products of non-stop innovation, to better adapt their legislative strategies to the development of financial activities and financial entities, to reinforce their cooperation and coordination in depth and in width in the field of financial regulation and supervision, and finally, to better fulfill their pursuing goals. Instruments financiers Titres financiers Contrats financiers Émetteurs Entreprise d’investissement Agence de notation de crédit Risque systémique Règlement livraison Conglomérats financiers Surveillance macro-financière Surveillance micro-financière Financial instruments Financial titles Financial contracts Securities Futures Swaps Issuers Investment companies Broker-dealers Credit rating agency Systemic risk Clearing and settlement Close out netting Hedge funds Financial conglomerates Macro-financial supervision Micro-financial supervision
37	Méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la résistance à l'ouverture d'une maille de filet / Methodology for the evaluation of the resistance to opening of a netting mesh Morvan, Barthélémy 06 December 2016 (has links) L'évaluation de la résistance à l'ouverture des mailles dans les filets de pêche est un enjeu important pour l'évaluation de la sélectivité des chaluts, et plus largement des engins de pêche. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de développer et d'évaluer une méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la résistance à l'ouverture des mailles dans les filets. Différentes méthodes existent déjà (Sala et al., 2007, Priour and Cognard, 2011, Balash, 2012, De la Prada and Gonzales, 2013). Notre objectif est de proposer une méthode expérimentale simple et ne nécessitant pas d'équipements coûteux pour pouvoir être déployée facilement dans les laboratoires et dans l'industrie de la pêche, combinée avec un modèle numérique capable de représenter le comportement mécanique non-linéaire d'un filet. Le filet, constitué de fils tressés ou toronnés, en Polyéthylène ou Polyamide, présente une structure complexe. De plus, les filets peuvent être soumis à de grandes déformations. Afin d'étudier la réponse mécanique des filets à différents types de sollicitations et de créer une base de données expérimentale, de nombreux essais ont été effectués sur un large éventail de filets de pêche. Plusieurs méthodes numériques pour l'évaluation de la résistance à l'ouverture des mailles à partir de données expérimentales ont été développées. Ces travaux offrent une avancée scientifique pour l'évaluation de la résistance à l'ouverture des mailles : malgré le comportement mécanique visco-élasto-plastique des échantillons de filet, une méthodologie plus simple et plus précise que celles existantes, basée sur un dispositif expérimental simple et un modèle éléments finis libre de droits, est présentée. / The evaluation of the mesh resistance to opening in fishing nets is an important issue to assess the selectivity of trawls, and more broadly of fishing gear. The objectives of this thesis are to develop and to assess a methodology for the evaluation of the mesh resistance to opening in netting structures. Several methods are already proposed (Sala et al., 2007, Priour and Cognard, 2011, Balash, 2012, De la Prada and Gonzales, 2013). This thesis aims at proposing a simple experimental test that does not require expensive devices to be easily spread in laboratories and in the fishing industry, a simple test combined with a numerical model able to represent the non-linear mechanical behaviour of a tested netting panel. The netting structure, constituted of braided or stranded twines, made of Polyethylene or Polyamide, is complex. Moreover, the fishing nets can be subjected to large deformation. In order to study the mechanical response of netting samples to different types of solicitations and to obtain experimental data, numerous experimental tests were performed on a large range of netting samples. Several numerical methods for the evaluation of the mesh resistance to opening using experimental data were developed. This work offers scientific advance for the evaluation of the mesh resistance to opening: despite the visco-elasto-plastic mechanical behaviour of netting samples, one more accurate and simpler methodology than the existing ones, based on a simple experimental set up and on a free of rights finite element model, is presented. Filet Maille Maille résistance à l'ouverture Fil tressé Raideur en flexion Expérience Modèle numérique Grande déformation Comportement mécanique Identification inverse Polyéthylène Polyamide Netting Mesh Resistance to opening Braided twine Bending stiffness Experiment Numerical model Large deformation Mechanical behavior Inverse identification Polyethylene Polyamide 531.38
38	Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield Maas, Bea 20 November 2013 (has links) No description available. 630 birds bats arthropods multitrophic interactions agroforestry tropical landscape forest margin landscape functional diversity crop yield exclosure experiments experimental exclusion arthropod suppression avian predation ecosystem services mist netting point counts artificial plasticine caterpillar dummy experiment biological control monitoring mapping Lemon-bellied White-eye Grosbeak Starling Zosterops chloris Scissiostrum dubium Theobroma cacao cacao agroforestry cacao diseases cacao harvest cacao pests flying vertebrates aerial insectivores volant vertebrates logging breeding colony flower herbivory mesopredator release predatory insects ants spiders aphids Lepidoptera Coleoptera Lepidopteran larvae sustainable agriculture sustainable agroforestry management implications management recommendations applied managament extensive land use management landscape management conservation biodiversity-friendly dbh distance to forest forest proximity habitat conversion herbivory Indonesia insectivorous bats insectivorous birds invertebrates Central Sulawesi Napu valley leaf gleaning leaf herbivory pests insects phytophagous insects plant productivity remnant forest trees shade tree managament South-east Asia Paleotropics tropical landscape tree height landscape gradient local shade management Cacao Pod Borer Cherelle Wilt fruit abortion Helopeltis sulawesi deforestation habitat fragmentation land use intensification forest margin species critical decline predation experiment species-specific functions Southeast Asia biodiversity conservation mesopredators food security human welfare human well-being poverty alleviation poverty reduction smallholder cacao smallholder plantation cacao farmers sustainable cacao management landscape perspective landscape scale large scale field experiment long term field experiment human wellbeing economic importance economic value valuation ecosystem services landscape matrix yield quality yield quantity fruit productivity species identity species diversity species richness ecosystem functioning pesticide use chemical compounds complex food web tritrophic interactions wildlife-friendly rural livelihoods endangered bird species endangered bat species endemic endemic birds endemic bats beneficial impact IUCN Lore Lindu National Park bioindicator indicator species forest margin agricultural habitat agroforestry systems population density predation activity species activity cacao flower cacao pod Orthoptera linear mixed effect models Tukey Post Hoc Test AICc model selection generalized least squares restricted maximum likelihood model simplification species richness estimator species accumulation linear mixed-effects models Likelihood Ratio Test Maximum Likelihood nocturnal insects diurnal arthropods nocturnal arthropods diurnal insects landscape context Land- und Forstwirtschaft (PPN621302791)

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