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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices have direct applications in the realm of rehabilitation engineering, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medicine for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This thesis presents a novel electrical stimulator for use in a FES system. The stimulator produces regulated current pulses using two switched mode power supplies (SMPS) in series. The first power stage - a flyback converter - steps up the supply voltage using primary side digital control. The second power stage is a buck converter with output current hysteretic control. An output switched capacitor circuit shapes the current pulses. All pulse variables are programmable and various pulses can be formed for virtually any FES application. Compared to previous FES devices, the pulses generated here are sharper, have faster rise time and the amplitude and temporal characteristics are more tightly regulated. A single channel prototype system is implemented and experimental results are shown.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices have direct applications in the realm of rehabilitation engineering, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medicine for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This thesis presents a novel electrical stimulator for use in a FES system. The stimulator produces regulated current pulses using two switched mode power supplies (SMPS) in series. The first power stage - a flyback converter - steps up the supply voltage using primary side digital control. The second power stage is a buck converter with output current hysteretic control. An output switched capacitor circuit shapes the current pulses. All pulse variables are programmable and various pulses can be formed for virtually any FES application. Compared to previous FES devices, the pulses generated here are sharper, have faster rise time and the amplitude and temporal characteristics are more tightly regulated. A single channel prototype system is implemented and experimental results are shown.

The level and completeness of spinal cord injury (SCI) above the first lumbar vertebra determine the degree of multi-system impairments including altered respiratory function and decreased capacity to maintain upright posture and seated postural stability in humans. Both systems were studied in able-bodied (AB) subjects and individuals with tetraplegia to explore the potential of functional electrical stimulation (FES) as a neuroprosthesis for seated postural control without compromising respiratory function. Data for AB participants (n=10) indicated higher tidal volumes, greater trunk extensor muscle activity, and different values of seated postural stability in upright sitting compared to slouch sitting. In three case studies of individuals with tetraplegia, surface FES was applied to trunk muscles. Changes in tidal volume, respiratory rate, and seated postural stability were case specific. These studies inform the development of a strategy for non-invasive FES as a neuroprosthesis for sitting balance while preserving respiratory function in individuals with SCI.

The level and completeness of spinal cord injury (SCI) above the first lumbar vertebra determine the degree of multi-system impairments including altered respiratory function and decreased capacity to maintain upright posture and seated postural stability in humans. Both systems were studied in able-bodied (AB) subjects and individuals with tetraplegia to explore the potential of functional electrical stimulation (FES) as a neuroprosthesis for seated postural control without compromising respiratory function. Data for AB participants (n=10) indicated higher tidal volumes, greater trunk extensor muscle activity, and different values of seated postural stability in upright sitting compared to slouch sitting. In three case studies of individuals with tetraplegia, surface FES was applied to trunk muscles. Changes in tidal volume, respiratory rate, and seated postural stability were case specific. These studies inform the development of a strategy for non-invasive FES as a neuroprosthesis for sitting balance while preserving respiratory function in individuals with SCI.

This thesis describes a brain-computer interface (BCI) system that was developed to allow direct cortical control of 7 active degrees of freedom in a robotic arm. Two monkeys with chronic microelectrode implants in their motor cortices were able to use the arm to complete an oriented grasping task under brain control. This BCI system was created as a clinical prototype to exhibit (1) simultaneous decoding of cortical signals for control of the 3-D translation, 3-D rotation, and 1-D finger aperture of a robotic arm and hand, (2) methods for constructing cortical signal decoding models based on only observation of a moving robot, (3) a generalized method for training subjects to use complex BCI prosthetic robots using a novel form of operator-machine shared control, and (4) integrated kinematic and force control of a brain-controlled prosthetic robot through a novel impedance-based robot controller. This dissertation describes each of these features individually, how their integration enriched BCI control, and results from the monkeys operating the resulting system.

La cécité touche 39 millions de personnes dans le monde et génère de nombreuses difficultés dans la vie quotidienne. Plus précisément, les capacités de navigation (incluant orientation et mobilité) sont fortement diminuées, ce qui amène les personnes non-voyantes à limiter, voire à cesser leurs déplacements. Pour restaurer des sensations "visuelles", et par-delà, une certaine autonomie, il est possible de stimuler directement le système visuel résiduel d'une personne non-voyante à l'aide d'un implant administrant des micro-stimulations électriques. Le dispositif complet se compose d'une micro-caméra portée sur des lunettes et reliée à un ordinateur de poche, qui lui-même est connecté à l'implant. Lors des micro-stimulations, les sujets perçoivent des tâches grises, blanches ou jaunâtres appelées phosphènes. Ainsi la qualité de la vision restaurée est directement dépendante de la résolution et de la position de l'implant. Le nombre d'électrodes étant faible pour les implants en développement (moins d'une centaine), il est nécessaire de réduire drastiquement la résolution du flux vidéo pour la faire correspondre à la faible résolution de l'implant. Actuellement, l'Argus II de la société Second Sight est l'implant dont le développement est le plus avancé et sa résolution est de 60 électrodes, ce qui permet aux patients implantés de percevoir 60 phosphènes différents. Cette vision restaurée est donc très pauvre et un travail d'optimisation du signal est nécessaire pour pouvoir utiliser l'implant de manière fonctionnelle. Les sujets implantés sont impliqués dans des protocoles cliniques fermés ne permettant pas de les inclure dans d'autres expériences. Malgré cela, il est possible d'étudier les possibilités offertes par ces implants visuels en simulant la vision prothétique dans un casque de réalité virtuelle porté par des sujets voyants. Il s'agit du domaine de la vision prothétique simulée (VPS). La navigation n'a jamais été étudiée chez les patients implantés et très rarement en VPS. Il s'avère qu'avec des implants de très faible résolution, elle pose de grandes difficultés liées à la mobilité mais également des difficultés liées à l'orientation. Les travaux entrepris dans ce doctorat se concentrent sur l'étude de la navigation en VPS. Différentes théories en psychologie nous ont permis d'identifier les éléments importants pour les sujets afin qu'ils se repèrent et se construisent une représentation mentale fiable de l'environnement lors de la navigation. À partir de ces modèles, différents rendus prothétiques utilisant la vision par ordinateur ont été conçus et testés dans une tâche de navigation réalisée dans un environnement virtuel. Les expérimentations effectuées avaient pour objectif d'optimiser la perception et la compréhension de l'espace parcouru avec un implant de faible résolution. Ces évaluations reposaient sur la performance de temps des sujets pour effectuer la tâche de navigation et sur leur représentation mentale de l'environnement. Après la tâche de navigation, il leur était demandé de dessiner la carte des environnements explorés, afin d'évaluer ces représentations. Cette double évaluation a permis d'identifier les indices importants permettant de faciliter la perception et la mémorisation de la structure des environnements dans une tâche de navigation en VPS. Pour améliorer les performances des personnes non-voyantes implantées, il apparaît notamment nécessaire de limiter la quantité d'information présentée, tout en préservant la structure de l'environnement grâce à des algorithmes de vision par ordinateur. Lorsque l'accès à des patients implantés sera plus ouvert, il deviendra nécessaire de valider ces différents résultats en les faisant naviguer en environnement virtuel puis en environnement réel. / Blindness affects thirty nine millions people in the world and generates numerous difficulties in everyday life. Specifically, navigation abilities (which include wayfinding and mobility) are heavily diminished. This leads blind people to limit and eventually to stop walking outside. Visual neuroprosthesis are developed in order to restore such "visual" perception and help them to get some autonomy back. Those implants generate electrical micro-stimulations which are focused on the retina, the optic nerve or the visual cortex. Those stimulations elicit blurry dots called "phosphenes". Phosphenes can be mainly white, grey or yellow. The whole stimulation device contains a wearable camera, a small computer and the implant which is connected to the computer. The implant resolution and position impact directly the quality of the restored visual perception. Current implants include less than a hundred electrodes so it is mandatory to reduce the resolution of the visual stream to match the implant resolution. For instance, the already commercialized Argus II implant from the company Second Sight (Seymar, California) is the leading visual implant worldwide and uses only sixty electrodes. This means that Argus II blind owners can perceive only sixty phosphenes simultaneously. Therefore this restored vision is quite poor and signal optimization is required to get to a functional implant usage. Blind people with implants are involved in restricted clinical trials and are difficult to reach. Yet, studying those implant possibilities is at our reach by simulating prosthetic vision and displaying it in a head mounted display for sighted subjects. This is the field of simulated prosthetic vision (SPV). Navigation was never studied with people with implant, and only a few studies approached this topic in SPV. In this thesis, we focused on the study of navigation in SPV. Computer vision allowed us to select which of the scene elements to display in order to help subjects to navigate and build a spatial representation of the environment. We used psychological models of navigation to conceive and evaluate SPV renderings. Subjects had to find their way and collect elements in a navigation task in SPV inspired by video games for the blind. To evaluate their performance we used a performance index based on the completion time. To evaluate their mental representation, we asked them to draw the environment layout after the task for each rendering. This double evaluation lead us to spot which elements can and should be displayed in low resolution SPV in order to navigate. Specifically those results show that to be understandable in low vision, a scene must be simple and the structure of the environment should not be hidden. When blind people with implant will become available we will be able to confirm or deny those results by evaluating their navigation in virtual and real environments.

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