Diss.--Göttingen. / Vita. Bibliography: p. v-x.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D.Mus.Arts)--University of Washington. / Vita. Another copy has number: Thesis 26869. Bibliography: leaves [138]-145.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet, 1994. / Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 240-255).

Akademisk avhandling--Göteborg, 1994. / Résumé en allemand. Bibliogr. p. 240-255.

Early life history, distribution, movement, food habits and interspecific relations of five inshore species, largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonense), peamouth chub (Mylocheilus caurinum), red side shiner (Richardsonius balteatus), and prickly sculpin (Cottus asper), have been studied during the summers of 1959 - 1961 in Nicola Lake, British Columbia. Analyses were based on specimens periodically sampled with three types of seine nets from various inshore waters of the lake, observation of behaviour of the fish both in nature and in aquaria, and study of plankton, bottom animals and temperature conditions. After emerging, the fry of all species move to the head of the lake where there is a tendency to form an early-summer aggregation. Later, they diverge from the head of the lake along the shore. Fry of all four cypriniform species showed similar diurnal movement. They started to move into the shallow water at dawn and moved out at dusk. In the sculpin, fluctuations in numbers near shore had no direct correlation with time of a day. No species was rigorously restricted to one habitat, although different habitat preferences were observed. To a certain extent the species were separated by difference in distribution in relation to depth. These differences increase with age. A close association among fry of all species in the early summer gradually dissipated. Divergence was also observed in feeding habits of these species. In early summer they are typically plankton feeders, but towards the end of summer their interspecific feeding relations gradually become less because of the divergence in food preference, feeding places and feeding manner. These changes are in turn largely due to morphological changes, in particular those of feeding structures. Since the plankton resources seemed to be insufficient in the shallow inshore area, there may have been competition for food in early summer. Moreover, the fry may have been forced into severe competition by an early-summer aggregation at the head of the lake as well as by similarity in behaviour and habitat. An alternative approach to the problem of demonstrating interspecific relationships was made from comparison of species associations in lakes of the Fraser River drainage. A positive correlation between the surface area and the number of species suggests that the larger the lake, the greater the possibility of coexistence between these species, and that competition in small lakes may be a factor in eliminating some of the species. These findings are discussed in relation to the current controversy concerning specialization of temperate and tropical freshwater fishes. It is concluded that in large complex environments freshwater fishes are afforded the opportunity for specialization, whereas in small or simple environments, more generalized behavior leads to competition between species. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Diurnal and seasonal variation in spatial distribution of fifteen species of fish were studied in Nicola Lake during summer. Maximum depth at which fish were taken was 110 ft. where only Kokanee were found. Peamouth Chub, Largescale Sucker and Prickly Sculpin were found in depths up to 80 ft. Chiselmouth were restricted to the shallow southwest basin all throughout summer. Carp fingerlings were also restricted to shallow weedy areas. All other species were available in all major regions of the lake. Young-of-the-year of Peamouth Chub, Largescale Sucker, Squawfish, Red-side Shiner and Prickly Sculpin stayed very close to shore during daylight. Fry of Kokanee, Rainbow Trout, Mountain Whitefish and Chinook Salmon appeared in areas close to stream inlets and outlets during day. Smaller size groups of fish available on the shore in daylight moved offshore at night, when larger fry and adults appeared in the shore. Young of Mountain Whitefish were dispersed in different regions of the shore at night. Variation was observed between daylight and dark distribution of different species. Adult Peamouth Chub and Redside Shiners stayed on the bottom during daylight but they invaded surface and shallow shore areas at night. Squawfish also tended to leave the bottom at night. Factors determining migration and summer distribution of fishes were investigated. Thermal stratification was unstable and had no apparent effect on vertical migration of most species. Only Squawfish avoided the hypolimnion. Dissolved oxygen was plentiful up to a depth of 96 ft. and its effect, therefore, could not be assessed. Light apparently played an important role in determining movements of fish in daylight and dark. Diurnal variation in distribution is attributed to effect of light. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The research reported has been carried out to develop a border irrigation system for the semi-arid region in the Nicola Valley in British Columbia. To develop a border irrigation system in the Valley a 60 acre field was surveyed and the design of land grading prepared. A small section of the larger prepared field was selected for this study and three border strips, each having the same length with different widths, were constructed. .Formulas and curves were used for the design calculation of slope, discharge, depth of water to be applied, required amount of water, and the time of application for each strip. Infiltration rates, soil moisture capacities and soil classification are reported. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Women's community organizing for change has the potential to improve many aspects of women's lives, the lives of their families, and community members at large. Yet the role of women's organized action in shaping the social environment is not well understood and is rarely supported by the mainstream institutions of planning. In rural areas, women's contributions to community planning may be even less apparent given the voluntary nature of their work and the lack of sensitivity paid to women's particular needs. The purpose of this study is to contribute to contemporary planning thought by providing some insight in to why, to what extent, and how women successfully organize to meet their social needs in rural communities. Two themes are examined: (1) the motivating factors that led to the development of a women's planning rganization, the Nicola Valley Women in Action, (NVWIA) in Merritt, B.C., and; (2) the dynamic forces in this community that support and/or limit women's abilities to engage in gender-informed community planning. A literature review outlines the need for gender-sensitive approaches to planning and the potential of women's community organizing for change (feminist activism) to serve as a catalyst for gendersensitive planning praxis. To explore the experiences of a particular group of women engaged in community organizing from a feminist perspective, a case study of the NVWIA is described through a review of organizational material and interviews with members. The principal findings are: (1) there was a definite need for gender-sensitive planning to meet the social needs of women in Merritt; (2) factors such as the lack of gender-sensitivity in institutional planning, the existence of barriers to women's involvement, and the dearth of opportunities for women in Merritt to influence decision-making motivated the development of the NVWIA; (3) opportunities, including government incentive, municipal support, inter-agency co-operation, organizing skills and member initiative, enabled the NVWIA to successfully respond to women's needs; and (4) constraints, including the absence of funding, philosophical differences, anti-feminist sentiment, and limits to voluntary time, hinder the ability of the NVWIA to continue its efforts. The study highlights the value of supporting women's community organizing as a means of encouraging planning approaches in rural areas that are gender-sensitive. It concludes by identifying the implications for self-help and professional planners wishing to support women's organized action.

Women's community organizing for change has the potential to improve many aspects of women's lives, the lives of their families, and community members at large. Yet the role of women's organized action in shaping the social environment is not well understood and is rarely supported by the mainstream institutions of planning. In rural areas, women's contributions to community planning may be even less apparent given the voluntary nature of their work and the lack of sensitivity paid to women's particular needs. The purpose of this study is to contribute to contemporary planning thought by providing some insight in to why, to what extent, and how women successfully organize to meet their social needs in rural communities. Two themes are examined: (1) the motivating factors that led to the development of a women's planning rganization, the Nicola Valley Women in Action, (NVWIA) in Merritt, B.C., and; (2) the dynamic forces in this community that support and/or limit women's abilities to engage in gender-informed community planning. A literature review outlines the need for gender-sensitive approaches to planning and the potential of women's community organizing for change (feminist activism) to serve as a catalyst for gendersensitive planning praxis. To explore the experiences of a particular group of women engaged in community organizing from a feminist perspective, a case study of the NVWIA is described through a review of organizational material and interviews with members. The principal findings are: (1) there was a definite need for gender-sensitive planning to meet the social needs of women in Merritt; (2) factors such as the lack of gender-sensitivity in institutional planning, the existence of barriers to women's involvement, and the dearth of opportunities for women in Merritt to influence decision-making motivated the development of the NVWIA; (3) opportunities, including government incentive, municipal support, inter-agency co-operation, organizing skills and member initiative, enabled the NVWIA to successfully respond to women's needs; and (4) constraints, including the absence of funding, philosophical differences, anti-feminist sentiment, and limits to voluntary time, hinder the ability of the NVWIA to continue its efforts. The study highlights the value of supporting women's community organizing as a means of encouraging planning approaches in rural areas that are gender-sensitive. It concludes by identifying the implications for self-help and professional planners wishing to support women's organized action. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate