The nightmare prevalence literature to date has largely focused on nightmare episode severity (i.e. frequency), with 8%-87% of individuals reporting these events in the past week to year. While this has helped to determine the prevalence of these events, focus on the episode severity alone is problematic because it means little is known about the actual prevalence of nightmare disorder. Moreover, focus on episode severity likely overestimates the actual prevalence of clinically significant nightmares while also obscuring clinically significant consequences of the disorder. Understanding the prevalence of nightmare disorder can help guide treatment planning and interventions. The present study recruited UNT undergraduates (N = 372; 351 analyzed) and managed all participant data using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nightmare disorder, as stated in the DSM-5, to facilitate accurate characterization of the disorder. Additionally, as part of the secondary aim the influence of gender on nightmare disorder status and psychological wellbeing as measured by psychological and sleep outcome variables was examined. Finally, comparisons of individuals with DSM-5-defined nightmare disorder to those without the disorder were conducted on previously examined correlates (e.g., trauma symptoms, depression).

Dreaming is a complex, multimodal and sequentially organized model of the waking world (Metzinger, 2003). Nightmares are a category of dreams involving threatening scenarios, anxiety and other negative emotions (Hartmann, 1998; Nielsen & Levin, 2007). Dreams and nightmares are explored in this present thesis in the light of psychology and modern cognitive neuroscience as to their nature, function and neural correlates. The three main dream theories and their leading investigations are reviewed to evaluate their evidence and overall explanatory power to account for the function of dreams and nightmares. Random Activation Theories (RATs) claim dreams are biological epiphenomena and by-products of sleep underlying mechanisms (Crick & Mitchison, 1983; Flanagan, 1995, 2000a, 2000b, Hobson & McCarley, 1997). Mood regulation theories consider that the psychological function of dreams is to regulate mood and help with the adaptation of individuals to their current environment such as solving daily concerns and recovery after trauma exposure (Hartmann, 1996; Levin, 1998; Stickgold, 2008; Kramer, 1991a, 1991b, 2014). Threat Simulation Theories of dreams present the evolutionary function for dreaming as a simulating off-line model of the world used to rehearse threatening events encountered in the human ancestral environment (Revonsuo, 2000a). With the threat-simulation system, threats were likely to be recognized and avoidance skills developed to guarantee reproductive success. TST consider nightmares to reflect the threat-simulation system fully activated (Revonsuo, 2000a). Supported by a robust body of evidence TST is concluded to be the most plausible theory at the moment to account as a theoretical explanation of dreams and nightmares

The possibility that a positive correlation between nightmare frequency and hypnotic susceptibility reported by Belicki and Belicki (1986) was an artifact of administering a sleep questionnaire in the context of a hypnosis experiment was tested in the present study. Measures of vividness and absorption were also administered. Forty subjects, twenty of whom were told that the measures were related to hypnotic responding, completed the questionnaires immediately prior to hypnosis. Twenty other subjects, who completed the questionnaires in contexts unrelated to hypnosis, were later hypnotized. The hypothesis that context of administration of the questionnaires influenced the relationship between the measures and hypnotic susceptibility was not supported. Replication using a larger sample was recommended.

No description available.

Have You Ever Had Broken Heart? is a collection of essays that interrogate memory, loss, and grief through the intersection of personal narrative, films, the actress Frances Farmer, and woman saints and mystics from the twelfth through seventeenth centuries who were punished for daring to speak to G-d. The essays engage with autotheory and include a myriad of forms, such as segmented, one sentence, and hybrid works. The films discussed range from the philosophical, such as Ingmar Bergman's Winter Light (1963), to Graeme Clifford's biopic, Frances (1982), to catechize the grief of the persona losing her mother and sister to a hit and run car wreck in June 2022. The persona traverses the realm of the mystics and saints, including Marguerite Porete, Sor Juana Inez De La Cruz, and Joan of Arc, examining their respective quests to experience the unseen and often silent divine, while questioning her longing for G-d, and simultaneously believing G-d cannot exist. Yet, within this confusion, she finds herself immersed in memories which carry the presence of her mother's love.

INTRODUCTION: (Study A) Trauma-Related Nightmares (TRNs) are a core feature of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We explored linguistic and somatic-experience differences between self-reports of trauma and those of nightmares related to the trauma. (Study B) Neurotic personality features are associated with many psychological disorders, including PTSD. Based on this relationship, we explored whether neuroticism predicts the rate of nightmares and bad dreams as well as the number of replicative nightmares (TRNs similar or exactly like their traumatic experience), above and beyond PTSD severity. METHODS: (Study A) Seventeen participants with varying severity of PTSD symptoms reporting recurring TRNs (mean age 27.47 years, SD = 10.33, 14 females) recalled a traumatic experience and nightmares related to that trauma. Trauma reports were written by participants, while nightmare reports were transcribed from audio recordings made as they were recalled following nightmares. Following both types of reports, participants indicated co-occurring somatic experiences by choosing from a list of 51 selections. Choices were later grouped into cardiovascular, respiratory, interoceptive, and tension categories. Linguistic content was measured using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program and positive emotion, negative emotion, and somatosensory category words were totaled. Since trauma reports had significantly higher word counts than TRNs (p=0.0495), LIWC categories were normalized for total word count. Total and symptom- cluster severities of PTSD were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests and Spearman Correlations were used for statistical analysis, as Shapiro-Wilk tests showed that data were non-normally distributed. (Study B) 126 participants who had experienced a traumatic event within the past two years were recruited (mean age 24.13 years, SD = 4.994, 69% female) and, for an average of 14.89 nights, completed a dream questionnaire on which occurrence of nightmares (causing awakening) and bad dreams were reported and ranked based on their similarity to their recent traumatic experience. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PCL-5 and personality features such as neuroticism were measured using the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R), a questionnaire based on the Five Factor Model of personality. The combined number of nightmares and bad dreams was divided by the total number of nights reported and expressed as a rate, while a replicative nightmare count was generated by summing “similar to traumatic experience” and “exactly like traumatic experience” ratings. Hierarchical regressions were used to determine whether neuroticism predicted the rate of nightmare and bad dreams as well as the number of replicative nightmares above and beyond PTSD severity. Pearson correlations were used to check for relationships between variables and possible collinearity. RESULTS: (Study A) There were significantly more somatic experiences of interoception (p=0.0084) and tension (p=0.024) in trauma vs nightmare reports. The intrusion cluster of the PCL-5 was associated with cardiovascular (rho=0.592, p=0.0156) and respiratory (rho=0.619, p=0.0109) experiences in trauma reports, and interoception (rho=0.718, p=0.0033) and tension (rho=0.556, p=0.0224) experiences in nightmare reports. (Study B) In two hierarchical regression models, neuroticism predicted neither nightmare and bad dream rate nor number of replicative nightmares over and above total or PTSD symptom cluster severity (p=0.596; p=0.886). Collinearity checks did demonstrate a moderate positive relationship between these variables (r=0.317, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: (Study A) More somatic experiences of interoception and tension were recalled from traumas than TRNs. Because the brain is deafferented from sensory input during dreaming, we expected, but did not find, state differences in other somatic experiences. Word categories in narratives also did not show state differences. Only the intrusion symptoms of PTSD predicted bodily sensations in trauma as well as TRN reports. (Study B) We found that neuroticism did not predict either nightmare and bad dream rate or the number of replicative nightmares above and beyond PTSD severity, when taking demographic factors into account. The positive correlation between PTSD and neuroticism could explain this lack of significance. SUPPORT: R21MH128619

Ce mémoire vise à démontrer de quelle manière les procédés spéculaires présents dans deux films du réalisateur américain Wes Craven, A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) et Wes Craven 's New Nightmare (1994), révèlent et transgressent les conventions génériques du fantastique, de l'horreur et du slasher film. À ce jour, le travail réflexif de Craven demeure peu étudié par la critique. Bien que plusieurs travaux consacrés aux fictions d'épouvante se soient penchés sur l'oeuvre de ce cinéaste, rares sont ceux qui mentionnent l'importance du motif spéculaire. Or, l'apport de Craven s'étend au-delà de la simple réutilisation des codes de l'horreur; le réalisateur bouleverse les conventions du genre. Par le biais de l'onirisme, le film A Nightmare on Elm Street exploite la qualité réflexive du dispositif cinématographique. Le processus « fictionnalisant » du rêve imitant celui du cinéma, le film propose, au moyen des cauchemars de ses personnages, une réflexion sur la nature des images présentées à l'écran. Ce premier film se trouve enchâssé dans un second, Wes Craven's New Nightmare, dans lequel Craven brise les cadres convenus de la fiction d'horreur et démultiplie les univers diégétiques. Le réalisateur y opère un fantastique horrifiant qui rend explicitement compte de la dichotomie illusion/réalité inhérente au genre, ainsi que de l'incontournable question des frontières et de leur inquiétante perméabilité. Par le truchement de ses diverses manifestations spéculaires, Wes Craven 's New Nightmare met en scène les thèmes chers au cinéma d'épouvante, mais propose en outre une critique iconoclaste de ce genre cinématographique. Notre analyse se base principalement sur une hypothèse énoncée dans l'ouvrage fondateur Le récit spéculaire. Essai sur la mise en abyme, de Lucien Dallenbach, selon laquelle la mise en abyme constitue un code herméneutique à petite échelle permettant l'interprétation de l'oeuvre qui la contient. Nous proposons une étude des divers jeux de miroir -tant esthétiques que narratifs -imbriqués dans ces films, afin d'expliquer de quelle manière ceux-ci déterminent une relecture des codes du cinéma d'horreur, mais également comment ils confrontent le spectateur à sa propre image. Ultimement, nous cherchons à prouver que la mise en abyme, par ses qualités frontalières, constitue une figure fantastique significative ainsi qu'un outil puissant pour la création d'effets horrifiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : A Nightmare on Elm Street, Wes Craven's new nightmare, Wes Craven, Cinéma, Horreur, Spécularité, Mise en abyme.

Cette thèse cherche à éclairer les représentations textuelles du « cauchemar », non pas considéré comme un mauvais rêve, mais comme un démon d'origine médiévale. Selon les sources, cet esprit envahit la nuit la chambre de ses victimes. Ensuite, il s'installe sur elles et oppresse leurs poitrines, en provoquant la paralysie, l'étouffement et même la mort des personnes endormies. Cet acte est un motif typique des traditions folkloriques européennes. Dans la tradition gréco-romaine, l' ephialtès et l' incubus semblent agir de la même manière. Notre étude se focalise sur les textes du Moyen Âge, où une abondance de textes divers (ecclésiastiques, littéraires et médicaux) témoigne d'une affinité entre les actions du cauchemar et celles d'un ensemble d'êtres fantastiques, comme les revenants, les elfes, les nains et les sorcières. A la lumière de ces premières constatations, cette étude examine les textes médiévaux en relation avec les traditions antiques, ainsi que les traditions qui apparaissent plus tardivement en Europe. La thèse contient trois parties: dans la première, elle met en évidence un démon -archétypique, qui révèle un substrat étymologique et descriptif commun dans les différents extraits étudiés. Sa relation avec le genius loci, dont le caractère est double, bienveillant et malveillant à la fois, a un intérêt particulier. Les sources dressent le portrait d'un cauchemar qui n'est pas seulement un être démoniaque. En effet, il s'agit également d'un être qui apporte des richesses dans la demeure et à ses habitants. Dans la deuxième partie, la relation du cauchemar avec certaines divinités nocturnes de nature dualiste est démontrée, ainsi que son lien avec les Douze Jours de Noël. Finalement, dans la troisième partie, la thèse étudie un lien général qui apparaît entre le cauchemar, la sorcellerie, le cheval, le carnaval et surtout le Double et les traditions extatiques - chamaniques européennes, afin de signaler en dernier lieu de quelle manière cette entité peut combiner des caractères multiples et différents. / The present Phd Thesis sets to shed light on the topic of the “nightmare”, considered not as a bad dream as it is commonly conceptualized, but instead as a demon of medieval origin. This spirit, said to intrude a room during the night hours, usually sits and exercises pressure on the chest of the alleged victim. This particular act, causing paralysis, drowning, and at times even death to the asleep, is a constant and common narrative motive in the folk stories of Europe. In the Greco-Roman tradition, the “ephialtes” and the “incubus” seem to function in a similar fashion. During the Middle Ages (the period which this study focuses on), an abundance of texts -ecclesiastical, literary, and even medical- suggests a close connection between the nightmare's actions and various super-natural beings, such as revenants, fairies, witches, elves, and dwarves. Drawing from this evidence, this study seeks to examine these texts' relation to the traditions of antiquity, along with the relevant traditions arising later across Europe. The Phd thesis is divided into three main sub-sections: the first part focuses on the relation between different variations of the appearance of an archetypal demon, as revealed by common etymological origins and similar actions. Furthermore, descriptions of the nightmare as a genius loci of two-fold nature, both benevolent and malevolent, are explored. Along with its depiction as a demonic being, the nightmare, is frequently presented as an entity offering treasures to the household and its inhabitants. The second part brings to the forefront nightmare's relation to certain nocturnal deities of dual nature, as well as to the holy season of the Twelve Days of Christmas. During the third and last part of the thesis, I scrutinize the relationship between the nightmare and the horse, the carnival, the witchcraft, and particularly the doppelgänger and the ecstatic-shamanistic practices of Europe.

In this essay the aim is to examine what an analysis of records of the Swedish phenomenon called the “mara” or nightmare can tell us about gender relations in the nineteenth century Swedish peasant society. From Snorre Sturlasson to studies done in the present day I go through records and the people who has written them for answers to my questions. I use the methods sex/gender and Michel Foucault’s perspective of power and my main material I study is records from DAG.With this essay I take you through methods, and descriptions of the “mara”. I also take a closer look on the people who has written down what the people thought and their believes about the “mara” during the nineteenth century. I also take a closer look on the books that has been followed by the recorders.

In this essay, the author analyzes the Gothic of Christina Rossetti in such poems as A Coast Nightmare, Shut Out, but also the well-known Goblin Market and the Prince's Progress. Interested in what the imagery of these poems convey, and intent on declaring Rossetti as a prominent example of Gothic poets, the author makes a strong case for the including of Rossetti among the great Gothics.