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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Adsorção de compostos nitrogenados utilizando carvão ativado / Adsorption of nitrogen compounds using activated carbon

Ferreira, Maria Eugênia de Oliveira 22 June 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-27T18:43:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Eugênia de Oliveira Ferreira - 2017.pdf: 2295850 bytes, checksum: 937ef23483ab6e46d51253d73c4e2ef2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-30T14:07:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Eugênia de Oliveira Ferreira - 2017.pdf: 2295850 bytes, checksum: 937ef23483ab6e46d51253d73c4e2ef2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T14:07:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Eugênia de Oliveira Ferreira - 2017.pdf: 2295850 bytes, checksum: 937ef23483ab6e46d51253d73c4e2ef2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Heavy petroleum fractions, especially the vacuum residue, concentrate the largest amounts of nitrogen compounds. Such compounds are considered contaminants of the refining process, and interfere in the conversion steps to obtain lighter derivatives from the heavy fractions. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the removal of nitrogen compounds by adsorption process. Quinoline solution solubilized in toluene was used as a synthetic filler. Commercial activated carbons from coconut shell of babaçu and dendê in their original form and chemically modified with concentrated solutions of nitric and sulfuric acid, as well as sulfonated carbon developed from the rice husk, were evaluated for the adsorption capacity against compounds nitrogen residues present in the vacuum residue and synthetic charge. The textural characteristics of the adsorbents were also evaluated, in which it was observed that the modification with acid reduces the specific area of the activated carbons, but it promotes an increase in the removal of quinoline from the medium. From the preliminary batch adsorption test, the activated carbon from dendê treated with sulfuric acid (CDAS) was able to remove 67.08% of the quinoline present in the solution and was selected for kinetic and equilibrium study. The adsorption kinetics of quinoline were relatively fast for the three concentrations studied (500, 2000, 5000 mg L-1), reaching equilibrium after 240, 120 and 60 minutes of contact, respectively. The kinetic data for the three systems fit the pseudo-second order model better. The equilibrium data were better adjusted to the Freundlich model, revealing the physisorption character of adsorptive process. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained by Langmuir model was 56.63 mg g-1. The results show that CDAS is a promising adsorbent for the removal of quinoline in organic medium. In relation to the vacuum residue sample, batch adsorption tests were conducted in such a way to ascertain the efficiency in class N removal. The results of Mass Spectrometry, ESI (±) Orbitrap MS, showed that the adsorbents CBB and CBAN were more selective in the removal of the non-basic nitrogen compounds, while the basic nitrogenous ones were more persistent and were not removed by any of the adsorbents tested. / As frações pesadas do petróleo, especialmente o resíduo de vácuo, concentram as maiores quantidades de compostos nitrogenados. Tais compostos são considerados contaminantes do processo de refino, e interferem nas etapas de conversão para obtenção de derivados mais leves a partir das frações pesadas. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar a remoção de compostos nitrogenados por meio do processo de adsorção. Solução de quinolina solubilizada em tolueno foi utilizada como carga sintética. Carvões ativados comerciais de casca de coco de babaçu e de dendê, em suas formas original e modificados quimicamente com soluções concentradas de ácido nítrico e sulfúrico, além de carvão sulfonado desenvolvido a partir da casca de arroz, foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de adsorção frente a compostos nitrogenados presentes na carga sintética e no resíduo de vácuo (resíduo da última etapa de destilação do petróleo). As características texturais dos adsorventes também foram avaliadas, e foi observado que a modificação com ácido reduziu a área específica dos carvões, no entanto promoveu o aumento da remoção de quinolina do meio. A partir do teste preliminar de adsorção em batelada, o emprego do carvão ativado da casca de dendê tratado com ácido sulfúrico (CDAS) resultou na remoção de 67,08% da quinolina presente na solução e foi selecionado para estudo cinético e de equilíbrio. A cinética de adsorção da quinolina revelou um processo relativamente rápido para as três concentrações estudadas (500, 2000, 5000 mg L-1), atingindo o equilíbrio após 240, 120 e 60 minutos de contato, respectivamente. Os dados cinéticos, para os três sistemas, foram ajustados com sucesso ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. Os dados de equilíbrio foram melhor ajustados ao modelo de Freundlich, revelando o caráter de fisissorção do processo adsortivo. A capacidade de adsorção máxima, obtida segundo modelo de Langmuir foi de 56,63 mg g-1. Os resultados mostram que o CDAS é um adsorvente promissor para a remoção de quinolina em meio orgânico. Em relação à amostra de resíduo de vácuo, ensaios de adsorção em batelada foram conduzidos de tal forma a averiguar a eficiência na remoção da classe N. Os resultados de Espectrometria de Massas, ESI (±) Orbitrap MS, mostraram que os adsorventes CBB e CBAN foram mais seletivos na remoção dos compostos nitrogenados não-básicos, enquanto os nitrogenados básicos mostraram-se mais persistentes, não sendo removidos por nenhum dos adsorventes testados.
122

Estudo da pirólise lenta da casca da castanha de caju / A study of slow pyrolysis of cashew nut shell

MOREIRA, RENATA 08 April 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T12:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T12:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A casca da castanha de caju (CCC), um resíduo agrícola da produção de castanha, proveniente da região nordeste do Brasil foi caracterizada e submetida ao processo de pirólise lenta. As propriedades do bio-carrvão, do bio-óleo e dos gases produzidos foram investigados e potenciais aplicações foram propostas. A CCC foi caracterizada pela seguintes técnicas: análise elementar CHNS, umidade total, conteúdo de cinzas, matérias voláteis, poder calorífico superior e por análise termogravimétrica. A análise termogravimétrica sob fluxo de nitrogênio mostrou que a decomposição é dominada pela degradação da hemicelulose e celulose na faixa de 250 a 350oC e pela decomposição da lignina na faixa de 400 a 500oC. Na presença de ar, o perfil de degradação é semelhante, porém observa-se uma maior degradação da lignina. A pirólise lenta da casca da castanha de caju foi realizada em um reator tipo batelada aquecido por chama ar-GLP sob diferentes fluxos (mL min-1) de nitrogênio ou ar. O sólido obtido (bio-carvão), líquido (fase aquosa + bio-óleo) e a fase gás foram quantificados e caracterizados por diferentes técnicas. Os experimentos realizados sob fluxo de nitrogênio apresentaram um rendimento de cerca de 30, 40 e 30% em massa paras as fases sólido, líquida e gás, respectivamente. Sob fluxo de ar ocorreu uma diminuição no rendimento da fase líquida, principalmente na produção de bio-óleo, e um aumento da fase gás. Os bio-carvões produzidos apresentaram elevados teores de carbono, na faixa de 70-75% em massa, poder calorífico na faixa de 25 a 28 MJ kg-1, características de carbono amorfo, sem morfologias definidas e ausência de poros. Os espectros FTIR de bio-óleos produzidos sob fluxo de nitrogênio apresentaram um aumento da intensidade relativa das bandas cerca de 1700 cm-1 (ν C=O) e 1230 cm-1 (ν C-O) em comparação com os produzidos sob fluxo de ar, o que sugere a presença de grandes quantidades de compostos oxigenados de carbono, como aldeídos, cetonas e ácidos carboxílicos. As análises das fases gás mostraram a predominância de CO2 e CO a temperaturas inferiores a 400ºC e a formação preferencial de H2 acima desta temperatura. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
123

Efeito do \'shot peening\' sobre a nitretação de peças de ferro produzidas por metalurgia do pó / The effect of shot peening on the gas nitriding of iron components produced by powder metallurgy

Leonardo Calicchio 02 July 2009 (has links)
Atualmente, quando se tem a necessidade de nitretar peças produzidas pela metalurgia do pó, usa-se a nitretação a plasma. Apesar de ser um processo de alto custo, com diversas dificuldades operacionais e de ajuste de processo, a nitretação a plasma é o único processo viável para nitretar esses materiais por ter uma ação apenas superficial, não apresentando ação nitretante no interior dos poros. Nos processos de nitretação a gás e banho de sais, o meio nitretante penetra na porosidade (interconectada) dos materiais sinterizados, havendo assim a formação de camada branca em uma grande profundidade da peça (ou mesmo na peça toda), gerando problemas de deformação e fragilização do componente. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a aplicação do processo shot peening em peças sinterizadas com a finalidade de fechar a porosidade superficial das peças e estudar seu comportamento sob o processo de nitretação a gás. O estudo verifica que o material sinterizado submetido à nitretação gasosa permitiu a entrada do meio nitretante pelos poros abertos e interconectados promovendo a formação de camada branca no interior dos poros de praticamente todo o volume da peça. Essa camada branca no interior do material fragiliza o componente e inviabiliza sua utilização como componente em praticamente qualquer aplicação industrial. As peças sinterizadas jateadas com granalhas de aço antes da nitretação também permitiram o acesso do meio nitretante no interior do componente, porém, sem potencial suficiente para a formação de camada branca. As amostras jateadas apresentaram apenas agulhas de nitretos formados durante a nitretação. / Plasma nitriding is the process used to nitriding components produced by powder metallurgy. Although its high coast and operational difficulties, this is the best process for this kind of materials because the nitring occurs only in the surface. In gas and liquid nitriding processes the nitriding atmosphere goes through interconnected porous and the white layer forms not only on the surface but around internal porous resulting in embrittlement and deformation of the component. The aim of this work was evaluate the gas nitriding behavior of iron samples as received and previously submitted to shot peening process in order to close superficial porosities in a gas nitriding process. The results have shown that during gas nitriding the samples as received, did not present white layer at the surface but around the porous in the bulk of the sample. This fact suggested that the gaseous atmosphere goes through interconnected porous. This white layer causes the embrittlement of the component and its use in industrial application is not recommended. Otherwise, samples previously submitted to shot peening process before nitriding showed an external white layer but also permitted the access of nitriding atmosphere to the bulk of the sample, but in this case the nitriding potential was not sufficient to form white layer around internal porous.
124

Estimation of selected nitrogen compounds, nickel and phosphates in foodstuffs by continuous flow systems

Makhafola, Makhapa Abia 22 February 2006 (has links)
Flow injection analysis offers distinct advantages in reproducibility, flexibility, sample throughput and cost performance. Since it was introduced in 1975, there are more than 10 000 publications to date. The present study focuses on the development of process analysers for the determination of nitrogen compounds (namely, nitrate, nitrite and protein), nickel, and phosphate in various combination in samples originating from various fields, such as foodstuffs, water, and fertilisers. Nitrite is potentially unstable; it decomposes with time under acidic medium with an increase in decomposition rate as the concentration of acid increases. Raman spectroscopy was employed as a means of determining the rate of decomposition of nitrite in solutions at various pH values. A simple method for the determination of nitrite in foodstuffs by flow injection analysis (FIA) is described. The foodstuffs containing nitrite are digested in a microwave oven and then treated with 1 moℓ/Q NH4CI solution at pH 9. The simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in foodstuffs and water was also studied. Cadmium (coarse powder) was used to reduce nitrate to nitrite. The effect of pH, length of reductor column, and various types of cadmium reductor on the yield of nitrite are investigated. The flow injection method was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of nickel in cured meat. Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) in acetate buffer at pH 6.4 nickel forms a red complex which is measured at 475 nm. The effects of chemical and physical parameters in flow injection analysis were studied. A new bienzymatic amperometric sensor is proposed for the assay of proteins in milk. The sensor is based on two enzymes, namely, carboxypeptidases A and L-amino acid oxidase. The use of flow injection analysis and Raman spectroscopy for the determination of phosphate in foodstuffs and fertilisers, is also compared in this study. / Thesis (PhD (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted
125

Relação entre longevidade foliar, nitrogenio e compostos secundarios em folhas de leguminosas arboreas

Lima, Ana Lucia da Silva 04 July 2005 (has links)
Orientadores: Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato, Claudia Baptista Haddad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AnaLuciadaSilva_D.pdf: 355483 bytes, checksum: 9ce9e116731fc53ab23c70ac20c5cf48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A duração do ciclo de vida foliar determina características distintas nas folhas, que são relevantes para a sobrevivência da planta em diferentes habitats. Tem sido verificado que as espécies perenifólias apresentam mecanismos mais eficientes de conservação de nitrogênio (N) em relação às espécies decíduas. Esses mecanismos são: eficiência de reaproveitamento de nitrogênio (ERN), proficiência de reaproveitamento de nitrogênio (PRN) e eficiência do uso de nitrogênio (EUN). Segundo um dos paradigmas da ecologia vegetal, as espécies crescendo em ambientes oligotróficos têm maior eficiência de reaproveitamento de nutrientes em relação a espécies características de ambientes eutróficos. A PRN em espécies adaptadas a solos poço férteis é maior do que a de espécies de solos mais férteis. Plantas com longo ciclo de vida foliar possuem maior EUN do que plantas com folhas menos longevas e esta eficiência aumenta com o decréscimo da concentração de nutriente no solo. Espécies perenifólias apresentam maior longevidade foliar do que as decíduas e maior concentração de fenóis. Por outro lado, a concentração de taninos costuma ser maior nas folhas de espécies decíduas. É visto também que as espécies com folhas mais longevas possuem menor concentração de N total, menor concentração de compostos nitrogenados e maior massa foliar específica (MFE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se as observações encontradas na literatura, comparando espécies perenifólias e decíduas, aplicam-se também às espécies semidecíduas (Hymenaea courbaril - sem FSN e Lonchocarpus guilleminianus ¿ com FSN) e decíduas (Enterolobium contortisiliquum ¿ com FSN e Peltophorum dubium - sem FSN) encontrada em uma Mata Estacional Semidecídua remanescente da Mata Atlântica. As plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em vasos contendo solo de local onde as espécies são encontradas na mata, enriquecido ou não com N. Plantas de H. courbaril e P. dubium também foram cultivadas em areia. Houve decréscimo na concentração de clorofila total com o avanço da idade foliar nas quatro espécies. As ERN, PRN e EUN decresceram com o aumento da concentração de N no solo. Espécies com FSN apresentaram menor ERN, PRN e EUN em relação às espécies sem FSN. Plantas cultivadas em areia tiveram maiores ERN, PRN e EUN. Os resultados mostraram uma relação inversa entre os parâmetros de ERN, PRN, EUN e presença de FSN e fertilidade do solo. Os resultados obtidos corroboram os da literatura, já que as espécies com folhas mais longevas apresentaram concentrações maiores de fenóis e maior MFE, menores de taninos, nitrato, proteínas, aminoácidos, clorofila e N total / Abstract: Depending on the leaf life span, the leaves show distinct characteristics, which are relevant to the survival of the plant in different habitats. It has been noticed that the evergreen species show more efficient mechanisms of Nitrogen (N) conservation. These mechanisms are related to N Resorption Efficiency (NRE), N Resorption Proficiency (NRP) and N Use Efficiency (NUE). According to one of the paradigms of plant ecology, species growing in oligotrophic environments are more efficient in nutrient resorption than species from eutrophic environments. It is well known that the NRP in species adapted to soils which are not very fertile, is higher than in species of fertile soils. Plants with long leaf life span have higher NUE than plants with shorter leaf life span and the NUE increases with the decrease of nutrient in the soil. Since the evergreen species present longer leaf life span than the deciduous, their leaves present higher concentration of phenolic compound. On the other hand, the concentration of tannins is usually higher in leaves of deciduous species. It is also known that the long leaf life species have lower concentration of nitrogen compounds and higher Specific Leaf Mass (SLM). The objective of this study was to verify if the observations found in literature, comparing evergreen species to deciduous species, are also applied to the semi deciduous species (Hymenaea courbaril - without SNF and Lonchocarpus guilleminianus ¿ with SNF) and deciduous species, (Enterolobium contortisiliquum ¿ with SNF and Peltophorum dubium - without SNF) of a semi deciduous tropical forest, remnant of the Atlantic Forest. The plants were grown in a greenhouse; in pots filled with soil from their natural environment, enriched or not with N. Plants of H. courbaril and P. dubium were also grown in sand. The results obtained confirm the observations cited in the literature, since the species with longer leaf life span presented higher SLM and concentrations of phenolic compounds, lower concentrations of tannins, nitrate, total proteins, total free amino acids, chlorophyll total), total N. There was a fall in the concentration of total chlorophyll with the advance of leaf age in the four species. The NRE, NRP and NUE decreased with the increase of N concentration in the soil. Species with SNF presented lower NRE, NRP and NUE if compared to species without SNF / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
126

Organiska kväveföreningars påverkan på vätebehandlingsanläggningens prestanda / Effect of Organic Nitrogen Compounds on Hydrotreater Performance

BIN HANNAN, KHALID January 2014 (has links)
Various distillates are treated with hydrogen gas during hydrotreatment in the presence of catalyst in order to reduce the sulfur and aromatic content of the product. Optimal hydrotreater performance is essential for producing Nynas specialty oils, in order to fulfill the planned production volume and to meet the product specification. Loss of catalyst activity is inevitable during the production. To adjust for the impact of catalyst deactivation, different process variables are manipulated. Different distillates affect the catalyst in different ways due to the variation in distillate composition. Distillates with higher organic nitrogen content and running at a lower temperature tend to deactivate the catalyst more due to the adsorption of nitrogen compounds on the active sites of the catalyst and their slow nature of desorption. In this master thesis, different catalyst deactivation mechanisms with a focus on nitrogen deactivation have been studied. Since nitrogen is not normally measured at Nynas, nitrogen content of different distillates and products and how these values change during operation was not known. Different distillates, blend of distillates and different products were measured to estimate roughly the typical nitrogen value of the distillates and products. The temperature data inside the reactors were analyzed to calculate and plot WABT (weighted average bed temperature) during different product runs and to see whether there is a correlation between the nitrogen content of the feed and operation severity (increase in WABT). Historical process data from hydrotreater unit 2 (mostly from 2013-2014) were analyzed with a view to finding out signs of catalyst deactivation. Similar product runs were also analyzed and compared to see how the catalysts performed at different periods of time. A kinetic model, based on HDS kinetics, has been used for following up two product runs. To do so, sulfur content of the feed and product were measured. Aromatic content of the product was also measured to see whether the product was on specification. .From the calculation and plotting of WABTs, it could be seen that there is an increase in WABT during the product runs operating at lower temperatures and with higher nitrogen content. From the comparison of two P3 product runs at two different time periods, it could be seen that ∆T development over one bed (amount of reaction over the bed) was much lower at one time. This can possibly be a sign of catalyst deactivation since it contributed to lesser amount of reaction over the bed. From the calculations by using the kinetic model, it could be seen that the actual temperatures were higher than the predicted temperatures. The increase in WABTs could also be noticed. These observations can possibly be coupled with nitrogen deactivation of the catalysts.  However, more tests are required to verify whether the temperature differences were significant or not. Other parameters which are also important from product selling point of view such as viscosity, color, flash point, acid number etc. and have not been covered in this degree project need to be taken into consideration before making further conclusions.
127

Chemistry of Complex High-Nitrogen Materials

Matthew Gettings (10692975) 07 May 2021 (has links)
<p><i>Chemistry of Complex High-Nitrogen Materials</i> begins with a brief background on a few high explosive materials and their applications, followed by synthesis routes and characterization methods of energetic materials. Several new complex high-nitrogen materials where synthesized and presented in the following chapters. These novel energetics include several nitrilimines, triazoles, tetrazoles, methyl sydnone imines, azasydnones, and an annulated heterocycle. Their energetic properties are discussed and compared with other well-known explosive materials.</p>
128

Consequences of polluted surface water : With an in-depth study of the watercourse Assi, upstream Varanasi, northern India

Sjöstedt, Hanna January 2017 (has links)
The study investigates and evaluates chemical parameters in handpumped water along Assi, a tributary to Ganga, south of Varanasi, northern India. Assi is polluted from raw sewage, landfill runoff and outlets from industries. To find out if the stream affects the groundwater in its basin, regression analysis of the easily moving ions, nitrite, nitrate and chloride were done during spring and autumn 2008. Significant trends were found for nitrate, most of them in the after monsoon period. No other chemical parameter gave significant trends. Metals as manganese and hexavalent chromium was measured in the spring period. Levels were higher closer to the stream. Significant trends when tested with regression analyses could not be found and the hexavalent chromium do not exceed guideline values in the handpumps measured. Interviews made clear that one quarter of the users of handpumped water have bad water quality during the monsoon period. The mean value of TDS in these pumps were higher than for the pumps that have good water quality and exceeds 500 mg/l. The mean value for turbidity was higher than 5 NTU in these pumps and in pumped water with good quality lower than 5 NTU. High levels of turbidity did not seem to affect the experience of having a good water. Pumps with higher TDS-values shows higher risk for polluted surface runoff together with risk for a broken construction that can allow seepage into the pumped water. Assi gives a severe contribution of raw sewage to Ganga upstream the bathing area in Varanasi and the pollution in the stream seams to affect the groundwater in its basin.
129

Estudos eletroquímicos envolvendo diferente complexos de amin-rutênio e o ligante NO. Desenvolvimento de eletrodo modificado para análise de óxido nítrico / Electrochemical studies involving different amin-ruthenium complexes and NO ligand. Development of modified electrode for nitric oxide analysis

Mori, Vânia 19 May 2003 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos eletroquímicos com complexos de rutênio do tipo trans-[Ru(NH3)4L1L2]n+, aos quais se coordenam ligantes apropriados visando à modelagem de estruturas capazes de atuar como \"captadoras\" de NO. A síntese e caracterização desses complexos foram feitas pelo grupo de pesquisa do Professor Dr. Douglas Wagner Franco, IQSC-USP. Estes complexos foram adequadamente imobilizados em eletrodos e microeletrodos de ouro com filme de óxido de molibdênio. Com isso, foi desenvolvido um sensor eletroquímico para NO em solução aquosa de tampão fosfato, simulando o pH fisiológico (pH &#732;7,4). Os eletrodos modificados foram empregados na quantificação de NO em amostras de albumina bovina com peroxidonitrito na presença de tempo, verificando-se a produção de NO nesse meio. Essas amostras foram fornecidas pela Professora Dra Ohara Augusto, IQ-USP São Paulo. Os estudos referentes os complexos de rutênio visaram principalmente à determinação da velocidade de liberação do NO desses complexos, através do mecanismo EC. Para isso, utilizaram-se duas técnicas eletroquímicas, cronoamperometria de duplo degrau de potencial e voltametria com eletrodo rotativo de disco-anel. Além dos complexos coordenados com o ligante NO foram estudados complexos coordenados com o ligante sulfato. Os resultados obtidos pelas duas técnicas eletroquímicas foram concordantes, e estavam de acordo com o esperado, mediante aos estudos prévios realizados pelo grupo do Professor Dr. Douglas Wagner Franco. As constantes de velocidades encontradas situaram-se - na faixa de 10 a 10-3 s-1. Essas variações estão relacionadas com as propriedades químicas de cada ligante. Outro estudo eletroquímico realizado com a molécula de óxido nítrico em solução de tampão fosfato (pH &#732;7,4) foi feito no intuito de determinar a concentração exata de uma solução saturada de NO. Para isso, utilizou-se a técnica de cronamperometria, com eletrodo de trabalho um microeletrodo de platina de raio igual a 25 &#181;m. A concentração da solução saturada de NO, foi de (2,1 &#177; 0,3) mmolL-1. Os resultados da concentração foram confirmados pelo método clássico titulação volumétrica, no qual obteve-se o valor da concentração de (1,95 &#177; 0,02) mmolL-1. Esses resultados estão de acordo com resultados descritos na literatura. / The trans-[Ru(NH3)4NOL]3+ (L = 4-NH2py, Him, L-hist, 4-pic, py, 4-Clpy, nia, isn, 4-CNpy and pz) complexes were eletrochemically investigated by using double potencial step chronoamperometry and rotating ring-disc electrode voltammetry. Values for the rate of NO substitution by water molecule ranged from 0.02 s-1 (4-pic) to 0.34 s-1 (pz) at 25ºC. Gold surfaces were modified with an electrochemically deposited layer of non-stoichiometric molybdenum oxides. At these surfaces, trans-[Ru(III)(NH3)4(4pic)SO4]+ complex was incorporated in a controlled way by cycling consecutively the potential in the range +0.50 to -0.25 V at pH &#732; 3. Very reproducible voltammetric curves corresponding to the electrochemical process of the ruthenium complex were obtained, confirming the immobilisation of the material into the molybdenum oxide film. The anodic oxidation of nitric oxide at physiological pH &#732;7.4 in phosphate buffer was investigated at the modified electrode containing the molybdenum oxide + trans-[Ru(III)(NH3)4(4pic)SO4]+ complex and an enhancement in the current response was observed compared to the signal at a bare electrode. The rate for NO electrochemical oxidation was dependent on the amount of catalytic ruthenium sites dispersed into the molybdenum oxide film, suggesting the participation of the metallic ion in an out-sphere mechanism. A linear relationship between current signals measured by square wave voltammetry and NO concentration was obtained in the 0 to 10 &#181;M range. The applicability of the modified electrode as a sensor for real-time NO monitoring was also demonstrated.
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Síntese de sais de piridínio novos catalisadores de transferência de fase / Synthesis of pyridinium salts - new catalysts phase transfer

Lucchese, Angélica Maria 29 September 1997 (has links)
Neste trabalho foi preparada uma série de sais de piridínio, com subsequente investigação da sua atividade catalítica e indução assimétrica em reações de adição de Michael e alquilações de metilenas ativas. Os sais de piridínio foram preparados pela reação de tetrafluorborato de 2,4,6-trifenilpirílio e 2,4,6-trimetilpirílio com aminas, aminoálcoois e/ou aminoácidos. As reações em que se efetuou o teste catalítico destes sais foram: a) adição de cianoacetato de etila, N-acetamidomalonato de dietila e nitrometano à chalcona e de tiofenol à 2-ciclohexenona; b) alquilação de cianoacetato de etila e de fenilcianoacetato de etila com cloreto de benzila. Os sais de piridínio testados atuaram como catalisadores nas alquilações de metilenas ativas e nas adições de Michael, com exceção da reação de N-acetamidomalonato de dietila com chalcona. No que tange à eficiência como indutores de assimetria, foram feitas reações comparativas entre os sais de piridínio quirais, o brometo de N-benzil-N-metilefedrínio ou o cloreto de N-benzilquinínio, sendo que os catalisadores por nós sintetizados se mostraram menos eficientes. A conformação preferencial de três sais de piridínio, em que a cadeia alquílica ligada ao átomo de nitrogênio possue um substituinte aromático, foi determinada através de experimentos de NOE-diff. Para dois destes sais há evidências da formação de complexos de transferência de carga intramolecular. A atividade catalítica e a indução assimétrica destes três catalisadores foi interpretada com base no estudo conformacional acima mencionado. / In the presente work, a series of pyridinium salts was prepared and their catalytic activity evaluated, as well as their ability to induce asymmetry in Michael additions and alkylation of organic carbon acids. Such pyridinium salts were prepared by reacting 2,4,6-triphenyl or 2,4,6-trimethylpyrilium tetrafluoroborates with amines, &#945;-aminoalcohols or &#945;-aminoacids. The catalytic activity of the prepared salts was evaluated in the folIowing PTC reactions: a) Michael addition of ethylcyanoacetate, diethyl N-acetamidomalonate or nitromethane to chalcone and of thiophenol to 2-cyclohexenone; b) alkylation of ethylcyanoacetate or ethyl phenylcyanoacetate, using benzyl chloride as eletrophile. In alI cases, except 1,4-addition of diethyl N-acetamidomalonate to chalcone, the prepared pyridinium salts displayed catalytic activity although with inferior asymmetric induction efficiency as compared to the classicalIy used efedrinium and quininium salts. The preferencial conformation of three pyridinium salts bearing aromatic rings in the nitrogen substituent aliphatic chain was determined by NOE diff experiments. In two cases some evidences for charge transfer was provided by uv measurements. The catalytic result and the asymmetric induction were interpreted on the basis of the well accepted substrate/catalyst interaction model and conformational analysis data.

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