Dans le but de progresser dans la compréhension des fonctionnements carboné et azoté des arbres, ce travail a consisté à étudier les effets de l’âge sur les dynamiques saisonnières ainsi que sur les quantités des réserves carbonées et azotées de l’arbre.Cette étude a été réalisée in situ chez une chronoséquence composée de trois classes d’âge de chênes sessiles (8, 20 et 150 ans). La dynamique saisonnière des concentrations en composés carbonés et azotés de réserve a été étudiée durant une année chez les jeunes branches et les racines moyennes et fines, en ciblant les points d’échantillonnage sur des dates phénologiques et de croissance clés de l’arbre. La quantification des réserves a été permise grâce à l’estimation des biomasses vivantes des différents organes de l’arbre. L’étude des effets de l’âge sur les quantités des réserves carbonées et azotées et leur répartition au sein de la biomasse a été réalisée à l’échelle de l’arbre dominant et à l’échelle du peuplement.Avec l’âge, la dynamique saisonnière de formation des réserves carbonées est modifiée. Les jeunes arbres allouent préférentiellement le C à la croissance, le stockage n’ayant lieu qu’à la fin de la croissance du bois. Chez les arbres matures, la croissance et le stockage se font conjointement au cours de la saison de végétation. La dynamique saisonnière des réserves azotées n’est globalement pas différente entre les trois classes d’âge : le minimum des réserves est observé en été et le maximum après le jaunissement. Les arbres matures ont des concentrations en acides aminés plus importantes que les deux autres classes d’âge, ce qui pourrait être relié à une plus grande biomasse de racines fines et un plus fort taux de mycorhization au stade mature, permettant une meilleure exploration du sol et une meilleure nutrition minérale.Les quantités de réserves carbonées et azotées de l’arbre dominant et du peuplement augmentent avec l’âge. La répartition des réserves dépend principalement de celle de la biomasse vivante entre les différents organes. Le tronc stocke ainsi la majorité des composés carbonés et azotés non structuraux de l’arbre et du peuplement, quel que soit l’âge. Toutefois, les concentrations en composés de réserve ont un effet non négligeable sur la localisation des réserves au sein de l’arbre car la répartition des réserves carbonées et azotées peut être différente de celle des biomasses vivantes. Par cette étude, nous mettons en évidence que l’allocation des composés carbonés non structuraux au stockage dans les grosses racines et les branches augmente progressivement avec l’âge de l’arbre.Les résultats de cette étude permettent ainsi de montrer une évolution dans la gestion du C et de l’N avec l’âge de l’arbre. / In order to progress in the comprehension of tree carbon and nitrogen functioning, this work studies tree age effects on seasonal changes and quantities of carbon and nitrogen reserves.This study was performed in situ in a chronosequence of three different ages of sessile oaks (8, 20 and 150 years old). Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nitrogen compound concentrations was studied for one year in young branches and fine and medium roots, at key phenological and growth stages. The reserve quantification was possible thanks to the estimation of the living biomass of the tree different organs. The study of age effects on carbon and nitrogen reserve quantities and their distribution within the tree biomass was realized at the dominant tree scale and the stand scale.Seasonal dynamics of carbon reserve formation changes with ageing. Young trees allocate preferentially C to growth; C storage begins only after the end of wood growth. In mature trees, growth and storage occur at the same time during the vegetative period. Seasonal dynamics of nitrogen reserves is overall not different between the three age classes: the minimum nitrogen reserve is observed in summer and the maximum one after yellowing. Mature trees have higher amino acid concentrations, which could be explained by a higher fine root biomass and a higher mycorrhization rate at mature stage, allowing a better soil exploration and mineral nutrient.Carbon and nitrogen reserve quantities of the dominant tree and stand increase within age. Reserve distribution mainly depends on the living biomass distribution between the different organs. Stem stocks the majority of tree and stand carbon and nitrogen reserves for the three age classes. However carbon and nitrogen compound concentrations have an important effect on the reserve localization in tree because carbon and nitrogen reserve distribution can be different from the living biomass one. With this study, we show that carbon compound allocation to storage in coarse roots and branches increase progressively with tree age.The results of this study highlight an evolution in C and N management with tree age.

La fonctionnalisation tardive de molécules (Late stage functionalization – LSF) offre l’opportunité d’explorer l’espace chimique plus efficacement, en particulier en considérant les liaisons C-H aromatiques comme des points potentiels de diversification pour générer de nouveaux analogues directement en une seule étape au lieu de faire une synthèse totale dite de novo. La fonctionnalisation directe de composés élaborés peut en particulier se faire en utilisant la technologie superacide comme démontré par les nombreux travaux du professeur Jacquesy. L’un des meilleurs exemples de cette stratégie est certainement la transformation directe de la vinorelbine (Navelbine®) par fluoration en conditions superacides pour conduire à son analogue difluoré (Vinflunine), commercialisé par les laboratoires Pierre Fabre comme agent anticancéreux Javlor®. C’est dans ce contexte que ce travail de thèse a porté sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de fonctionnalisation directe de composés aromatiques azotés.Il s’agissait effectivement de développer de nouveaux outils de synthèse en conditions superacides afin :1. d’hydroxyler directement des composés aromatiques par voie électrophile;2. d’halogéner des composés aromatiques azotés allant d’anilines simples à des composés élaborés naturels ou de synthèse;3. d’appliquer ces méthodes à la synthèse de molécules marquées par des isotopes stables. / Late-stage functionalization can now be considered as a synthetic tool of choice to create molecular diversity, especially in a medicinal chemistry context. For example, aromatic C-H bonds can be regarded as functional groups and points of potential diversification to generate new analogs of a lead structure without resorting to de novo synthesis.The direct functionalization of elaborated compounds can also be done using superacid chemistry as demonstrated by the previous work of professor Jacquesy. One of the best examples of this strategy is certainly the direct transformation of vinorelbine (Navelbine®) by fluorination in superacid conditions to lead to its difluorinated analogue (Vinflunine), marketed by Pierre Fabre laboratories as an anticancer agent Javlor®.In this context, these studies focused on the development of new methods for the direct functionalization of aromatic nitrogen containing compounds.In particular, this work aimed at developing new synthetic tools in superacid for:1. the direct hydroxylation of aromatic compounds;2. the halogenation of aromatic nitrogen compounds from simple anilines to naturally occurring or synthetic compounds;3. the synthesis of labelled compounds with stable isotopes.

Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog Panevėžio rajono vandenviečių tiekiamas vanduo dažniausiai neatitinka bendrosios geležies, mangano nustatytų ribinių verčių. Vandens kokybė pagal analizuojamas vertes yra geresnė stambiose vandenvietėse (Ramygala, Naujamiestis). Ištirtų šulinių vanduo daugiausiai neatitinka nustatytų mikrobiologinių, toksinių rodiklių ir didžiausia vandens tarša išsiskyrė Smilgių, Paįstrio seniūnijų šulinių vanduo. Vyresnio amžiaus gyventojai, turintys žemesnį išsilavinimą, gaunantys mažesnes pajamas yra mažiau patenkinti vartojamo vandens kokybe. Kuo aukštesnės respondentų pajamos, tuo daugiau besinaudojančių centralizuotai tiekiamu vandeniu, žinančių, kad už geriamojo vandens kokybę atsakingi tiek vandens tiekėjai, tiek vartotojai, kad esant netenkinamai vandens kokybei reikia kreiptis į VMVT. Dauguma Panevėžio rajono gyventojų nepakanka informacijos apie šulinių geriamojo vandens priežiūrą, gerinimo galimybes, žinių, kas gali bloginti šulinio vandens kokybę, apie sanitarinių apsaugos zonų svarbą. Kuo aukštesnis respondentų išsilavinimas, mėnesinės pajamos, jaunesnis amžius, tuo didesnis skaičius žmonių turi vietinę kanalizaciją, nuotekas šalina centralizuotai, dažniau prižiūri šulinius, tiria juose esantį vandenį. Specialistai dirbantys Panevėžio rajono šulinių geriamojo vandens kokybės klausimais pagrindines prastos šulinių vandens kokybės priežastis nurodė netinkamą jų priežiūrą, neteisingai parinktą eksploatavimo vietą, sanitarines apsaugos zonas. Pagrindinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During the study it has been established that the water supplied from the Panevėžys Region water stations does not meet the threshold values for general iron and manganese. As far as the parameters taken into consideration the water quality supplied from larger water works (Ramygala, Naujamiestis) proved to be higher. The water from the wells tested in most cases does not meet the prescribed microbiological and toxical limits. The water from wells in Smilgiai, Paįstrys elderates proved to be the most polluted. Senior people with lower educational background and lower income are less satisfied with the drinking water quality. The higher the income of the respondents the more of them are using drinking water supplied from the centralized systems and they know that both the suppliers and users of water are responsible for its quality, and that in case of unsatisfactory quality they have to apply to the State Veterinary and Food Service. Most of the residents of the Panevėžys Region lack information about the water wells maintenance, methods of their improvement, factors that might worsen water quality, and about importance of sanitary zones. The higher is educational background level, monthly income, and younger age of the people the bigger is the number of them running local waste water treatment systems or disposing effluent water through centralized sewer, maintaining water wells, ordering analysis of water in them. The specialists working in the Panevėžys Region on wells... [to full text]

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T14:38:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RUCILANA PATRÍCIA BEZERRA CABRAL - TESE (PPGEP) 2008.pdf: 6571244 bytes, checksum: d2b524bd924cc294214a4507138e3b56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T14:38:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUCILANA PATRÍCIA BEZERRA CABRAL - TESE (PPGEP) 2008.pdf: 6571244 bytes, checksum: d2b524bd924cc294214a4507138e3b56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-06 / Devido ao aumento na produção de óleo pesado, a indústria do refino voltou-se para os processos de hidrocraqueamento (HCC) que fornecem combustíveis básicos e leves atendendo as exigências da sociedade moderna. O processo HCC é realizado, geralmente, sob temperaturas e pressões elevadas na presença do hidrogênio e de um catalisador de hidrocraqueamento. As cargas de petróleo brasileiras inevitavelmente contêm muitas impurezas, como os compostos orgânicos nitrogenados. Estes compostos de nitrogênio presentes nas cargas de hidrocraqueamento atuam como venenos temporários dos catalisadores, resultando numa diminuição de atividade destes catalisadores. Normalmente, os catalisadores de HCC compreendem de um suporte ácido mais um componente hidrogenante selecionado do Grupo VIB e do grupo VIII da Tabela periódica dos Elementos, na forma de óxido ou sulfeto. Zeólita Beta e SAPO-5 foram propostos para serem usados como suportes ácidos. A respeito do componente hidrogenante, a combinação de metais usados, expressada como óxidos, foi NiO-MoO3. Uma série de catalisadores NiMo suportados em Zeólita Beta e SAPO-5, de diferentes composições, foram preparados por impregnação seqüencial úmida dos materiais utilizando soluções aquosas precursoras de Ni(NO3)2.6H2O e (NH4)6 Mo7O24. 4H2O. Os suportes e catalisadores foram analisados pelas técnicas: Difração de raios-X (DRX), Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica de Plasma Acoplado Induzido (ICPAES), Adsorção Física de N2 pelo método BET, Redução com Temperatura Programada (RTP), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho de piridina adsorvida (IV), Espectroscopia de Refletância Difusa (DRS) e Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Os catalisadores NiMo sulfetados foram avaliados usando um reator tubular de fluxo contínuo, no hidrocraqueamento do cumeno na presença e ausência de piridina. Foi verificado que os catalisadores suportados em zeólita Beta promoveram maiores conversões que os suportados em SAPO-5, principalmente o que usou zeólita Beta (Si/Al=8,2) com 4%NiO e 15%MoO3. A presença da piridina foi prejudicial à performance de todos os catalisadores, inclusive para os padrões cedidos pelo CENPES. / Due to the increasing of the heavier crude oil feedstocks production, the oil refining industry has turned to hydrocracking (HCK) processes to provide the lighter basic fuels which modern society demands. The HCK process is generally carried out under high temperatures and pressures in the presence of the hydrogen and a HCK catalyst. The feedstocks of the Brazilian crudes inevitably contain many impurities, such as organic nitrogen compounds. These nitrogen compounds present in the feeds of hydrocracking process act as, temporary poisons to the catalysts, thereby decreasing the catalyst activity. Usually, hydrocracking catalysts comprise of an acidic support plus a hydrogenating component selected from the Group VIB metals and Group VIII metals of the Periodic Table of the Elements, in their oxide or sulfide form. Beta zeolite and SAPO-5 are proposed as acidic support materials for hydrocracking. Regarding the hydrogenation component the combination of the metals used in the form of oxides, was NiO-MoO3. A series of NiMo catalysts supported on Beta zeolite and SAPO-5, of different compositions, were prepared by sequential incipient wetness impregnation of the materials with aqueous solutions of Ni(NO3)2 . 6H2O and (NH4)6 Mo7O24.4H2O. The supports and catalysts were analyzed by several techniques such as: X-ray diffraction (XRD), plasma-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), N2 physical adsorption by BET method, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine (IR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The sulfide NiMo catalysts were evaluated using a continuous-flow tubular reactor by the cumene hydrocracking in the presence and absence of pyridine. It was verified that the NiMo catalysts based on Beta zeolite produced the highest cumene conversion than those based on SAPO-5, particularly the one with Beta zeolite (Si/Al=8,2) containing 4%NiO and 15%MoO3. The presence of nitrogen as pyridine was detrimental for the performance of all catalysts, including the standards one, supplied for the CENPES.

Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos eletroquímicos com complexos de rutênio do tipo trans-[Ru(NH3)4L1L2]n+, aos quais se coordenam ligantes apropriados visando à modelagem de estruturas capazes de atuar como \"captadoras\" de NO. A síntese e caracterização desses complexos foram feitas pelo grupo de pesquisa do Professor Dr. Douglas Wagner Franco, IQSC-USP. Estes complexos foram adequadamente imobilizados em eletrodos e microeletrodos de ouro com filme de óxido de molibdênio. Com isso, foi desenvolvido um sensor eletroquímico para NO em solução aquosa de tampão fosfato, simulando o pH fisiológico (pH ˜7,4). Os eletrodos modificados foram empregados na quantificação de NO em amostras de albumina bovina com peroxidonitrito na presença de tempo, verificando-se a produção de NO nesse meio. Essas amostras foram fornecidas pela Professora Dra Ohara Augusto, IQ-USP São Paulo. Os estudos referentes os complexos de rutênio visaram principalmente à determinação da velocidade de liberação do NO desses complexos, através do mecanismo EC. Para isso, utilizaram-se duas técnicas eletroquímicas, cronoamperometria de duplo degrau de potencial e voltametria com eletrodo rotativo de disco-anel. Além dos complexos coordenados com o ligante NO foram estudados complexos coordenados com o ligante sulfato. Os resultados obtidos pelas duas técnicas eletroquímicas foram concordantes, e estavam de acordo com o esperado, mediante aos estudos prévios realizados pelo grupo do Professor Dr. Douglas Wagner Franco. As constantes de velocidades encontradas situaram-se - na faixa de 10 a 10-3 s-1. Essas variações estão relacionadas com as propriedades químicas de cada ligante. Outro estudo eletroquímico realizado com a molécula de óxido nítrico em solução de tampão fosfato (pH ˜7,4) foi feito no intuito de determinar a concentração exata de uma solução saturada de NO. Para isso, utilizou-se a técnica de cronamperometria, com eletrodo de trabalho um microeletrodo de platina de raio igual a 25 µm. A concentração da solução saturada de NO, foi de (2,1 ± 0,3) mmolL-1. Os resultados da concentração foram confirmados pelo método clássico titulação volumétrica, no qual obteve-se o valor da concentração de (1,95 ± 0,02) mmolL-1. Esses resultados estão de acordo com resultados descritos na literatura. / The trans-[Ru(NH3)4NOL]3+ (L = 4-NH2py, Him, L-hist, 4-pic, py, 4-Clpy, nia, isn, 4-CNpy and pz) complexes were eletrochemically investigated by using double potencial step chronoamperometry and rotating ring-disc electrode voltammetry. Values for the rate of NO substitution by water molecule ranged from 0.02 s-1 (4-pic) to 0.34 s-1 (pz) at 25ºC. Gold surfaces were modified with an electrochemically deposited layer of non-stoichiometric molybdenum oxides. At these surfaces, trans-[Ru(III)(NH3)4(4pic)SO4]+ complex was incorporated in a controlled way by cycling consecutively the potential in the range +0.50 to -0.25 V at pH ˜ 3. Very reproducible voltammetric curves corresponding to the electrochemical process of the ruthenium complex were obtained, confirming the immobilisation of the material into the molybdenum oxide film. The anodic oxidation of nitric oxide at physiological pH ˜7.4 in phosphate buffer was investigated at the modified electrode containing the molybdenum oxide + trans-[Ru(III)(NH3)4(4pic)SO4]+ complex and an enhancement in the current response was observed compared to the signal at a bare electrode. The rate for NO electrochemical oxidation was dependent on the amount of catalytic ruthenium sites dispersed into the molybdenum oxide film, suggesting the participation of the metallic ion in an out-sphere mechanism. A linear relationship between current signals measured by square wave voltammetry and NO concentration was obtained in the 0 to 10 µM range. The applicability of the modified electrode as a sensor for real-time NO monitoring was also demonstrated.

Neste trabalho foi preparada uma série de sais de piridínio, com subsequente investigação da sua atividade catalítica e indução assimétrica em reações de adição de Michael e alquilações de metilenas ativas. Os sais de piridínio foram preparados pela reação de tetrafluorborato de 2,4,6-trifenilpirílio e 2,4,6-trimetilpirílio com aminas, aminoálcoois e/ou aminoácidos. As reações em que se efetuou o teste catalítico destes sais foram: a) adição de cianoacetato de etila, N-acetamidomalonato de dietila e nitrometano à chalcona e de tiofenol à 2-ciclohexenona; b) alquilação de cianoacetato de etila e de fenilcianoacetato de etila com cloreto de benzila. Os sais de piridínio testados atuaram como catalisadores nas alquilações de metilenas ativas e nas adições de Michael, com exceção da reação de N-acetamidomalonato de dietila com chalcona. No que tange à eficiência como indutores de assimetria, foram feitas reações comparativas entre os sais de piridínio quirais, o brometo de N-benzil-N-metilefedrínio ou o cloreto de N-benzilquinínio, sendo que os catalisadores por nós sintetizados se mostraram menos eficientes. A conformação preferencial de três sais de piridínio, em que a cadeia alquílica ligada ao átomo de nitrogênio possue um substituinte aromático, foi determinada através de experimentos de NOE-diff. Para dois destes sais há evidências da formação de complexos de transferência de carga intramolecular. A atividade catalítica e a indução assimétrica destes três catalisadores foi interpretada com base no estudo conformacional acima mencionado. / In the presente work, a series of pyridinium salts was prepared and their catalytic activity evaluated, as well as their ability to induce asymmetry in Michael additions and alkylation of organic carbon acids. Such pyridinium salts were prepared by reacting 2,4,6-triphenyl or 2,4,6-trimethylpyrilium tetrafluoroborates with amines, α-aminoalcohols or α-aminoacids. The catalytic activity of the prepared salts was evaluated in the folIowing PTC reactions: a) Michael addition of ethylcyanoacetate, diethyl N-acetamidomalonate or nitromethane to chalcone and of thiophenol to 2-cyclohexenone; b) alkylation of ethylcyanoacetate or ethyl phenylcyanoacetate, using benzyl chloride as eletrophile. In alI cases, except 1,4-addition of diethyl N-acetamidomalonate to chalcone, the prepared pyridinium salts displayed catalytic activity although with inferior asymmetric induction efficiency as compared to the classicalIy used efedrinium and quininium salts. The preferencial conformation of three pyridinium salts bearing aromatic rings in the nitrogen substituent aliphatic chain was determined by NOE diff experiments. In two cases some evidences for charge transfer was provided by uv measurements. The catalytic result and the asymmetric induction were interpreted on the basis of the well accepted substrate/catalyst interaction model and conformational analysis data.

A series of 1,3,2,4,5-dithiadiazarsoles with the general formula RAs(S₂N₂) (R = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph and Mes) have been prepared and characterised by multinuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The X-ray structures of PhAs(S₂N₂) and MesAs(S₂N₂) were determined. The low temperature X-ray structures of the half-sandwich 5,1,3,2,4-metalladithiadiazoles Cp*M(S₂N₂) (M = Co, Ir) were determined and Cp*Rh(S₂N₂) was prepared. All three metalladithiadiazoles were characterised by multinuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The X-ray structures of complexes [Cp*RhCp*]Cl,[Cp*Rh(μ-S₃N₂)(μ-S₂O₃)RhCp*] and Cp*Ir[S₂N₂(IrCl₂Cp*)] obtained during this work were determined. The low temperature X-ray structure of Roesky's sulfoxide (S₃N₂O) is presented together with assignments of its vibrational spectra as suggested by theoretical calculations. The experimental structures of the metalladithiadiazoles and that of Roesky's sulfoxide are compared with calculated geometries. A limited amount of simple experiments have been carried out with selected title compounds to get an insight into their reactivity.

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Il est plus que nécessaire aujourd'hui d'apporter de nouvelles avancées dans le domaine des traitements anti-cancéreux. Il est également bien établi que dans la famille des produits bioactifs d'origine naturelle, les composés azotés sont largement représentés et ce dans la plupart des classes thérapeutiques. Aussi, ces travaux se sont concentrés sur l'obtention de composés azotés bioactifs d'origine naturelle en ciblant des produits cytotoxiques. Ce travail est divisé en trois parties. Tout d'abord, nous avons choisi d'étudier les souches bactériennes associées aux lichens. En effet, le réseau symbiotique complexe que représente le lichen est d'un grand intérêt pour l'identification de nouvelles souches bactériennes avec des potentiels de production de composés d'intérêt et notamment d'un point de vue biotechnologique. Dans un premier temps, un travail d'optimisation des conditions de culture d'une souche d'Actinobactérie, Nocardia sp, isolée à partir d'un lichen, Collema auriforme, a été réalisé dans le but de favoriser la production de composés cytotoxiques. Dans un second temps, l'étude bactériochimique de cette souche a permis l'isolement de 13 composés azotés, dont deux dicétopipérazines bromées qui sont nouvellement décrites ainsi que des dérivés puriques et pyrimidiques. Enfin, un travail de ciblage des composés actifs, par réseaux moléculaires et analyses multivariées de données de spectrométrie de masse, a mis en évidence des molécules potentiellement responsables de l'activité. La seconde partie de ce travail apporte des éléments de réponse sur la nature de la relation bactérie-lichen en observant les effets de certains composés lichéniques sur la croissance et le métabolisme bactériens ainsi qu'en étudiant le potentiel de biotransformation de trois bactéries associées aux lichens (une Firmicutes, une beta-protéobactérie et une Actinobactérie). Les souches sélectionnées ont toutes montré des capacités de biotransformation des composés lichéniques testés (notamment acide usnique et méthyl-beta-orcinolcarboxylate). Enfin, la troisième partie de ce travail décrit une nouvelle méthode d'obtention de composés azotés bioactifs d'origine naturelle par la voie synthétique. Ainsi, une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de la bgugaine, la coniine et la tylophorine a été étudiée et a permis d'obtenir la N-Boc-2-heptylpyrrolidine, démontrant la possibilité de synthétiser des alcaloïdes de type pyrrolidine et d'envisager la synthèse des cibles sélectionnées. / New advances in anti-cancer therapeutic are today more than necessary. It is also well establish that amongst bioactive natural compounds, nitrogen compounds are widely represented and that, in all therapeutic classes. Thus, these works are focused on obtaining bioactive nitrogen compounds from natural sources targeting cytotoxic products. This work is divided in three parts. First of all, we chose to study bacterial strains associated with lichen. Indeed, lichens are a complex symbiotic network of great interest for the discovery of new bacterial strains. Especially for strains with a great biotechnological potential particularly in the production of compounds of interest. At first, culture conditions of an Actinobacteria, Nocardia sp, isolated from a lichen, Collema auriforme, were optimised in order to produce cytotoxic compounds. Secondly, the study of the secondary metabolites patterns of this strain allows the isolation of 13 nitrogen compounds, including 2 brominated diketopiperazines which are newly described, along with purine and pyrimidine derivatives. Finally, a targeting work of bioactive compounds was realised by establishing molecular networking and multivariate analysis of mass spectrometry data, highlighting molecules potentially responsible for activity. The second part of this work bring some answers about the nature of the relationship between bacteria and lichen, by observing effect of some lichen compounds on bacterial growth and metabolism as well as studying the biotransformation potential of three lichen-associated bacteria (a Firmicutes, an beta-proteobacteria and an Actinobacteria). All selected strains showed ability for the biotransformation of tested lichen compounds (usnic acid and methyl-beta-orcinolcarboxylate). Finally, the third part of this work describes a new method for obtaining bioactive nitrogen compounds by a synthetic way. Thus, a novel synthesis method of bgugaine, coniine and tylophorine was studied and led to N-Boc-2-heptylpyrrolidine, showing the possibility to synthesize pyrrolidine alkaloids and to consider the synthesis of selected targets.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T21:37:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Géssica Adriana Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2159448 bytes, checksum: a3e5f1ad74eff4a8b0472438d2a2bbf0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T21:39:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Géssica Adriana Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2159448 bytes, checksum: a3e5f1ad74eff4a8b0472438d2a2bbf0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T21:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Géssica Adriana Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2159448 bytes, checksum: a3e5f1ad74eff4a8b0472438d2a2bbf0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Outro / Petroleomics by FT-ICR MS was able to characterize petroleum and its derivatives at molecular level. The most used ionization source on the analysis of these compounds is electrospray. However, species that are more basic or more acidic suppress the ionization of other compounds with less strength. This disadvantage consists of, especially in positive mode, only detecting compounds with higher pKa values preventing the mass spectrometer from reading less basic species that is also present in the sample. In view of this, the development of new methods whose purpose is to minimize these effects is essential. An alternative is to use fast techniques of extraction and separation followed by analysis by FT-ICR MS. This study pursued two goals: first, to perform an extraction of vacuum residue into basic and neutral nitrogen compounds using different methods, and second, to fractionate the basic nitrogen compounds present in RV according to their mass/ratio. Three methods were tested to achieve the first objective: solvent extraction (LLE), column chromatography (LC), and solid phase extraction (SPE). The results showed that LLE was the less selective technique among all three studied procedures. SPE and LC showed similar results, and they allowed to partially separate the basic nitrogen compounds from neutral species. To accomplish the second goal, a fractionation using SPE was applied to the vacuum residue sample. This procedure permitted to detect compounds that apparently were not present in the untreated sample as a consequence of a reduction on ion suppression effect. Electrospray ionization and high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were employed on the analysis of each sample. / A petroleômica por FT-ICR MS foi capaz de caracterizar o petróleo e seus diferentes derivados a nível molecular. A fonte de ionização mais utilizada na análise destes compostos é o electrospray. Componentes mais básicos e mais ácidos, entretanto, suprimem a ionização de outras espécies com menor força. A grande desvantagem deste fato consiste, especialmente no modo positivo, detectar somente os compostos com elevado pKa impedindo a leitura das espécies menos básicas presentes na mesma amostra. À vista disso, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de novos métodos que tenham por finalidade minimizar estes efeitos. Uma alternativa é fazer o uso de técnicas rápidas de extração e separação seguida pelas análises por FT- ICR MS. Desta forma, este estudo teve dois objetivos principais: primeiro, realizar uma extração dos compostos nitrogenados de resíduo de vácuo em suas frações básica e neutra utilizando diferentes métodos e, segundo realizar um fracionamento dos compostos nitrogenados básicos presentes em RV de acordo com a sua massa. Para se alcançar o primeiro objetivo, três métodos foram testados: Extração líquido-líquido (LLE), cromatografia em coluna clássica (LC) e extração em fase sólida (SPE). Os resultados mostraram que o LLE foi a menos seletiva dentre os três procedimentos estudados. SPE e LC apresentaram resultados semelhantes e foi possível separar parcialmente os compostos básicos das espécies neutras. Para alcançar o segundo objetivo, um fracionamento utilizando extração em fase sólida foi empregado na amostra de resíduo de vácuo. Este procedimento permitiu detectar compostos que aparentemente não estavam presentes na amostra não tratada como consequência da redução do efeito de supressão iônica. A ionização por electrospray e por espectrometria de massa de alta resolução (FT-ICR MS) foram utilizados na análise de cada amostra.