Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: David A. Barlow, Dept. of Health, Nutrition, & Exercise Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 254-261).

Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-81). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Σκοπός της παρούσης εργασίας είναι να παρουσιάσει τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά, ηλεκτρικά και μαγνητικά πεδία που δέχεται ο άνθρωπος στην καθημερινότητά του, είτε αυτά παράγονται από φυσικές πηγές όπως είναι ο ήλιος, είτε από τεχνητές πηγές όπως είναι οι ηλεκτρικές συσκευές, η κινητή τηλεφωνία, το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο κ.ά. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται οι τρόποι υπολογισμού της έκθεσης του ανθρώπου στα πεδία αυτά και τα πιθανά προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην υγεία του ανθρώπου εξαιτίας της έκθεσης. / Nowadays, human is continually exposed to electromagnetic fields, which are produced by nature or artificial sources which has discovered himself. However, the issue that troubles people is whether their health is affected by these fields or not. In this question have been trying to get answers the scientists, international and governmental organizations by carrying out measurements and scientific researches in order to define the impacts of electromagnetic fields on human’s health and determine the exposition limits to these fields. The target of this work is to present the electromagnetic, electric and magnetic fields which human receives in his daily routine, whether are produced by natural sources like sun or artificial sources like household appliances, mobile phones, electricity etc. Furthermore, are being displayed ways of estimation of human’s exposure to these fields and probable repercussions in human’s health owing to this exposure. In chapter two, there is an extensive reference to basic rudiments of fields and their main sources. In addition, are being defined typical magnitudes which are used in specification of electromagnetic fields and human’s exposure to these. In chapter three, are displayed the basic facts of ionizing radiation and its impacts on human. It is mostly presented the main source of ionizing radiation which is ultraviolet radiation of sun and problems which are produced. In chapter four, there is an extensive reference to fields which are produced by household appliances used in people’s houses and how are affect their health. 7 In chapter five, are being presented the basic facts of conveyance and distribution main of Γ.Δ.Ζ and at the same time are defined the impacts which the fields produce when they are near inhabitable areas. In chapter six, are mentioned the problems which can cause mobile phones and generally mobile telephony network which exists in the country through the fields which they produce. In chapter seven, there is a reference to the several types of radar which are used and their results. Whereas, in the next chapter there is a reference to the use of electromagnetic fields in medicine and are being presented radiation doses which we receive through examinations and other problems which can cause. Furthermore, are being presented the exposure limits which take effect in our country and European Union and also the way of analysis of exposure to multiple sources. In chapter eleven, there is a reference to macroscopic and microscopic analysis of exposure to electromagnetic fields. In the last chapter, there are being presented the ways of measurement of human’s exposure to electromagnetic fields with frequency up to 300 GHz.

El objeto de esta tesis es la valoración del impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas en EEUU y el Convenio para evitar la doble imposición entre España y EEUU. Damos una visión global e interrelacionada de ambos temas, de tal manera que el estudio de la normativa fiscal norteamericana se efectúa desde la perspectiva del Convenio firmado con España para profundizar en aquellos aspectos que son de mayor relevancia para la aplicación e interpretación del Convenio, cuyo texto articulado exponemos y valoramos detalladamente con el objetivo de efectuar una valoración exhaustiva del marco jurídico convencional. Efectuamos una valoración crítica de aquellos aspectos de la normativa de tributación sobre la renta de las personas físicas en EEUU de mayor relevancia jurídica desde la perspectiva del Convenio firmado con España. En consecuencia, dedicamos una parte significativa de la valoración de dicha normativa al criterio de sujeción por nacionalidad, al régimen fiscal de expatriación, a la tributación de nacionales residentes en el extranjero, a la tributación de no residentes, y a las derogaciones (tax treaty overrides). En cuanto al Convenio para evitar la Doble Imposición, exponemos y valoramos cada uno de los artículos que conforman el texto del mismo, con la finalidad de ofrecer una valoración completa y exhaustiva del marco jurídico constituido por el texto refundido del Convenio de 1990 y el Protocolo de 2013. El propósito de este estudio es analizar las reformas introducidas en el Protocolo de 2013, comparar el texto refundido con el Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE, exponer la influencia que las particularidades propias del ordenamiento jurídico americano han tenido en la redacción del Convenio, valorar el tratamiento convencional de las diferentes rentas y la distribución de la potestad tributaria, identificar las áreas cuya regulación resulta incompleta y proponer recomendaciones a aquellos aspectos cuya regulación resulta deficiente. Nos centramos prioritariamente en la exposición y análisis de los artículos del Convenio que resultan de mayor interés jurídico y que presentan unas singularidades propias que justifican una valoración en profundidad: cláusula de salvaguarda, impuestos comprendidos, establecimiento permanente, dividendos, intereses, cánones, ganancias de capital, rendimientos del trabajo, eliminación de la doble imposición, limitación de beneficios, intercambio de información y acuerdos firmados en desarrollo de este principio.

The distinctive feature of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in the 21st century is the burden it places on women. Scientists believe that the best opportunities for successful interventions to prevent sexual HIV transmission lie in the initial stages of infection at the portal of entry, the genital tract (GT), which offers the greatest host advantages and viral vulnerabilities. However, understanding of the correlates of protection/vulnerability and innate immunity at the portal of entry is poor. First and foremost, there is no agreement about which GT sub-compartment is the primary site of HIV/SIV infection. Second, the epithelium, previously studied solely for its function as a barrier, has hardly been investigated for its role in innate immunity in the context of SIV/HIV infection. MIP-3α, a chemokine secreted by epithelial cells, was previously proposed to have a role in amplifying the early Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection events in the GT of female macaques. Specifically, MIP-3α was shown to be secreted by epithelial cells of the endocervix, accumulating subepithelially within the first 24 hours post exposure, following deposition of an intravaginal inoculum of SIV. Similar studies in humans have not been reported. We hence undertook to study MIP-3α for its role in early HIV infection events in the endocervix of humans. In order to achieve this, we first characterised MIP-3α constitutive secretion patterns in different sub-compartments of the GT before proceeding to determine its induced secretion patterns, stimulating with HIV-1 and various Toll-like receptor ligands. For completeness we determined constitutive and induced secretion patterns of multiple soluble proteins (SPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the endocervices of humans and macaques. The GT being an immunohormonal system, we further studied the influence of endogenous hormonal changes on the stability of MIP-3α and that of other innate immune markers. We quantified MIP-3α with a sandwich Elisa, and SPs and AMPs with the Luminex multiplex bead assay. Our results showed that the GT is a rich source of MIP-3α with its levels being among those of the highest SPs in the GT. Constitutive levels were highest in the endocervical sub-compartment of all the sub-compartments studied. Further, the GT is an inflammatory environment, which would explain the high levels of MIP-3α. The primary driver of MIP-3α levels appears to be inflammation rather than hormonal levels. MIP-3α levels are significantly higher in the GT of humans than in macaques. There was no evidence that MIP-3α levels are elevated on exposure to HIV and SIV in humans and macaques, respectively. We therefore concluded that since the endocervix is unlikely to respond to HIV/SIV by secreting MIP-3α in vivo, contrary to the previous reports, MIP-3α is hence not a key player in amplifying early events in infection. And as such, it should not be a prime target for preventive therapy. Further, the human GT having a pre-existing inflammatory profile may explain the high rates of HIV sexual transmission. Lastly, we concluded that the infection mechanisms described in the macaque model (i.e. the 'outside-in' signaling) are likely not required for human infection.

The experiments reported in this thesis were conducted to examine the effects of executive-control and associative-learning processes on performance in conventional executive-control paradigms. For this purpose, I developed comparative task-switching and response-inhibition paradigms, which were used to assess the performance of pigeons, whose behaviour is presumably based purely on associative processes, and of humans, whose behaviour may be guided by executive control and by associative processes. Pigeons were able to perform accurately in the comparative paradigms; hence, associative-learning processes are sufficient to account for successful performance. However, some task-specific effects that can be attributed to executive-control processes, and which were found in humans applying executive control, were absent or greatly reduced in pigeons. Those effects either reflect the mental operations that are performed to ensure that a specific set of stimulus-response-contingencies is applied and any contingencies belonging to a different set are suppressed, or reflect mental preparations for the possibility that the requirement to execute a certain response suddenly changes. In particular, in Chapter 3, it is shown that the benefits of repeatedly applying the same set of stimulus-response contingencies (or, in reverse, the costs of switching from one set to another) do not apply when Pavlovian processes dominate learning, which is likely the case for pigeons. Furthermore, as shown in Chapters 4 and 5, the behavioural effects of preparing for an unpredicted change in response requirements appeared to be absent when behaviour was based purely on associative processes. Instead, associatively mediated performance was primarily influenced by the stimulus-response contingencies that were effective in each paradigm. Repeating the same response in consecutive trials facilitated the performance of pigeons and associatively learning human participants in the task-switching paradigms, and performing a particular Go response increased the pigeons' likelihood of executing that response in the following trial in two response-inhibition paradigms. In summary, any behavioural effects that can be observed at the level of abstract task requirements reflect the influence of executive-control processes, both in task-switching paradigms and in response-inhibition paradigms.