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No description available.

Os Granitóides Arroio Divisa (GAD), localizados na região de Quitéria, porção leste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense, constituem um corpo alongado de direção NE-SW, com apro-ximadamente 30 km de extensão e 1 a 6 km de largura. Ao norte, são intrusivos em metatona-litos, metagranodioritos e gnaisses tonalíticos a dioríticos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos, de idade paleoproterozóica, e ao sul são intrudidos por granitos e riolitos neoproterozóicos. Os GAD são predominantemente granodioritos e granitos foliados, de textura equigranular média a grossa, contendo anfibólio e biotita, além de titanita, zircão e apatita como minerais acessó-rios. Rochas dioríticas a tonalíticas ocorrem na forma de enclaves microgranulares, emulsões e diques sinplutônicos, de contatos interdigitados e interlobados, característicos de mistura heterogênea de magmas. Nas proximidades dos termos dioríticos observa-se um aumento no teor de máficos dos granitóides. É também comum a ocorrência de xenólitos centimétricos a decamétricos de gnaisses e metatonalitos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos e hornblenda-biotita granodiorito correlacionado ao Granodiorito Cruzeiro do Sul. Nas proximidades das zonas de mistura e de xenólitos maiores, observa-se nos GAD o desenvolvimento de textura heterogra-nular a porfirítica em zonas de espessura métrica. A foliação magmática é marcada pela orien-tação dimensional de plagioclásio e biotita. Paralela à mesma, é frequente a ocorrência de foliação milonítica de intensidade variável, com movimento transcorrente sinistral. Estas es-truturas, de direção E-W e mergulho acentuado, sofrem inflexão para NE-SW em sua porção leste, causada pela atuação de uma zona de cataclase regional que favoreceu o posicionamen-to das intrusões graníticas tardias. Os GAD e rochas máficas associadas possuem característi-cas geoquímicas indicativas de afinidade toleítica médio a alto-K, incluindo também magmas produzidos por fusão crustal de gnaisses com granada, que além de gerar corpos graníticos, contaminou os magmas parentais dioríticos. A integração das interpretações estratigráficas, tectônicas e geoquímicas indica que este magmatismo constitui manifestação precoce do magmatismo pós-colisional neoproterozóico do sul do Brasil. / The ArroioDivisaGranitoids (ADG), situated in the Quitéria region, eastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield, conform an elongate, NE-SW oriented body about 30 km long and 1 to 6 km wide. They are intrusive in Paleoproterozoic metatonalites, metagranodiorites, and tonalit-ic to dioritic gneisses at the northern border, whilst in the south they are intruded by Neopro-terozoic granites and rhyolites. The ADG rocks are predominantly foliated granodiorites to granites, with medium- to coarse-grained equigranular textures, containing amphibole and biotite. Titanite, zircon, and apatite are accessory minerals. Dioritic to tonalitic rocks occur as mafic microgranular enclaves, emulsions, and synplutonic dikes, with interpenetrated and sinuous contacts, as usual for magma mingling products. Near the diorites, the mafic contents of the granitoids is increased. Centimeter- to meter-sized xenoliths of gneisses and metato-nalites from the Arroio dos Ratos Complex, and of horblende-biotite granodiorites correlated to the Cruzeiro do Sul Granodiorite are frequently observed. Where mingling and large xeno-liths are abundant, the ADG granodiorites change their texture to heterogranular and porphy-ritic, in meter-wide zones. Magmatic foliation is marked by the shape orientation of plagio-clase and biotite. Parallel to the magmatic foliation, a mylonitic one is developed with varia-ble intensity and sinistral transcurrent movement. The steeply-dipping, ENE-striking struc-tures are rotated towards NE strike at the eastern part of the body, where a regional cataclastic zone has controlled the emplacement of later intrusions. Quartz-mylonites and phylonites are found within the ADG along high-strain, low-temperature zones, sometimes hundred-meters wide. The ADG and associated mafic rocks show geochemical features that indicate their me-dium to high-K tholeiitic affinity, also including crustal magmas produced by partial melting of garnet-bearing gneissic protoliths. These crustal melts yielded granitic liquids that contam-inated the dioritic parental magmas of ADG. The integrated interpretation of stratigraphic, tectonic and geochemical evidences indicates that the ADG and associated mafic rocks have formed during the early period of Neoproterozoic post-collisional magmatism in southern-most Brazil.

Os Granitóides Arroio Divisa (GAD), localizados na região de Quitéria, porção leste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense, constituem um corpo alongado de direção NE-SW, com apro-ximadamente 30 km de extensão e 1 a 6 km de largura. Ao norte, são intrusivos em metatona-litos, metagranodioritos e gnaisses tonalíticos a dioríticos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos, de idade paleoproterozóica, e ao sul são intrudidos por granitos e riolitos neoproterozóicos. Os GAD são predominantemente granodioritos e granitos foliados, de textura equigranular média a grossa, contendo anfibólio e biotita, além de titanita, zircão e apatita como minerais acessó-rios. Rochas dioríticas a tonalíticas ocorrem na forma de enclaves microgranulares, emulsões e diques sinplutônicos, de contatos interdigitados e interlobados, característicos de mistura heterogênea de magmas. Nas proximidades dos termos dioríticos observa-se um aumento no teor de máficos dos granitóides. É também comum a ocorrência de xenólitos centimétricos a decamétricos de gnaisses e metatonalitos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos e hornblenda-biotita granodiorito correlacionado ao Granodiorito Cruzeiro do Sul. Nas proximidades das zonas de mistura e de xenólitos maiores, observa-se nos GAD o desenvolvimento de textura heterogra-nular a porfirítica em zonas de espessura métrica. A foliação magmática é marcada pela orien-tação dimensional de plagioclásio e biotita. Paralela à mesma, é frequente a ocorrência de foliação milonítica de intensidade variável, com movimento transcorrente sinistral. Estas es-truturas, de direção E-W e mergulho acentuado, sofrem inflexão para NE-SW em sua porção leste, causada pela atuação de uma zona de cataclase regional que favoreceu o posicionamen-to das intrusões graníticas tardias. Os GAD e rochas máficas associadas possuem característi-cas geoquímicas indicativas de afinidade toleítica médio a alto-K, incluindo também magmas produzidos por fusão crustal de gnaisses com granada, que além de gerar corpos graníticos, contaminou os magmas parentais dioríticos. A integração das interpretações estratigráficas, tectônicas e geoquímicas indica que este magmatismo constitui manifestação precoce do magmatismo pós-colisional neoproterozóico do sul do Brasil. / The ArroioDivisaGranitoids (ADG), situated in the Quitéria region, eastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield, conform an elongate, NE-SW oriented body about 30 km long and 1 to 6 km wide. They are intrusive in Paleoproterozoic metatonalites, metagranodiorites, and tonalit-ic to dioritic gneisses at the northern border, whilst in the south they are intruded by Neopro-terozoic granites and rhyolites. The ADG rocks are predominantly foliated granodiorites to granites, with medium- to coarse-grained equigranular textures, containing amphibole and biotite. Titanite, zircon, and apatite are accessory minerals. Dioritic to tonalitic rocks occur as mafic microgranular enclaves, emulsions, and synplutonic dikes, with interpenetrated and sinuous contacts, as usual for magma mingling products. Near the diorites, the mafic contents of the granitoids is increased. Centimeter- to meter-sized xenoliths of gneisses and metato-nalites from the Arroio dos Ratos Complex, and of horblende-biotite granodiorites correlated to the Cruzeiro do Sul Granodiorite are frequently observed. Where mingling and large xeno-liths are abundant, the ADG granodiorites change their texture to heterogranular and porphy-ritic, in meter-wide zones. Magmatic foliation is marked by the shape orientation of plagio-clase and biotite. Parallel to the magmatic foliation, a mylonitic one is developed with varia-ble intensity and sinistral transcurrent movement. The steeply-dipping, ENE-striking struc-tures are rotated towards NE strike at the eastern part of the body, where a regional cataclastic zone has controlled the emplacement of later intrusions. Quartz-mylonites and phylonites are found within the ADG along high-strain, low-temperature zones, sometimes hundred-meters wide. The ADG and associated mafic rocks show geochemical features that indicate their me-dium to high-K tholeiitic affinity, also including crustal magmas produced by partial melting of garnet-bearing gneissic protoliths. These crustal melts yielded granitic liquids that contam-inated the dioritic parental magmas of ADG. The integrated interpretation of stratigraphic, tectonic and geochemical evidences indicates that the ADG and associated mafic rocks have formed during the early period of Neoproterozoic post-collisional magmatism in southern-most Brazil.

Os Granitóides Arroio Divisa (GAD), localizados na região de Quitéria, porção leste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense, constituem um corpo alongado de direção NE-SW, com apro-ximadamente 30 km de extensão e 1 a 6 km de largura. Ao norte, são intrusivos em metatona-litos, metagranodioritos e gnaisses tonalíticos a dioríticos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos, de idade paleoproterozóica, e ao sul são intrudidos por granitos e riolitos neoproterozóicos. Os GAD são predominantemente granodioritos e granitos foliados, de textura equigranular média a grossa, contendo anfibólio e biotita, além de titanita, zircão e apatita como minerais acessó-rios. Rochas dioríticas a tonalíticas ocorrem na forma de enclaves microgranulares, emulsões e diques sinplutônicos, de contatos interdigitados e interlobados, característicos de mistura heterogênea de magmas. Nas proximidades dos termos dioríticos observa-se um aumento no teor de máficos dos granitóides. É também comum a ocorrência de xenólitos centimétricos a decamétricos de gnaisses e metatonalitos do Complexo Arroio dos Ratos e hornblenda-biotita granodiorito correlacionado ao Granodiorito Cruzeiro do Sul. Nas proximidades das zonas de mistura e de xenólitos maiores, observa-se nos GAD o desenvolvimento de textura heterogra-nular a porfirítica em zonas de espessura métrica. A foliação magmática é marcada pela orien-tação dimensional de plagioclásio e biotita. Paralela à mesma, é frequente a ocorrência de foliação milonítica de intensidade variável, com movimento transcorrente sinistral. Estas es-truturas, de direção E-W e mergulho acentuado, sofrem inflexão para NE-SW em sua porção leste, causada pela atuação de uma zona de cataclase regional que favoreceu o posicionamen-to das intrusões graníticas tardias. Os GAD e rochas máficas associadas possuem característi-cas geoquímicas indicativas de afinidade toleítica médio a alto-K, incluindo também magmas produzidos por fusão crustal de gnaisses com granada, que além de gerar corpos graníticos, contaminou os magmas parentais dioríticos. A integração das interpretações estratigráficas, tectônicas e geoquímicas indica que este magmatismo constitui manifestação precoce do magmatismo pós-colisional neoproterozóico do sul do Brasil. / The ArroioDivisaGranitoids (ADG), situated in the Quitéria region, eastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield, conform an elongate, NE-SW oriented body about 30 km long and 1 to 6 km wide. They are intrusive in Paleoproterozoic metatonalites, metagranodiorites, and tonalit-ic to dioritic gneisses at the northern border, whilst in the south they are intruded by Neopro-terozoic granites and rhyolites. The ADG rocks are predominantly foliated granodiorites to granites, with medium- to coarse-grained equigranular textures, containing amphibole and biotite. Titanite, zircon, and apatite are accessory minerals. Dioritic to tonalitic rocks occur as mafic microgranular enclaves, emulsions, and synplutonic dikes, with interpenetrated and sinuous contacts, as usual for magma mingling products. Near the diorites, the mafic contents of the granitoids is increased. Centimeter- to meter-sized xenoliths of gneisses and metato-nalites from the Arroio dos Ratos Complex, and of horblende-biotite granodiorites correlated to the Cruzeiro do Sul Granodiorite are frequently observed. Where mingling and large xeno-liths are abundant, the ADG granodiorites change their texture to heterogranular and porphy-ritic, in meter-wide zones. Magmatic foliation is marked by the shape orientation of plagio-clase and biotite. Parallel to the magmatic foliation, a mylonitic one is developed with varia-ble intensity and sinistral transcurrent movement. The steeply-dipping, ENE-striking struc-tures are rotated towards NE strike at the eastern part of the body, where a regional cataclastic zone has controlled the emplacement of later intrusions. Quartz-mylonites and phylonites are found within the ADG along high-strain, low-temperature zones, sometimes hundred-meters wide. The ADG and associated mafic rocks show geochemical features that indicate their me-dium to high-K tholeiitic affinity, also including crustal magmas produced by partial melting of garnet-bearing gneissic protoliths. These crustal melts yielded granitic liquids that contam-inated the dioritic parental magmas of ADG. The integrated interpretation of stratigraphic, tectonic and geochemical evidences indicates that the ADG and associated mafic rocks have formed during the early period of Neoproterozoic post-collisional magmatism in southern-most Brazil.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 25, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-92).

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-166).

Thesis--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. / Summary also in Dutch. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographies.

The predictions of non-equilibrium radiation for a Titan aerocapture aeroshell vary significantly amongst Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses and are limited by the physical models of the non-equilibrium flow. Of particular interest are the non-equilibrium processes associated with the cyanogen (CN) molecule which is known to be a strong radiator. It is therefore important to have experimental data for these radiating shock layers which will allow for validation of CFD models. Furthermore, a more detailed understanding of the chemical processes that lead to the formation of CN above equilibrium concentration is required. This thesis describes the modelling of the radiation behind a shock using a collisional-radiative (CR) model and presents measurements of radiation intensity behind a shock in simulated Titan and Martian atmospheres. The uncertainties in radiation is more significant at lower speeds (around 5-8 km/s) with these atmospheres when compared to Earth entry. This is due to the formation of CN and because of the highly non-equilibrium nature of the flow. The motivation for this work began with the successful landing of the Huygens probe on the surface of Titan which led to the renewed interest in inter-planetary missions. Thus radiative heating during atmospheric entry to Titan and Mars was the subject of several experimental campaigns and extensive computational analyses. In order to better understand the formation of CN, and the nonequilibrium radiation emitted under such atmospheric conditions, NASA Ames Research Center conducted a series of experiments on their Electric Arc Shock Tube facility, EAST. Furthermore, several research groups in Europe and the United States independently developed CR models to predict the measured levels of radiation. The results from these simulations showed some ma jor discrepancies and highlighted a lack of knowledge and understanding about the fundamental physics behind the formation and decay of the CN molecule and its associated excited states. Based on a comparison of the various simulations with the CR models and the EAST experimental data, it was concluded that the absolute level of peak radiation was well predicted, however, there was a significant discrepancy related to the decay rate of the radiation. Therefore, to add to the relatively small amount of experimental data for these highly non-equilibrium radiating flow conditions, experiments were performed on the X2 shock tube at The University of Queensland with the aim of producing a comprehensive set of benchmark data for Titan entry. The data obtained from these experiments have been used to validate the results from the NASA Ames testing, and due to the large parametric variation, as a source for code validation. In addition to the experimental component of this thesis, an investigation into the simulation of CN non-equilibrium radiation was conducted. It has been previously concluded that there was a significant discrepancy between the experimentally measured radiation decay rate and the predicted value from CR models. Therefore, the primary aim of the simulation work presented in this thesis is to explain the reason behind this discrepancy. Through a parametric study of important reactions combined with an analysis of the reaction set, it was concluded that the coupling between the dissociation of N2 and the formation of CN (through the reaction N2 + C ↔ CN + N) controlled the radiation decay rate. The reason for the super equilibrium concentrations was identified to be a result of the N2 + C ↔ CN + N reaction continuing to over-produce CN after nominal equilibrium values are reached. This is due to the slow build up of N to drive the reverse reaction. Thus it has been shown in this thesis that the behaviour of the CN concentration is controlled by the rate of N2 dissociation. This led to the implementation of a more thorough method for simulating the dissociation process of molecular nitrogen. Therefore, a mono-quantum vibration state specific model that includes excitation and de-excitation reactions for all the vibrational states of nitrogen was incorporated into the CR model developed by Magin et al. The nitrogen vibration state specific model that was implemented was developed by Pierott and is based on SSH theory. The model developed in this thesis is known as the ViSpeN CR model (Vibrationally Specific Nitrogen). The ViSpeN results show significantly better agreement with experimental data in terms of the decay rate, initial rise of the radiation and the overall trends in the data. However, the work in this thesis has shown there are still discrepancies in predicting the absolute level of radiation measured in shock tunnel experiments. This led to the development of a modification to the ViSpeN model (known as ViSpeN-L) which includes a proposed new value for the radiative lifetime of the CN violet transition. The agreement between the experimental data and the ViSpeN-L model is excellent for conditions relevant to Titan entry.

Thesis--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. / Summary also in Dutch. Includes bibliographies. Also issued in print.