Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) is an important crop in California, with more than 35,000 acres planted in 2018 resulting in a farm gate value of $3.1 billion. In 2020, California strawberry production accounted for more than 85% of national strawberry production and faces serious threats to production due to various soil-borne diseases. One such disease, Verticillium wilt, is caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae and is commonly found in temperate zones around the world where strawberries are grown. Due to the phase-out of efficacious fumigants like methyl bromide, alternative disease management methods have become necessary to alleviate threats to production. Alternative fumigation practices such as crop termination have recently been investigated, and the integration of crop termination with bed fumigation and host resistance can play an integral role in control of Verticillium wilt. A field trial was established at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo to examine the efficacy of integrative management solutions for control of Verticillium wilt of strawberry in a naturally infested field. The efficacy of sequential fumigation applications of crop termination and bed fumigation was examined. Further, the integration of a resistant cultivar was also implemented in hopes of further decreasing plant mortality and increasing yield. Different fumigant products such as metam potassium, metam sodium, and chloropicrin were used to assess their performance in different fumigation applications. Metam potassium and metam sodium were used for crop termination. When used for crop termination, both products delivered significant reduction in soil inoculum density and adequate crop injury. Metam potassium, metam sodium, and chloropicrin were used for bed fumigation. All products reduced soil inoculum density. Lower plant mortality and higher yield resulted from sequential applications of crop termination and bed fumigation, with average plant mortality for non-treated control plots and sequentially fumigated plots being 67.2% and 24.1%, respectively. There were no significant increases in yield for plots bed fumigated and sequentially crop terminated and bed fumigated, but significant increases in yield for all plots treated versus the non-treated plots were found. The integration of a moderately resistant cultivar Valiant after the fumigation series showed lower mortality and higher yield versus a susceptible cultivar Seascape. A two-year study was also conducted in order to evaluate host resistance to Verticillium wilt in 74 cultivars and elite breeding lines from five strawberry breeding programs. Genotypes were established in a field naturally infested with V. dahliae on the campus farm at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. All five breeding programs had a wide range of susceptibility to Verticillium wilt, ranging from 1.5% to 100% mortality for both years of the trial. Twenty-three cultivars and elite breeding lines were common to both years of the trial; of these, five cultivars showed vastly different results between the two years. For example, ‘Monterey’ showed 78.8% mortality in 2021 and 11.5% mortality in 2022. This demonstrates the importance of evaluating host resistance over multiple years under different environmental conditions and field locations.

Eastern hemlock hosts the hemlock woolly adelgid, an introduced sap-feeding insect that causes rapid deterioration of the host. Like most conifers, eastern hemlock produces a variety of constitutive and induced defenses, primarily terpenoids. To explore the relationship of terpenoid defenses with adelgid infestations, we artificially infested hemlocks at a forest site and a plantation site, and compared their terpenoid concentrations to those in control trees. Infested trees showed lower terpenoid concentrations than control trees, suggesting that eastern hemlock not only fails to induce production of terpenoids in response to adelgid infestation, but becomes less able to produce carbon-based defenses due to loss of carbon resources to the adelgid. Greater light intensity may account for consistently higher terpenoid concentrations at the plantation site, supporting the explanation that carbon limitation restricts terpenoid production. Recent studies have identified a small number of individual eastern hemlock trees that demonstrate relative resistance to the hemlock woolly adelgid. We compared concentrations of terpenoids in susceptible and relatively resistant trees, both in the forest and in propagated cuttings in a common-garden setting. Terpenoid concentrations were higher in twig tissue of resistant versus susceptible trees, across six sampling dates and at both sites. Because the common-garden cuttings were free of herbivores, the higher terpenoid concentrations are interpreted as a constitutive defense. Increased levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes imply an overall increase in the input of carbon precursors to both terpenoid synthesis pathways. This result suggests either an altered growth-defense balance favoring allocation of carbon resources towards production of defenses, or overall greater carbon availability in growing twig tissue of adelgid-resistant eastern hemlock individuals. We contribute detailed terpenoid data to the study of the eastern hemlock – hemlock woolly adelgid system. Our solvent extraction method permits us to examine needle and twig tissues separately, capture minor components at low concentrations, and focus on stored rather than volatilized terpenoids. By relating terpenoid concentrations to insect densities, we explore the relationships of tentatively defensive chemistry to insect population dynamics. The question remains which terpenoids, if any, directly affect hemlock woolly adelgid and what role phenols may play in the system.

Developing a flue-cured tobacco cultivar with high resistance to tobacco cyst nematode (TCN) is an important initiative in the Southern Piedmont of Virginia, where this pathogen causes severe yield losses. One hundred twenty eight lines representing a diverse geographic array of tobacco accessions, including cultivars from several types of tobacco, flue-cured-type tobacco introductions, and wild Nicotiana species were evaluated for TCN resistance under greenhouse conditions. Inheritance of TCN resistance has been reported to be closely linked or pleiotropic to inheritance of wildfire resistance. Consequently, accessions were also screened for wildfire resistance under greenhouse conditions to evaluate this relationship among a diverse group of tobacco accessions. Twenty-one accessions were identified with resistance to TCN. Response to the two pathogens was highly correlated. However, there was no relationship between resistance to the two pathogens for several accessions. 'KY 190', a fire-cured cultivar, possessed the N. longiflora source of wildfire resistance, but was found susceptible to TCN. This result seems to rule out pleiotropy and is consistent with the assertion that the two resistance genes are closely linked. six TCN resistant lines and two susceptible lines were selected and a diallel study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to TCN. Additive gene action contributed significantly to inheritance of TCN resistance. Three accessions, 'Burley 64', 'Kutsaga 110', and 'Tl 1597', were determined to be the most promising parents for use in a breeding program designed to develop a flue-cured cultivar with a high level of TCN resistance. / Master of Science

To improve understanding of the effectiveness of host resistance against Leptosphaeria spp., three aspects of effectiveness of resistance were investigated. With focus on the major Rlm-mediated resistance against L. maculans, changes in effectiveness of Rlm7-mediated resistance to prevent initiation of disease epidemics at the leaf spot stage were investigated in winter oilseed rape field experiments at five sites in the UK over the period with the cropping seasons 2009/2010 - 2013/2014. L. maculans isolates virulent against Rlm7 were identified in the UK. This may be associated with observed changes in lesion phenotypes on the Rlm7 cultivars in field conditions. However, despite increased severity of phoma leaf spotting on Rlm7 cultivars, there was no associated increase in phoma stem canker severity at the end of the cropping seasons. The effectiveness of winter oilseed rape cultivars for control of phoma stem canker (caused by L. maculans or L. biglobosa) was affected by the coexistence of the two Leptosphaeria species in oilseed rape crops. Weather conditions influenced ascospore release of both species and favoured L. biglobosa ascospore release in 2011, resulting in subsequent increased L. biglobosa phoma leaf spotting and stem canker severity. However, coexistence of Leptosphaeria spp. on oilseed rape crops was affected by the cultivar resistance against L. maculans. CE experiments showed that there were interactions between the two Leptosphaeria spp. in planta. Their coexistence on B. napus was influenced by the different host responses that they trigger during host colonisation. Effects of increased temperature on effectiveness of resistance against L. maculans and on severity of symptoms by Leptosphaeria spp. on B. napus were investigated. Increased temperature affected both Rlm4- and Rlm7-mediated resistance, when assessed by phenotypic and molecular techniques. Increased temperature was associated with increased symptom severity, for both L. maculans and L. biglobosa lesions on plants. Cultivar quantitative resistance background increased effectiveness of resistance against phoma stem canker pathogens at increased temperature and should be deployed in in strategies for adaptation to climate change to avoid increased phoma stem canker epidemics in the future.

No description available.

The production of strawberries can be severely limited by soilborne plant pathogens, insects and weeds. Macrophomina phaseolina is a problematic soilborne fungal pathogen in California strawberry production inciting the disease Macrophomina crown rot. When established, the pathogen can cause extensive plant decline and mortality. Host resistance will be a critical tool for managing this disease and guiding breeding programs in the post methyl bromide era. Evaluation of host resistance in strawberry germplasm to M. phaseolina was evaluated through phenotypic assessments of disease incidence. A total of 90 strawberry cultivars and elite selections were included in a replicated field trial conducted in artificially inoculated soils to assess host resistance. Significant differences in levels of resistance and susceptibility were observed among genotypes tested in this trial. The five most resistant strawberry genotypes from highest to lowest in percent plant mortality were: UC-R, UC-G, UC-V, Manresa, and Osceola. The five most susceptible strawberry genotypes with the highest percent mortality in ranking order from highest to lowest were: UC-J, Ruby June, Festival, UC-Y, and UC-A. Of the genotypes tested in this trial UC-V, Manresa and Osceola could be characterized as highly resistant, but no complete resistance was observed. An additional study was conducted to correlate host symptom expression with the extent of pathogen colonization in different strawberry tissues, and to determine if resistant germplasm can contribute to secondary inoculum production in the field. An established qPCR method was utilized to quantify M. phaseolina colonization of strawberry tissues. There were significant effects for cultivar (P < 0.0001) as well as a significant two-way interaction of cultivar x sample time (P= 0.0083) on the concentration of M. phaseolina DNA detected in strawberry tissues. Expression of the resistant phenotype in strawberry cultivars was associated with limited plant colonization by M. phaseolina. The extent of colonization of a specific cultivar by M. phaseolina was dependent on the sample time after inoculation with the pathogen. In addition, the roots and crowns of a specific strawberry cultivar were equally colonized on a per plant tissue weight basis, but this provides only speculation into the mechanisms conferring host resistance. A third study was conducted to integrate host resistance of strawberry genotypes with the use of organic amendments in effort to mutually enhance the efficacy of each factor for the control of Macrophomina crown rot. Artificially inoculated potting substrate was amended with Brassica juncea mustard seed meal at a rate of 4.94 tons ha-1(MSM), and anaerobic soil disinfestation utilizing rice bran at a rate of 22.24 tons ha-1 (ASD) were compared to a non-amended (UTC) and steam controls. The soil assay indicated that the ASD and steam treatments were able to reduce the CFU g-1 potting substrate of M. phaseolina by 99.7-100%. In addition, there were significant effects of soil treatment on the fresh biomass of weed seedlings recovered from the potting substrate. However, disease severity and host colonization of multiple strawberry cultivars by M. phaseolina was not reduced when grown in the treated potting substrate. The effect of strawberry cultivar on the extent of pathogen colonization was highly significant (P < 0.0001), in which cultivars characterized as resistant from phenotypic screenings possessed lower concentrations of M. phaseolina DNA. The suppression of M. phaseolina in response to organic amendments was limited but this study supports findings from previous experiments that genotype specific host resistance minimizes host colonization and reduces the production of secondary inoculum.

[ES] El complejo de especies de Ralstonia solanacearum es el responsable de la marchitez bacteriana, una enfermedad que afecta en todo el mundo a cultivos y plantas ornamentales de gran importancia económica. El filotipo (ft) II raza 3 biovar (bv) 2 produce la podredumbre parda de la patata y la marchitez bacteriana de las solanáceas en climas templados, y se ha introducido recientemente en algunas áreas de la Unión Europea y de Estados Unidos, donde este patógeno se considera un organismo de cuarentena. La presencia de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 en estas zonas ha hecho surgir ciertos interrogantes sobre la biología y la patogenicidad de esta bacteria, algunos de los cuales se han abordado en este trabajo. De esta manera, se han evaluado aspectos del comportamiento, la capacidad de supervivencia y la capacidad para la inducción de la enfermedad, de cepas de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 de origen europeo en diferentes especies vegetales y diversas muestras de agua medioambiental. El comportamiento en cuanto a la colonización de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 in planta ha permitido realizar una clasificación en huéspedes susceptibles o tolerantes y en no huéspedes, en base a la localización histológica del patógeno y su aislamiento. Se ha observado que los huéspedes susceptibles y tolerantes eran intensamente invadidos a nivel del xilema de las raíces, pero densamente o bien débilmente colonizados, respectivamente, a nivel del xilema del tallo. Ninguno de ellos debe ser considerado como candidato para la rotación de cultivos en suelos contaminados. Por otra parte, se ha observado que en los no huéspedes no se producía la invasión a nivel del xilema de la planta, aunque podría haber presencia esporádica del patógeno en el córtex de las raíces o en la superficie y, por lo tanto, algunos podrían actuar como reservorios. Los no huéspedes podrían seleccionarse para los sistemas de rotación tras su evaluación en condiciones de campo. La capacidad de supervivencia de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 en microcosmos de agua medioambiental se ha visto influida por factores tanto abióticos como bióticos. El patógeno ha mostrado una resistencia considerable frente a la exposición a la oligotrofía como único factor de stress. Así, desarrolló varias estrategias que le permitieron sobrevivir en microcosmos de agua medioambiental durante cuatro años bajo condiciones de limitación de nutrientes, manteniendo la capacidad de inducir la enfermedad en el huésped incluso a través de riego. Las estrategias adaptativas para superar la oligotrofía observadas durante este largo periodo han sido la respuesta de supervivencia frente a la privación de nutrientes, la entrada en el estado viable no cultivable, una transformación progresiva de las formas bacilares típicas en cocoides de reducido tamaño, los fenómenos de filamentación y gemación, y la agregación. El patógeno también ha mostrado estrategias eficientes cuando ha sido expuesto a diferentes temperaturas simultaneamente a las condiciones de escasez de nutrientes. De esta manera, a 4°C el frío indujo la entrada en un estado viable no cultivable que fue dependiente del contenido en nutrientes del agua, mientras que a 14°C y 24°C las respuestas de supervivencia frente a la privación de nutrientes, aunque aparentemente similares, revelaron un efecto de la temperatura en la formación de los cocoides. Por otra parte, la persistencia del patógeno se redujo de manera significativa en microcosmos de agua medioambiental por la actividad predadora, competitiva o lítica de los protozoos, las bacterias y/o los bacteriófagos presentes en el agua. Entre todos ellos, se demostró que los fagos líticos fueron los responsables principales del descenso en las poblaciones de R. solanacearum, si bien los protozoos y las otras bacterias contribuyeron en cierta medida. El efecto fue más apreciable a 24°C que a 14°C debido a que las interacciones bióticas fueron más lentas a la temperatura más baja. Esta bacteria ha mostrado una gran capacidad de adaptación, consiguiendo sobrevivir y mantener su poder patógeno en prácticamente todas las condiciones ensayadas. La finalidad de este trabajo ha sido contribuir al progreso del conocimiento de las interacciones entre R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 y sus ambientes naturales, para mejorar las estrategias preventivas tanto de la diseminación del patógeno como de la propagación de la marchitez bacteriana en dichos hábitats. / [EN] The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex causes bacterial wilt, a plant disease affecting economically important crops and ornamentals worldwide. The phylotype (ph) II race 3 biovar (bv) 2 produces potato brown rot and bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants in temperate climates and has recently been introduced to several areas of the European Union and the USA, where the pathogen has a quarantine status. Presence of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in these zones raised questions on biological and phytopathological aspects of this bacterium, some of them being addressed in this work. Thus behaviour, ability for survival and disease inducing capacity of European R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 have been assessed in a range of different plant species and diverse surface run-off water samples. Behaviour of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in planta has led to a classification in susceptible or tolerant hosts and non-hosts, based on the pathogen histological localization and isolation. Susceptible and tolerant hosts were highly invaded in root xylem but, heavily or weakly colonized respectively in stem xylem. They are to be avoided as candidates for crop rotation. Non-hosts were not invaded in plant xylem but, occasional presence of the pathogen in root cortex or on surface might occur and so, some of them might act as reservoirs. They could be selected for crop rotation systems after being carefully tested in open field conditions. Ability for survival of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in environmental water microcosms has been influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. When faced to oligotrophy as the only stressing factor the pathogen displayed a considerable endurance. It resorted to a number of survival strategies which enabled it to survive in environmental water microcosms over four years under starvation, retaining disease inducing capacity in the host even by watering. Adaptations to overcome nutrient limitation during the long period were starvation-survival responses, the entrance into a viable but non-culturable state, progressive transformation from the typical bacillar shape into coccoid forms reduced in size, filamentation and budding phenomena and aggregation. Survival strategies were also successfully exhibited by the pathogen when exposed to environmental temperatures simultaneously to nutrient scarcity conditions. Thus, at 4°C a viable but non-culturable state dependent on water nutrient contents was cold-induced, whilst at 14°C and 24°C apparently similar starvation-survival responses revealed a distinct effect of temperature on coccoid formation. On the other hand, indigenous freshwater protozoa, bacteria and/or phages with predatory, competitive or lytic activity reduced significantly pathogen persistence. Among them, lytic bacteriophages were the main responsible for the decrease in R. solanacearum populations, although protozoa and other bacteria also contributed. The effect was more appreciable at 24°C than at 14°C because of slower biotic interactions at the lower temperature. The pathogen was able to adapt itself, succeeding in surviving and keeping pathogenic in almost all condition. This work intends to contribute to the progress in the knowledge of the interactions between R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 and natural environments, which may allow to improve the strategies to prevent pathogen dissemination and bacterial wilt spread in natural settings. / [FR] Le complexe d'espèces de Ralstonia solanacearum est l'agent causal du flétrissement bactérien, une maladie qui affecte des cultures et des plantes ornementales de grande importance économique dans le monde entier. Le phylotype (phyl) II race 3 biovar (bv) 2 produit la pourriture brune de la pomme de terre et d’une manière générale le flétrissement bactérien des Solanacées dans les climats tempérés. Ce phylotype II a récemment été introduit dans des certaines régions de l'Union Européenne et des États-Unis, où cette bactérie est considérée comme un pathogène de quarantaine. La présence de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 dans ces régions a soulevé quelques questions au sujet de sa biologie et de son pouvoir pathogène, questions qui ont été abordées dans ce travail. Nous avons notamment évalué, chez R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 d'origine européenne, l'aptitude à survivre dans divers échantillons de l'eau environnementale de surface et la capacité à induire la maladie dans des différentes espèces de plantes cultivées. Notre étude de la capacité de colonisation de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 in planta a permis une classification en hôtes sensibles ou tolérants et non hôtes sur la base de la localisation histologique de l'agent pathogène et de son isolement in planta. Il a été noté que les hôtes sensibles et tolérants sont intensément envahis à niveau du xylème des racines, mais fortement ou faiblement colonisés à niveau du xylème de la tige chez les plantes sensibles ou tolérantes respectivement. Aucune de ces plantes ne doit être recommandée comme candidat dans une rotation culturale. En outre, nous avons noté que le xylème des plantes non hôtes n’est pas envahi, bien que l’on puisse noter la présence sporadique de l'agent pathogène dans le cortex des racines ou sur la surface racinaire. Cela signifie que certaines plantes non hôtes pourraient potentiellement être des réservoirs d’inoculum latent. En conséquence les plantes non hôtes qui pourraient être recommandées dans des systèmes de rotation culturale doivent être évaluées non seulement au laboratoire mais aussi au champ dans des conditions naturelles. Nous avons montré que la capacité de survie de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale, préalablement filtrée ou autoclavée, est influencée par des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques. L'agent pathogène fait preuve d'une résistance considérable quand il est exposé à l'oligotrophie comme seul facteur de stress. Nous avons mis en évidence différentes stratégies utilisées par cette bactérie pour survivre plus de quatre ans dans des conditions de limitation des éléments nutritifs dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale tout en maintenant sa capacité d'induction de la maladie chez un hôte sensible à la suite de sa dissémination par irrigation. Les adaptations utilisées par cette bactérie pour surmonter l'oligotrophie au cours de cette longue période ont été l'entrée dans l'état viable non cultivable, une transformation progressive des typiques formes bacillaires vers des formes coccoïdes de petite taille, des phénomènes de filamentation et de bourgeonnement et d'agrégation. L'agent pathogène a également utilisé des stratégies efficaces quand il a été exposé à des différentes températures de l'environnement en même temps qu'à des conditions de limitation des éléments nutritifs. Ainsi à 4°C le froid a entraîné un état viable non cultivable qui a été dépendant de la teneur en éléments nutritifs de l'eau. Par contre à 14°C et 24°C les réponses de survie face à la privation des éléments nutritifs ont induit la formation de formes coccoïdes. En outre, la persistance de l'agent pathogène a été considérablement réduite dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale par l'activité prédatrice, compétitive ou lytique des protozoaires, des bactéries et/ou des bactériophages qui étaient contenus dans de l'eau. Notamment, il a été constaté que les phages lytiques sont les principaux responsables de la baisse des populations de R. solanacearum, bien que les protozoaires et d'autres bactéries aient également contribués dans une certaine mesure. L'effet a été plus sensible à 24°C qu'à 14°C en raison d'interactions biotiques plus lentes aux températures plus basses. En conclusion cette bactérie a démontré une grande capacité pour s'adapter, survivre et de maintenir son pouvoir pathogène dans pratiquement toutes les conditions couramment rencontrées dans les conditions naturelles. Le but de ce travail a été de contribuer à l'avancement de la connaissance des interactions entre R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 et les milieux aquatiques naturels ou les plantes hôtes potentielles, dans l’espoir de développer les meilleures stratégies pour empêcher la propagation de l'agent pathogène et donc du flétrissement bactérien dans ces environnements. / [CA] El complex d'espècies de Ralstonia solanacearum és l'agent causal del pansiment bacterià, una malaltia vegetal que afecta a tot el món a cultius i plantes ornamentals de gran importància econòmica. El filotipo (fil) II raça 3 biovar (bv) 2 produeix la podridura marró de la patata i el pansiment bacterià en plantes solanàcies de climes temperats, i s'ha introduït recentment en algunes àrees de la Unió Europea i dels Estats Units, on aquest patogen es considera de quarantena. La presència de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 en aquestes zones ha fet sorgir certs interrogants sobre qüestions biològiques i fitopatològiques d'aquest bacteri, algunes de les quals s'han abordat en aquest treball. D'aquesta manera s'han valorat aspectes del comportament, la capacitat de supervivència i la capacitat per a la inducció de la malaltia, de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 de procedència europea en diferents espècies vegetals i diverses mostres d'aigua d'escorrentia superficial. El comportament pel que fa a la colonització de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 in planta ha proporcionat una classificació en hostes susceptibles o tolerants i en no hostes, en base a la localització histològica del patogen i el seu aïllament. S'observà que els hostes susceptibles i tolerants eren intensament envaïts a nivell del xilema de les arrels, però densament o bé feblement colonitzats respectivament a nivell del xilema de la tija. Cap d'ells ha de ser considerat com a candidat per a la rotació cultural. D'altra banda, es va observar que els no hostes no eren envaïts en el xilema de la planta, encara que podria haver presència esporàdica del patogen en el còrtex de les arrels o a la surperfície i, per tant, alguns podrien actuar com a reservoris. Els no hostes podrien ser seleccionats per als sistemes de rotació cultural després d'haver estat avaluats en condicions de camp. La capacitat de supervivència de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental s'ha vist influïda per factors abiòtics i biòtics. El patogen ha mostrat una resistència considerable quan ha estat exposat a l'oligotrofia com a únic factor d'estrès. Així, va recórrer a diverses estratègies que li van permetre sobreviure en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental durant quatre anys sota condicions de limitació de nutrients, mantenint la capacitat per a la inducció de la malaltia en l'hoste fins i tot a través de reg. Les adaptacions per superar l'oligotrofia que s'han observat durant aquest llarg període han estat respostes de supervivència front a la privació de nutrients, l'entrada en l'estat viable no cultivable, una transformació progressiva de les típiques formes bacilars a cocoids de reduït tamany, els fenòmens de filamentació i gemmació, i l'agregació. El patogen també ha mostrat estratègies eficients quan ha estat exposat a diferents temperatures mediambientals simultàneament a les condicions d'escassetat de nutrients. D'aquesta manera, a 4°C el fred va induir un estat viable no cultivable que va ser dependent del contingut en nutrients de l'aigua, mentre que a 14°C i 24°C les respostes de supervivència front a la privació de nutrients, encara que aparentment similars, van revelar un efecte de la temperatura a la formació dels cocoids. D'altra banda, la persistència del patogen s'ha vist significativament reduïda en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental per l'activitat predadora, competitiva o lítica dels protozous, els bacteris i/o els bacteriòfags que contenia l'aigua. Entre tots ells, es va determinar que els fags lítics eren els responsables principals del descens en les poblacions de R. solanacearum, si bé els protozous i els altres bacteris van contribuir en certa mesura. L'efecte va ser més apreciable a 24°C que a 14°C degut a que les interaccions biòtiques van ser més lentes a la temperatura més baixa. Aquest bacteri ha mostrat una gran capacitat d'adaptació, aconseguint sobreviure i mantenir el seu poder patogènic en pràcticament totes les condicions. La finalitat d'aquest treball és contribuir al progrés del coneixement de les interaccions entre R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 i els seus ambients naturals, el que pot desenvolupar una millora de les estratègies per a la prevenció tant de la disseminació del patogen com de la propagació del pansiment bacterià en aquests ambients. / B. Álvarez specially thanks the Marie Curie Foundation for a Marie Curie Fellowship at the IFR40 in Toulouse (France) and the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias for a predoctoral grant. This work has been funded by the European contract QLK3-CT-2000-01598 acronym “Potatocontrol” and FAIR 5-CT97-3632 of the European Union, FD 1997-2279 of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain and GV05/214 of the Generalitat Valenciana. / Álvarez Ortega, MB. (2009). Biology of Ralstonia Solanacearum Phylotype II in Host and Non-Host Environments [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191532

: Les plantes ont développé au cours de leur évolution un système d’immunité innée constitué de barrières préformées et de réponses de défense induites contre les agents pathogènes. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’étude des résistances induites chez Arabidopsis thaliana soit naturellement contre les agents pathogènes racinaires Fusarium oxysporum spp. (Fo), ou après application de phosphite (Phi), contre le parasite foliaire Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). Dans la première partie du travail, les rôles des métabolites secondaires (MS) et des formes réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans les résistances racinaires basale et non-hôte, respectivement aux formes spéciales conglutinans (Foco) et melonis (Fom) de Fo, ont été analysés. Nous avons démontré la participation de la camalexine, une phytoalexine indolique, dans la résistance basale d’Arabidopsis à Foco. En revanche, la scopolétine, une phytoalexine phénolique, et les ROS jouent des rôles essentiels dans la résistance non-hôte à Fom. Ces données soulignent le rôle clé des MS et des ROS dans les résistances hôte et non-hôte d’Arabidopsis. Dans une deuxième partie de ce travail, le mode d’action du Phi, un oxyanion de l’acide phosphoreux (H3PO3) protégeant Arabidopsis contre l’isolat Noco2 de Hpa, a été étudié. L’effet de faibles doses de Phi est aboli chez des mutants d’Arabidopsis affectés dans la voie de transduction du signal acide salicylique (SA) indiquant que l’induction de résistance à Hpa est médiée par des mécanismes dépendants du SA. Le Phi potentialise les réponses de défense contre Hpa Noco2 via EDS1-PAD4, deux composants essentiels de la résistance basale, NPR1 et la protéine de défense PR1. L’expression de la MAP kinase MPK4, un régulateur négatif de la résistance à Hpa, est diminuée par le Phi, lors de l’inoculation par Hpa Noco2. Nos résultats démontrent que la potentialisation des réponses de défense par le Phi est associée à la régulation négative de MPK4. / Plants have developed during their evolution an innate immunity system consisting of preformed barriers and induced defence responses against pathogens. This work studies resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana induced either naturally against the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum spp. (Fo), or after application of phosphite (Phi) against the leaf pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). In a first part, roles of secondary metabolites (SM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basal and non-host resistances of roots to the special forms conglutinans (Foco) and melonis (Fom) of Fo, respectively, were analyzed. We demonstrated the involvement of the indolic phytoalexin camalexin, in basal resistance of Arabidopsis to Foco. In contrast, the phenolic phytoalexin, scopoletin, and ROS play essential roles in non-host resistance to Fom. These data underscore the key role of MS and ROS in basal and non-host resistances of Arabidopsis. In a second part, the mode of action of Phi, an oxyanion of phosphorous acid (H3PO3) protecting Arabidopsis against the Hpa isolate Noco2 was studied. Effect of low doses of Phi is abolished in Arabidopsis mutants affected in salicylic acid (SA) signalling, indicating that induced resistance to Hpa is mediated by SA-dependent mechanisms. Phi primes defence responses against Hpa Noco2 via EDS1-PAD4, two essential components of basal resistance, as well as NPR1 and PR1. Expression of the MAP kinase MPK4, a negative regulator of resistance to Hpa, is decreased by Phi after inoculation with Hpa Noco2. Our results demonstrate that priming of defence responses by Phi is associated with down-regulation of MPK4.

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