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Ce travail propose un ensemble de méthodes dédiées à la quantification des incertitudes sur la simulation des écoulements dans un réservoir pétrolier. Ces méthodes sont basées sur l’utilisation de surfaces de réponse approchant la relation, le plus souvent inconnue et non linéaire, entre les paramètres incertains du réservoir et les variables de production. L’ensemble proposé contient ainsi des algorithmes de construction ou d’analyse (échantillonnage, analyse de sensibilité, inversion bayésienne d’un historique de production) de surfaces de réponse. Ces méthodes ont été tout d’abord développés dans un cadre déterministe puis étendues à la prise en compte de simulation d’écoulement secondaires et de paramètres incertains stochastiques caractérisés par un impact aléatoire sur la production. Les principales considérations de se travail sont de tenir compte d’un grand nombre de paramètres incertains, de données de production bruitée et de pourvoir modéliser une réponse de forme complexe / This work develops several methodologies to assess uncertainty on oil reservoir production. Taking in consideration that flow simulations are time consuming it uses response surfaces to approximate the relationship between reservoir uncertain parameters and production variables. First deterministic methods are developed to construct and analyze such surfaces: construction algorithms are the discrete smooth interpolation and the dual kriging while analysis methods are the variance based sensitivity analysis and the bayesian inversion of production history. This framework is then extended to include fast flow simulation results and to handle stochastic parameters characterized by a random effect on reservoir production. These methodologies are developed based on the following considerations: the number of uncertain parameters is usually large, data may be noisy if some parameters are neglected and the complex relationship between uncertain parameters and reservoir production

Les Pyrénées sont une chaîne plissée à double vergence déversée vers le Sud. Elles se sont érigées suite à l’inversion au Crétacé Supérieur de domaines hyper-étirés au Crétacé Inférieur et à la collision des plaques continentales ibérique et européenne à l’Eocène-Oligocène. Cependant, l’évolution thermique de ces domaines hyper-étirés pendant l’inversion, de même que l’impact de cet héritage thermique extensif sur la formation du prisme orogénique, sont à ce jour peu ou pas contraints.La Zone Nord-Pyrénéenne (ZNP) a préservé de nombreux marqueurs de cette hyper-extension (manteau sous-continental exhumé, métamorphisme HT-BP) ce qui en fait une zone d’étude tout à fait adaptée pour aborder ces questions. Pour apporter des contraintes à la fois thermiques et temporelles sur l’évolution de ces domaines, plusieurs méthodes de datation thermochronologique basse-température ((U-Th-Sm)/He et traces de fission sur apatites et zircons) ont été utilisées.Pendant l’extension, le bassin de Mauléon (à l’Ouest de la ZNP) a enregistré la mise en place d’un fort gradient thermique (~80°C/km), associé à l’amincissement extrême de la lithosphère sous-jacente. Le bassin est resté chaud même après le début de la convergence pendant 20-30 Ma. Cette anomalie thermique est encore plus forte au centre de la ZNP au Sud de la région Ariège. Les données obtenues sur les unités moins déformées au Nord de la région indiquent que ces domaines moins étirés enregistrent du refroidissement associé à de la dénudation et conservent leur architecture au cours de la convergence et de la collision. / The Pyrenees are a double vergent fold and thrust belt. The Pyrenean belt resulted from the inversion and the collision of previously hyper-extended domains of the Iberian and European plates from the Late Cretaceous to the Late Oligocene. However, what is the thermal evolution of such inverted hyper-extended domains, as well as the influence of this extensional thermal inheritage on the orogenic growth, are poorly constrained.The North Pyrenean Zone (NPZ) is characterized by numerous preserved evidences of this hyper-extension (exhumation of sub-continental mantle material, high temperature-low pressure metamorphism). We bring time and temperature constraints on the evolution of these hyper-extended domains from rifting to collision, by using low-temperature thermochronology ((U-Th-Sm)/He and fission track analyses on apatites and zircons).The Mauléon basin (western part of the NPZ) recorded a high geothermal gradient emplaced during extension due to the extreme thinning of the lithosphere below. The basin remained hot even during the beginning of the convergence. Cooling is only recorded during the main phase of orogenic growth. The imprint of this thermal anomaly is stronger farther to the east, in the central NPZ (Ariège area). Here, the hyper-extended domain is not well preserved, because of a higher amount of shortening. New thermochronological and structural data on the relatively less deformed units to the North revealed cooling during extension, related to denudation. Moreover, these domains conserved their extensional architecture during convergence and collision.

Les résultats décrits dans cette thèse démontrent une relation complexe entre le confinement géométrique de molécules à 2D et les propriétés de chiralité. Il a été démontré qu’une chiralité multimodale peut être observée pour des systèmes non chiraux par le biais du confinement 2D. Les molécules H5T forment, sur Au(111), des domaines pour lesquels deux types de chiralité peuvent être observés. Les études sur le système H5T/Au(111) ont prouvé que des interactions simples, de type van der Waals sont susceptibles de créer des chiralités complexes, ce qui donne un caractère générique a ce type de phénomène. Une autre question importante est l’apparition, pour les molécules C-12, des domaines chiraux induits par des interactions intermoléculaires spécifiques: les liaisons hydrogène entre les groupements azobenzènes de molécules voisines. L’orientation des deux domaines chiraux est déterminée par l’orientation de l’un des deux dimères d’azobenzène stable par rapport à l’Au(111).La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à l’étude de l’influence du confinement 3D sur la chiralité de gouttes de cristal liquide cholestérique (CLC). Grâce à la nature photo-sensible du dopant chiral utilisé, nous avons été capables de modifier le pas choléstérique du mélange de CLC et par conséquent de déterminer l’expression de la chiralité pour un ratio rayon/pas choléstérique variable. Nous sommes parvenus à contrôler le pas choléstérique au sein de gouttes par irradiation UV et nous avons étudié les variations structurelles que l’irradiation induite. Nous avons observé que le confinement 3D d’un mélange de CLC photo-sensible a une influence positive sur l’inversion de l’hélice dans la goutte. / The first part of the thesis is devoted to studies of the self-assembled monolayers of discotic liquid crystals by the STM measurements at the liquid/solid interface. For the case of a model H5T molecule the self-assembled monolayers have evidenced both: point and organizational types of chirality, despite of the fact that neither the molecule nor the substrate was chiral. For another molecular system, C-12 - a triphenylene peripherally substituted with azobenzene moieties, self-assemblies bearing the chiral nature were also evidenced. Chirality was induced by formation of six dimers of azobenzene subunits coming from the neighboring molecules, which formed “rosettes” of clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation. For the H5T, the chirality was mediated by classical van der Waals interactions between molecules and between molecules and substrate. In the case of C-12 it was shown that the self-assembly originates from the substrate-mediated hydrogen bonding between the azobenzene moieties of neighboring molecules. The second part of the thesis presents studies of the influence of the 3D confinement on the chirality of the photoactive cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets. Due to the photo-responsive character of a chiral dopant we were able to modify the cholesteric pitch of the CLC mixture and thus to map the expression of chirality for a varying geometrical confinement parameter: radius-to-pitch. We evidenced a successful control of the droplets structure by UV irradiation and we studied the induced structural changes. In particular, the 3D confinement of a photo-responsive CLC mixture was shown to positively support the helix inversion within the cholesteric droplets.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire est consacré à la synthèse de cycles pseudopeptidiques construits à partir d'aza-β³-aminoacides, et à la détermination des conformations adoptées par ces cycles. Le travail réalisé a permis de montrer que les cycles obtenus à 8, 16 et 24 liaisons adoptent des conformations privilégiées dans lesquelles la configuration relative des atomes d'azote chiraux est fixée en dépit du phénomène d'inversion pyramidale associé à la structure électronique de cet élément chimique, en réponse à des contraintes structurelles qui varient selon la taille du macrocycle. Ces cycles existent alors sous la seule forme de deux invertomères en équilibre. La constante de vitesse de cet équilibre, qui est indiscernable de la barrière d'inversion pyramidale des atomes d'azote, est maintenue à des valeurs étonnamment faibles par les contraintes conformationnelles. L'étude de ces macrocycles originaux dans le domaine de la chiralité a permis d'apporter en particulier des résultats nouveaux concernant l'influence de l'encombrement stérique des chaînes latérales sur la vitesse d'inversion pyramidale des atomes d'azote, mais aussi sur le transfert de chiralité d'éléments d'asymétrie exocycliques vers la séquence chirale du squelette, et enfin de montrer également l'intérêt des nouveaux cycles à 8 chaînons à travers l'étude de leur conformation. / The work depicted here is devoted to the synthesis of pseudopeptides built from aza-β³-aminoacid units, and to their conformational analysis. The results show that the cycles with 8, 16, and 24 bonds each adopt a ground conformation where the relative configuration of the chiral nitrogen atom is fixed in response to specific structural constraints, and despite the nitrogen pyramidal inversion phenomenon. The cycles just undergo equilibrium between two invertomeric forms, and the energetic barrier associated with the macrocycle inversion reveals surprisingly slow considering the size of the compounds. The influence of steric crowding of the side chains on the inversion rate has been carefully studied, but also the transfer of chirality from exocylic elements towards chirotopic nitrogen atoms inside the backbone. A specific chapter is devoted to the 8-membered rings, that reveal the interest of these newly described compounds in the domain of nitrogen chirality.

A run-of-mine ore milling circuit is primarily used to grind incoming ore containing precious metals to a particle size smaller than a specification size. A traditional run-of-mine (ROM) ore single-stage closed milling circuit comprises of the operational units: mill, sump and cyclone. These circuits are difficult to control because of significant nonlinearities, large time delays, large unmeasured disturbances, process variables that are difficult to measure and modelling uncertainties. A nonlinear model predictive controller with state estimation could yield good control of the ROM ore milling circuit despite these difficulties. Additionally, the ROM ore milling circuit is an energy intensive unit and a controller or power optimizer could bring significant cost savings. A nonlinear model predictive controller requires good state estimates and therefore a neural network for state estimation as an alternative to the particle filter has been addressed. The neural network approach requires fewer process variables that need to be measured compared to the particle filter. A neural network is trained with three disturbance parameters and used to estimate the internal states of the mill, and the results are compared with those of the particle filter implementation. The neural network approach performed better than the particle filter approach when estimating the volume of steel balls and rocks within the mill. A novel combined neural network and particle filter state estimator is presented to improve the estimation of the neural network approach for the estimation of volume of fines, solids and water within the mill. The estimation performance of the combined approach is promising when the disturbance magnitude used is smaller than that used to train the neural network. After state estimation was addressed, this work targets the implementation of a nonlinear controller combined with full state estimation for a grinding mill circuit. The nonlinear controller consists of a suboptimal nonlinear model predictive controller coupled with a dynamic inversion controller. This allows for fast control that is asymptotically stable. The nonlinear controller aims to reconcile the opposing objectives of high throughput and high product quality. The state estimator comprises of a particle filter for five mill states as well as an additional estimator for three sump states. Simulation results show that control objectives can be achieved despite the presence of noise and significant disturbances. The cost of energy has increased significantly in recent years. This increase in price greatly affects the mineral processing industry because of the large energy demands. A run-of-mine ore milling circuit provides a suitable case study where the power consumed by a mill is in the order of 2 MW. An attempt has been made to reduce the energy consumed by the mill in the two ways: firstly, within the nonlinear model predictive control in a single-stage circuit configuration and secondly, running multiple mills in parallel and attempting to save energy while still maintaining an overall high quality and good quantity. A formulation for power optimization of multiple ROM ore milling circuits has been developed. A first base case consisted not taking power into account in a single ROM ore milling circuit and a second base case split the load and throughput equally between two parallel milling circuits. In both cases, energy can be saved using the NMPC compared to the base cases presented without significant sacrifice in product quality or quantity. The work presented covers three topics that has yet to be addressed within the literature: a neural network for mill state estimation, a nonlinear controller with state estimation integrated for a ROM ore milling circuit and power optimization of a single and multiple ROM ore milling circuit configuration. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

<div> Space operations from the dawn of the Space Age have resulted in a large, and growing, resident space object population. However, the availability of sensor resources is limited, which presents a challenge to Space Situational Awareness applications. When direct communication with an object is not possible, whether that is due to a lack of access for active satellites or due to the object being characterized as debris, the only independent information source for learning about the resident space object population comes from measurements. Optical measurements are often a cost-effective method for obtaining information about resident space objects.<br></div><div> This work uses observability analysis to investigate the relationship between desired resident space object characteristics and the information resulting from ground-based optical measurements. Observability is a concept developed in modern control theory for evaluating whether the information contained within measurements is sufficient to describe the dynamical progression of a system over time. In this work, observability is applied to Space Situational Awareness applications to determine what object characteristic information can be recovered from ground-based optical measurements and under which conditions these determinations are possible. In addition, the constraints and limitations of applying observability to Space Situational Awareness applications are assessed and quantified.<br></div>

The ever-expanding need for energy, including those related to fossil fuels, is behind the drive to explore more complicated regions, such as salt and subsalt provinces. This exploration quest relies heavily on recorded surface seismic data to provide precise and detailed subsurface properties. However, conventional seismic processing algorithms including the state-of-the-art full-waveform inversion (FWI) fail to recover those features in many areas of salt provinces. Even the industrial solution with substantial involvement of manual human-interpretation has faced challenges in many regions. In this thesis, I attempt to replace those manual, and somewhat erroneous, steps to the velocity building in salt provinces with a mathematically robust algorithm under the FWI machinery. I, specifically, regularize FWI by penalizing the velocity drops with depth with a new more flexible function. Although promising, FWI is computationally very expensive, especially for large 3D seismic data. It updates an initial guess of the model iteratively using the gradient of the misfit function, which requires lengthy computations and large memory space/disc storage. Based on the adjoint state method, gradient computation usually requires us to store the source wavefield, or include an additional extrapolation step to propagate the source wavefield from its temporary storage at the boundary. To mitigate this computational overburden, I propose an amplitude excitation gradient calculation based on representing the source wavefield history by a single, specifically the most energetic arrival. In this thesis, I also propose a novel-multiscale scheme based on ux-corrected transport (FCT) to reduce artifacts in the gradient direction due to the noise present in seismic data. FCT comprises of two finite difference schemes: a transport and a diffusion to compute the flux at a grid point. I observe a couple of benefits in FCT-based FWI. First, it yields a smooth gradient at the earlier iterations of FWI by promoting the lower frequency content of the seismic data. Second, it is easily compatible with the existing FWI code, and with any objective function. The multiscale strategy starts with a large smoothing parameter and relaxes it progressively to zero to achieve the final inverted model from traditional FWI.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22423号 / 工博第4684号 / 新制||工||1731(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小池 克明, 教授 三ｹ田 均, 准教授 柏谷 公希, 教授 後藤 忠徳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22451号 / 工博第4712号 / 新制||工||1736(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 勝久, 教授 田中 功, 教授 陰山 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM