<p>Archaeology in Bolivia has two strong tendencies: nationalism and regionalism. The proposal aims for an academic reconstruction and expansion of this science in order to develop new scientific criteria, that can be institutionalized and become normative to the whole country to cover the expectations of different regions with regard to its past.</p><p>A fundamental aspect of providing Bolivian archaeological research with new perspectives is the study of formation and development of Andean central places of historic, infrastructural and ritual importance, such Huari, Quillacas, Sevaruyo, Pampa Aullagas and San Miguel de Uruquilla. Research conducted in the south basin of the Lake Poopo identifies evidence of early settlement in Huari towards the Late Archaic period (approximately 4000 to 2000 BC) and the Formative (2000 BC to AD 300), when the first villages were established. This indicates that the formation of agricultural towns was produced by consolidation of multiethnic central places that first consisted of ayllus, socio-dynamic units that gathered together settlers from different regions that simultaneously formed an ample network of centres interconnecting the Andean complex geography, interweaving their cultural diversity owing to the common ideology of Tiwanaku. Routes and llama caravans (llama trekking) integrated this network of central places.</p><p>As indicated by surveys and excavations, convergence of groups from different regions has been recognized in rests of material culture as shown in the ceramic distribution: Local Tiwanaku, Tiwanaku from Cochabamba, Yura, Huruquilla, Puqui, Mojocoya and remains of festivities at the centres during redistribution ceremonies, as well as ritual offers during the Early Regional Development period (300 to AD 900). This dynamic and preponderant ideology was completely transformed during Late Regional Developments (900 to AD 1460) when a series of regional conflicts determined the formation of the regional confederation known as Quillacas- Azanaques. At the time of the Inka Conquest (1460– AD 1530), the Lake Poopo basin was integrated into the Tawantinsuyo region through the implementation of the Royal Road and construction of Paria, Quillacas, San Miguel de Uruquilla and the Sevaruyo lodgings.</p><p>During the Colonial (1530 - 1825) and Republican periods (1825 - ), the Spaniards made changes that imply a deterioration of the socio-political structures of the ayllus, its territorial fragmentation and creation of new reductions for mining operations.</p><p>Recent archaeological research supports the proposition that populated centres in the Andean region of Bolivia were adapted to take advantage of the ecological variability through the social construction of the ayllu and the markas, centres that maintain dynamics, fluctuants and confluence in productive and ritual places.</p>

Throughout history, the direct or indirect choice of preservation has resulted in the successful incorporation of tangible products of the human past into modern cultural environments. Within the current American historic preservation system, "significance" is used as a delimiter for identifying historic properties that are determined beneficial to the heritage of the American people. As defined under U.S. law, however, "significance" is attributed only to places and objects whose importance is limited within an historical or scientific framework. This thesis proposes that the significance of historic properties transcends the boundaries of these limited frameworks of importance, and demonstrates that the public benefits of preservation are maximized when history is reified through the modern-use of these places and objects as cultural resources for the current and future generations of the American people.

This study has presented a comprehensive overview of the properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places from Pennsylvania and Indiana. The project systematically examines what types of properties are listed on the National Register from each state. The evidence, which was compiled into an electronic database, suggests that property listings did not follow larger social trends. However, the evidence did show that certain events, such as federal legislation and federal tax credits, led to a larger number of properties to be listed at certain times. The research also proved that the State Historic Preservation Offices of Pennsylvania and Indiana have many similarities in the way properties are nominated. / Department of Architecture

Möten i stadsrummet är ett examensarbete i informationsdesign med inriktning mot rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur det går att bidra till att en outnyttjad plats i stadsrummet kommer till användning, samt vilka kriterier som bör eftersträvas för att möjliggöra en trevlig vistelse på platsen. Mina studier utgår från Stockholms stadsbiblioteks terrasser som på grund av dess utformning och avsaknad av funktion ofta står tomma och outnyttjade. Arbetet syftar till att generera ett designförslag som understödjer ett ökat flöde av människor till terrasserna samt får besökarna att vilja stanna. Målet är att fler besökare ska få ett större utbyte av stadsbibliotekets terrasser och att platsen ska komma till större användning. Genom rumsanalys, observationer, notationer av rörelsemönster, intervju och samtal har det framkommit att terrasserna är outnyttjade på grund av dess avsaknad av funktioner samt dess utformning. Genom teoretiska studier inom bland annat rumslighet, formelement, offentliga platser i stadsrummet och kognitionspsykologi framkom att val av formelement och placering av rumsliga element kan bidra till att människor väljer att vistas på terrasserna. Det i sin tur kan skapa förutsättning för ett ändrat rörelsemönster och ett ökat flöde till platsen. Ett gestaltningsförslag har tagits fram utifrån teori och empiri. Det syftar till att genom rundade och svängda former, ett tydligare och mer enhetligt formspråk, samt genom tydligare funktioner väcka besökarnas uppmärksamhet och bidra till ett ökat flöde till terrasserna. / Meetings in urban spaces is a thesis in information design with emphasis on spatial design. The aim of this thesis is to is to examine how poorly utilised spaces in urban environments can become more useful, as well as which criteria are required to enable a pleasant stay in these locations. The object of the study is the terrace outside Stockholm Public Library which, due to its current appearance and lack of function, most of the time is unused and deserted. The study’s aim is to generate a design proposal that encourages an increase in the flow of people to the terraces and that makes people want to spend more of their time there. The goal is to get more visitors to appreciate the terraces and utilise the space better. From the results of collected empirical data through spatial analysis, observations, notations of movement, interviews and discussions it has become clear that the reason for the terraces being unused is a lack of functionality and the spaces appearance. The conclusion of the theoretical and practical studies about spatiality, shape, urban public spaces and cognitive psychology etc., show that the choice of shape and placement of spatial elements can contribute to people choosing to linger on the library terraces. In its turn, this knowledge can create the right conditions for a changed pattern of movement and a greater flow of people to the location. A design proposal was created, based on theories and empirical data presented in the study. The aim design proposal is to show how it may be possible to draw visitors’ attention to the terraces and create a more natural flow there. This may be achieved by adding round shapes and curved lines, more variety in shape and proportion and by creating more obvious functions that meet visitors’ needs of activity and aesthetics. While this study is focused on the terraces of Stockholm Public Library it is my hope that these conclusions may also be applicable to similar environments in other location.

Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur Arbetets museum är som arbetsplats och plats. För att nå studiens syfte besvaras först frågan vad en arbetsplats är innan den specifika platsen, Arbetets museum diskuteras och sätts in i en bredare platskontext. Slutsatsen av denna undersökning är att en arbetsplats är relativ svår att förklara men att den fysiska platsen betonas och även rörelsen till och från arbetet. Den teknologiska utvecklingen har lett till mer platslösa och mindre tidsbundna arbetsplatser men att den fysiska platsen och rummet fortfarande är att föredra. Arbetets museum som arbetsplats är enbart positiv men det är lätt att hamna i en bubbla och reproducera normer och beteenden. Slutligen har den omkringliggande platsen stor betydelse då platser ändras i samband med samhällsförändringar vilket påverkar Arbetets museum som plats och arbetsplats. / This study aims to research how the Museum of work is as a place of work and place. To reach the studie's purpose the question of what a place of work is will be answered before the specific place, the Museum of work is discussed and put in a broader place context. The conclusion of this study is that a working place is relatively hard to explain but the physical place is emphasized and also the movement to and from work. The technological development has led to a more placeless and less time bound place of work but the physical place and the room are still prefered. The Museum of Work as a place of work is only positive but its easy to end up in a bubble and reproduce norms and behaviors. Finally he surrounding envoronment has a big impact on The Museum of Work as place and place of work since it changes alongside the society.

In the archaeological research about the Baltic Sea island of Gotland during Roman Iron Age, 0–400 AD, two different approaches are visible: One that sees the community life on Gotland as different from the one on the main land with a relative stabile development, based on the family and kin, where no higher elite separate itself. The other perception emanates from the changes in southern Scandinavia, where an elite steadily grows and finally isolate itself as an aristocracy with unlimited power over others, the development on Gotland is no exception. This paper is about describing, investigating and explaining these two points of view. By using a selection of written sources the paper tries to answer three questions: What archaeological argumentations are there for that Gotland should be particular? What support the views that the island was a part of an over-regional development when it comes to struggle for power? What lies behind these very diverse positions among archaeological scholars? Two scholars, Kerstin Cassel and Frands Herschend, represents the two opposite standpoints and the three questions are to be answered by a comparison with two of their main archaeological works. This comparison, based on the other written sources and my own understanding, will show that the two different views on the gotlandish development can be traced to, more than anything, the two writers pre-understanding of their own scientific argumentations.

The focus of this study is on the South Fork of the Teton River Canyon Settlement, a previously unevaluated historic settlement associated with the history of the Métis in Montana. The site is located along the South Fork of the Teton River, approximately thirty miles west of Choteau, Montana, and was once occupied by Métis families fleeing persecution for alleged involvement in the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. The study establishes precedent for the site's inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and addresses the potential for the site's designation as a Traditional Cultural Property, despite the challenges inherent in such an approach.This study contributes to both existing documentation of the Métis narrative across the state of Montana and to the ongoing discussion among historic preservation professionals concerning the viability and possible revision of National Register Bulletin 38: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.

O trabalho sobre a Congada abordou a cidade e a condição sócio-cultural e espacial das pessoas que fazem a festa. Concentrando-se nos fazeres humanos, decorrentes de práticas sociais que proporcionaram à comunidade conquistas importantes em relação ao direito à cidade, chegamos ao cotidiano e ao modo de vida. Destacamos as formas de organização das pessoas e dos ternos de Congada na cidade, suas estratégias, arranjos, até atingirmos os conteúdos e a substância das manifestações e representações dos negros em Uberlândia - MG. Tratou-se de uma abordagem que foi sendo construída na direção de compreendermos as formas com que os congadeiros haviam estabelecido as condições mínimas para viverem na cidade. Por este caminho consideramos os costumes e as tradições e aos poucos fomos percebendo e analisando as desigualdades e as diferenças sociais. Para poder explicar as realidades dos congadeiros, suas práticas religiosas, políticas e comunitárias, fomos conhecendo as diversas origens sócio-espaciais destas pessoas. Essas realidades são desveladas quando abordamos a sua complexidade, a partir de múltiplas perspectivas. Por exemplo, os congadeiros de Uberlândia têm incluído, em suas manifestações, negociações que se concretizam na ocupação dos espaços públicos da cidade. O trabalho discutiu também as relações mantidas entre o congadeiro e as várias instituições em que o grupo está envolvido. Nesse sentido, consideramos o histórico destas relações e nos deparamos com contradições que potencializam e medeiam embates, disputas e negociações entre grupos sociais e instituições, em relação aos usos do espaço. Desse modo, o estudo da Congada nos permitiu conhecer o modo de vida dos congadeiros, suas estruturas, heranças históricas, idéias, as quais continuam influenciando e transformando a consciência das pessoas e os processos que as redefinem em relação às vizinhanças, aos lugares, às redes sociais e à cidade / This research paper investigates the Congada\'s connection with the city and with the social-cultural background of the people who are participating in this party. The paper focuses on identifying current human practices, which originated from customs and traditions that assisted the community in attaining crucial victories concerning their rights within the city, while also establishing the foundation for the community\'s current way of life. The research paper also highlights the organization of people within this event, the strategies used to execute the event, and the structural division of the party, so as to finally study the contents of the manifestations and demonstrations of the black community in Uberlândia-MG. The sources of information are organized in such a way that it permits the reader to understand the big picture before jumping into the smaller elements that constitute the Congada. First the paper explains how the congadeiros established the minimum conditions to live in the city. Then it describes the customs and traditions used by the congadeiros, while also analyzing the social differences and the inequalities faced by these people. It is necessary to comprehend their origins, in order to understand the daily reality of these people; their religious, political and social practices. The daily reality of these people can be observed from many angles. For example, the congadeiros of Uberlândia have included deals in their manifestations that when realized, allow the community, to occupy specific parts of the city. This paper also discusses the relation kept between the congadeiro and various other institutions that are involved with the group. The study of this relationship reveals the agreements, deals, disputes, arguments, and debates which occur between social groups and institutions regarding the usage of space. By observing the Congada from many different angles, it was possible to profoundly understand the current way of life of the congadeiro, his structures, inheritances, ideas, which continue to influence and transform the consciousness of people and the processes that redefine them in relation to the neighborhoods, to the places, to the social networks and to the city

A Teoria das curvas algébricas sobre corpos finitos é de fundamental importância para a matemática e tem aplicações essenciais em muitas áreas, tais como Geometria Finita, Teoria dos Números, Teoria de Grafos e Teoria de Códigos. Neste trabalho tratamos do segmento algébrico desta teoria, isto é, corpos de funções algébricas, inicialmente sobre qualquer corpo, apresentando propriedades fundamentais. Depois nos restringimos aos corpos de funções algébricas sobre corpos finitos, e são apresentados resultados referentes à estimativa do gênero e número de lugares racionais, além de propriedades que conectam estes dois números e a característica do corpo, sendo o principal resultado dado por: Para q uma potência de um número primo e N inteiro não negativo, existe uma constante inteira não negativa g0 (dependendo de q e N) tal que, para todo g maior ou igual a \'g IND. 0\', existe um corpo de funções sobre \'F IND. q\' de gênero g tendo exatamente N lugares racionais / The Theory of algebraic curves over finite fields is of fundamental importance to mathematics and has essential applications in many areas, such Finite Geometry, Number Theory, Graph Theory and Coding Theory. In this work we treat the algebraic part of this theory, ie, algebraic function fields, initially over any field, presenting fundamental properties. Then we restrict to algebraic function fields over finite fields, and presented results for the estimation of the genus and the number of racional places, as well as properties that connect these two numbers and the characteristic of the constant field, being the main result given by: For q a prime power and N a non-negative integer, there is an integer non-negative \'g IND. 0\' (that depends of q and N) such that for all \'g > or =\' \'g IND. 0\' , there exists a function field over \'F IND. q\' with genus g having exactly N racional places

Games, movies, television, and interactive media make use of World-Building. World-Building essentially creates an elaborate invented universe in order to give a story context. In other words it generates a back-story designed to enhance the cathartic experience and promote engagement by the reader, viewer or participant. Some examples of World-Building include Halo, World of WarCraft and Game of Thrones. Stories need context to be fully understood and experienced. One describes a situation, the environment, sensations, smells, sounds and sensory perception to give the audience a fuller, richer experience. World-Building provides context through history, textures, laws, physics and motivations. The written portion of this thesis describes the process of generating a fantasy world. The visual portion uses a character-driven narrative to examine larger themes such as psychological transformation and pursuing one’s dream against the odds. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection