Submitted by Frederico Costa Carvalho (fredccarvalho@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-05T18:03:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_MFEE_final.pdf: 2375602 bytes, checksum: cfdff1486b99aafe0c73421e21245b0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2013-12-13T14:27:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_MFEE_final.pdf: 2375602 bytes, checksum: cfdff1486b99aafe0c73421e21245b0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-16T15:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_MFEE_final.pdf: 2375602 bytes, checksum: cfdff1486b99aafe0c73421e21245b0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-11 / This study investigated the value of a native forest in the Atlantic Forest biome. For this, we used the methodology of replacement cost. In addition, we sought to clarify the main determinants of this value, as well as their impacts. Were formulated four research hypotheses, namely i) the level of degradation of the área does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forest , ii) rugged topography does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forest; iii) the distance from the area to be restored to the nearest urban center does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forest , and iv) the distance from the area to be restored to the nursery that supplies seedling does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forest. To reach the results were performed simple tests for mean differences for qualitative variables. The results were that one can reject the hypothesis of rugged topography does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forest. However , it does not reject the hypothesis that the distance from the area to be restored to the nearest urban center does not influence the total cost of replacement of the native forest and the distance from the area to be restored to the nursery that supplies seedling does not influence the total cost of replacement of native forests. After this first approach a serie of regressions, using the classical ordinary least squares (OLS) is performed. Were made a sensitivity analysis of the results obtained. The survey data was obtained by conducting a survey (questionnaire) to a series of entities of reforestation industry. All four hypotheses were tested. According to the tests , it can be said that the hypothesis of the impact of rugged topography on the total cost of replacement of native forest showed nonsignificant in all models. However, the first hypothesis of the impact of the degradation level on the value of the project was rejected in all models. The third hypothesis of the impact of the distance from the area to the nearest urban center on the value of the project was rejected in two models and fourth hypothesis of the impact of the distance from the area to be restored to the nursery that supplies seedling on the total cost of replacement native forest was rejected in one model. The replacement cost of a native forest of the Atlantic Forest biome was R$ 22 thousand a hectare. This study also outlines the developments of environmental economics over time, emphasizing its main characteristics. The conclusions highlight the main points of this work, a number of theoretical and managerial implications of this study is discussed and suggestions are made for further research in this area. / O presente trabalho investigou o valor de uma floresta nativa no bioma Mata Atlântica. Para isso, utilizou-se da metodologia de custo de reposição. Além disso, buscou-se explicitar os principais fatores determinantes desse valor, bem como seus impactos. Foram formuladas quatro hipóteses de pesquisa, a saber, i) o nível de degradação da área não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa; ii) relevos mais acidentados das áreas a serem restauradas não influenciam o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa; iii) a distância da área a ser restaurada em relação ao centro urbano mais próximo não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa; e iv) a distância da área a ser restaurada em relação ao viveiro produtor de mudas não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa. Para chegar aos resultados foram realizados testes simples de diferença de médias para as variáveis qualitativas. Os resultados encontrados foram de que pode-se rejeitar a hipótese de que relevos mais acidentados das áreas a serem restauradas não influenciam o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa. No entanto, não se rejeitam as hipóteses de que a distância da área a ser restaurada em relação ao centro urbano mais próximo não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa e de que a distância da área a ser restaurada em relação ao viveiro produtor de mudas não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa. Após essa primeira aproximação, é realizada uma série de regressões, utilizando o modelo clássico de mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO). Fez-se uma análise de sensibilidade dos resultados obtidos. O levantamento de dados foi obtido por meio da realização de uma pesquisa (questionário) a uma série de entidades do setor. Foram testadas as quatro hipóteses. De acordo com os testes realizados, pode-se dizer que a hipótese 2 sobre o impacto de um relevo mais acidentado das áreas a serem restauradas no custo total de reposição da floresta nativa se mostrou não significativa em todos os modelos. No entanto, a hipótese 1 do impacto do nível de degradação sobre o valor do projeto foi rejeitada em todos os modelos. A hipótese 3 do impacto da localização da área em relação ao centro urbano sobre o valor do projeto foi rejeitada em dois modelos e a hipótese 4 de que a distância da área a ser restaurada em relação ao viveiro produtor de mudas não influencia o custo total de reposição da floresta nativa foi rejeitada em um modelo. Chegou-se ao resultado de R$22 mil/hectare para o custo de reposição de uma floresta nativa do bioma Mata Atlântica. Esse tipo de estudo foi contextualizado no desenvolvimento feito pela economia ambiental ao longo do tempo, ressaltando suas principais características. Nas conclusões destaca-se os principais pontos do trabalho e são discutidas uma série de implicações teóricas e gerenciais do presente estudo, bem como apresentadas sugestões para novos estudos nessa área.

Ziel der Arbeit war die Beurteilung der räumlichen Verteilung und Struktur von Feldhecken hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung für Hochwasser- und Naturschutz, sowie die Analyse von agrarökonomischen Faktoren, welche die Anlage von Hecken fördern beziehungsweise behindern. Folgende Fragen standen bei den Untersuchungen im Mittelpunkt: Wie muss eine Hecke sowohl aus naturschutzfachlicher als auch hydrologischer Sicht aufgebaut sein, um eine optimale Wirkung zu erzielen, und wie müssen die Rahmenbedingungen für Landwirte aussehen, damit Heckenstrukturen nicht nur erhalten, sondern auch neu angelegt werden können? Um diese komplexen Fragen zu beantworten, wurden verschiedene methodische Ansätze zur Analyse ökologischer, hydrologischer und entscheidungsbildender Prozesse gewählt. Um die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Skalenarten (ordinal / kardinal) zu vergleichen und dabei aus verschiedenen Optionen eine für alle Ziele optimale Vorzugsvariante zu ermitteln, wurde am Ende eine Nutzwertanalyse durchgeführt. / There were two main purposes of the study; the evaluation of the spatial distribution and structural patterns of hedgerows in regard to their impact on flood prevention and nature conservation, and the investigation of factors facilitating or constraining the establishment of hedgerows. On the basis of this assessment, knowledge based recommendations were developed for the facilitation of hedgerows in agricultural landscapes in mountainous areas such as the Erzgebirge. The following questions were the main focus of the investigation: how should a hedgerow be composed to obtain the optimal effect from the nature conservation as well as the flood prevention point of view, and how should the general requirements for farmers be constructed so that hedgerows are not only maintained but also newly established. To answer these complex questions different methodologies were applied for analysing ecological, hydrological and decision-forming processes. In order to compare the results and hedgerow alternatives to determine the optimal choice, a value-benefit analysis was performed.

Electricity is an essential good, which can hardly be replaced. It can be produced thanks to a wide rangeof sources, from coal to nuclear, not to mention renewables such as wind and solar. In order to meetdemand at the lowest cost, an optimisation is made on electricity markets between the differentproduction plants. This optimisation mainly relies on the electricity production cost of each technology.In order to include long-term constraints in the short-term optimisation, a so-called use value (oropportunity cost) can be computed and added to the production cost. One long-term constraint thatEDF, the main French electricity producer, is facing is that its gas plants cannot exceed a given numberof operation hours and starts between two maintenances. A specific software, DiMOI, computes usevalues for this double constraint but its parameters needs to be tested in order to improve thecomputation, as it is not thought to work properly.DiMOI relies on dynamic programming and more particularly on an algorithm called Bellman algorithm.The software has been tested with EDF R&D department in order to propose some modellingimprovements. Electricity and gas market prices, together with real plant parameters such as startingcosts, operating costs and yields, were used as inputs for this work, and the results were checkedagainst reality.This study gave some results but they appeared to be invalid. Indeed, an optimisation problem wasdiscovered in DiMOI computing core: on a deterministic context, a study with little degrees of freedomwas giving better profits than a study with more degrees of freedom. This problem origin was notfound precisely with a first investigation, and the R&D team expected the fixing time to be very long.The adaptation of a simpler tool (MaStock) was proposed and made in order to replace DiMOI. Thisproject has thus led to DiMOI giving up and its replacement by MaStock. Time was missing to testcorrectly this tool, and the first study which was made was not completely positive. Further studiesshould be carried out, for instance deterministic ones (using real past data) whose results could becompared to reality.Some complementary studies were made from a fictitious system, in order to study the impact of someparameters when computing use values and operations schedules. The conclusions of these studiesare the little impacts that changes in gas prices and start-up costs parameters have on the global resultsand the importance of an accurate choice in the time periods durations used for the computations.Unfortunately these conclusions might be too specific as they were made on short study periods.Further case studies should be done in order to reach more general conclusions.

新商品上市後造成流行的機率低於25%（Cooper & Kleinschmidt, 1990；Cooper, 2011），但Rogers（唐錦超，民95）的創新擴散模型實驗卻提出若早期採用者接受新商品並分享他們的創意使用價值，則能影響早期消費大眾較快且容易接受新商品且在市場上誘發流行。因此本研究的動機是希望透過資訊技術，首先確認早期採用者存在於網路族群之中，再萃取被網際網路大量資料包圍的網路早期採用者與其在新商品的創意使用價值資料，希望能夠藉此影響早期消費大眾的接受意願，並跨越他們之間的鴻溝(Moore, 1991)。 本研究目的是探討即使網路早期採用者與早期消費大眾兩者之間無實體的社會關係網絡時，網路早期採用者所創造的新商品創意使用價值，還是能夠影響早期大眾消費者購買的意願，以形成一種新型創新擴散模式。實作上是將網路早期採用者的創意使用價值，設計成廣告宣傳單直接刺激早期消費大眾，觀察新商品是否被他們接受。經過購買意願問卷回收、整理和分析消費者族群與接受程度，證實網路早期採用者的創意使用價值確實能引起早期消費大眾往高購買意願的族群移動。 再者，企業為了能夠在市場生存競爭獲勝，必須比其他同業更早挖掘出稀少且有價值的資訊幫助新商品跨越鴻溝，協助企業獲得更多的利益。雖然本研究提出的新型創新擴散模式，能提高早期消費大眾接受新商品的意願，但是在人機互動的資料分析過程中，耗費過多人力。因此本研究再根據文字探勘的IDF概念提出ICF演算法，藉以縮小決策範圍並且得到效率前緣的機會點，依然能在眾多的資料中也萃取出網路早期採用者的微弱創意使用價值，同時降低人工作業、專家主觀解讀和決策制定的複雜度的問題，得到高品質的效率方案。 / The chance for a new product to be prevalent is lower than 25% (Cooper & Kleinschmidt, 1990; Cooper, 2011). However, in Rogers’ innovative diffusion model (Rogers, 2003), he proposed that if early adopters accepted new products and shared their innovative use value with others, the early majority may accept the new products quickly and readily. First of all, this study intends to use information technology to make sure that the early adopters exist on the Internet world. Then the author tries to extract innovative use information employed by the early adopters who are surrounded by huge amount of information. Hopefully, the early majority can be affected by such measures. That is, in the process of consuming merchandise, consumers tend to build mutual affections, value, and psychological sensation. This may enable the new products to cross over the chasm between the early adopters and early majority (Moore, 1991; 1995). The purpose of this study is to explore the innovative use value created by early adopters existing on the Internet world. It is to affect the purchasing intention of the early majority when there is no social relationship network between early adopters and early majority so as to build a new innovative diffusion model. In order to achieve this, the innovative use value created in the Internet by the early adopters was designed as commercial fliers to directly stimulate the early majority. It is used to observe whether new products are accepted by the early majority. The experimental results proved that this measurement surely can move the early majority toward groups with high intention. Moreover, talking about the continuing existence of a business, one needs to find out the rare and valuable information in the early stage in order to make the new products to cross over the chasm. The new innovative diffusion proposed by this study is able to extract the innovative use value created by the early adopters in Internet. And, for the purpose of reducing manpower and contracting the weak innovative information created by the early adopters, this study was conducted by using ICF algorithm which is derived from IDF concept existing in the text mining. It is to narrow the range of policy making, gain the chance point from the effect frontier, improve the quality and efficiency when making a decision, and reduce subjective judgement made by experts, which may help decision makers to make an effective policy based on their advantage and preference, and in the end, to reduce the complexity of making a policy.

本論文延伸英國馬克思主義教育理論者Glenn Rikowski提出之「學校教育生產勞動力」的「勞動力理論」，論述現代資本主義中學校教育與資本積累的關係，指出受學校教育作為創造「商品化勞動力使用價值」的關鍵機制，將促進剩餘價值生產。此過程具有生產使用價值、生產交換價值、操持、強制性等四項特性，本身就可視為是一種「勞動」來觀察。本論文將此過程稱為「求學勞動」，以馬克思主義對其進行分析，提出「求學勞動理論」。 本論文發現，基於資本主義下資本積累需求與勞動者之間的競爭壓力，求學勞動將是一種異化的強制性活動，且具有(1)提高僱傭勞動的「剩餘價值率」，及(2)教育增額工資日益減少甚至低於教育費用的「再生產不足」等兩重剝削機制，以促成剩餘價值生產，維持資本主義體制。 運用國家理論觀察，求學勞動的內涵在國家中介下，除了滿足不同的資本積累需求外，也須透過政治控制與社會整合以滿足社會正當性，是故在不同的社會條件和權力分布下，將有著變動的「開放空間」，也可能造成不同的「危機」。 而自馬克思主義相關成果分析求學勞動，本論文發現求學勞動的過程包含著「競爭排序」與「權威控制」，使得「意識型態」得以運作，促成異化求學勞動與僱傭勞動持續運行。而為了用以抵擋資本主義利潤率下降趨勢，求學勞動有著更加異化、競爭化、階層化、延長化、貶值化、新自由主義化等諸項趨勢，但也有著包含反體制運動、教育改革及階級鬥爭的「反趨勢」可能。 本論文也運用了理論成果，針對台灣的「升學競爭」與「高教擴張」之現象及成因進行分析。本論文認為台灣升學壓力的原因與資本積累需求及勞動力競爭壓力相關。僅透過「廣設公立高中大學」、「取消人力規劃與強制分流教育」等方法，不足以消解升學壓力，反而恐將延後、強化、轉移競爭壓力。除非教育改革能(1)去除資本需求與其對勞動力的影響，(2)促成平等化的階層結構，(3)使教育資源分配的平等化，才有可能改變升學競爭壓力的結構原因。而1990年代台灣的高教擴張政策，非但無法達到其宣稱的目標，反而傾向「教育私有化」政策，更鞏固了「公私雙元高教系統」，強化競爭與階級繁衍。 最後，本論文指出基於求學勞動與僱傭勞動之間具有抽象結構的共通性，隨著客觀情勢惡化與集體行動的努力，具有打造出「工學聯合」的共通階級意識基礎，以共同投入改革或革命實踐的可能。 / This dissertation was inspired by the Marxist educational theorist Glenn Rikowski’s “labor power theory”, seeing schooling as producing labor power for capitalism, to research the relationship between schooling and capitalism. From the Marxist point, I find that schooling is the key mechanism of producing commercial use-value of labor power, and will produce more surplus-value in the wage-labor process. I use Marxism to analysis schooling as a kind of labor, and naming it “schooling-labor” to propose a “schooling-labor theory”. Because capitalists chase higher profits for accumulation and labors compete with each other for education or working opportunities, the schooling-labor would be a forced and alienated activity, consists of two mechanisms of exploitation for capitalism: (1) improving the surplus-value rate, and (2) causing “insufficient reproduction”. The content of schooling-labor is mediated by the State to satisfy the accumulation of capital and social legitimation at the same time, so under different social elements and different distribution of power, there are “open spaces” to be mediated, and may result of different crises. I find that the competition and authoritative control in the process of schooling-labor make the ideology work to maintain the alienated schooling-labor and wage-labor. Moreover, for countervailing the tendency of “decreasing profit rate”, schooling-labor would turn into situations consist of alienation, competition, stratification, extension, and inflation; but however, there are also “counter-tendencies”, including anti-system movement, education reform, and class struggle. After all, I use the theory to analyze the phenomenon and cause of “competition for education opportunities” and “expansion of higher education” in Taiwan, and I find that the expanding higher education in Taiwan could not solve the problem of educational need and competition, but caused the privatization of education, the “public-private polarized higher education system”, and reproduction of class. Finally, the dissertation points out that because the uniformity between schooling-labor and wage-labor, the objective worse situation, and the power of collective actions, there are possibilities to manufacture the class consciousness of “students and workers” to engage in reform or revolution.

Employing Cornish Cultures for Community Resilience. Can cultural distinctiveness be used to strengthen community bonds, boost morale and equip and motivate people socially and economically? Using the witness of people in Cornwall and comparative experiences, this discussion combines a review of how cultures are commodified and portrayed with reflections on well-being and ‘emotional prosperity’. Cornwall is a relatively poor European region with a cultural identity that inspires an established ethno-cultural movement and is the symbolic basis of community awareness and aspiration, as well as the subject of contested identities and representations. At the heart of this is an array of cultures that is identified as Cornish, including a distinct post-industrial inheritance, the Cornish Language and Celtic Revivalism. Cultural difference has long been a resource for cultural industries and tourism and discussion of using culture for regeneration has accordingly concentrated almost exclusively on these sectors but an emergent ‘regional distinctiveness agenda’ is beginning to present Cornish cultures as an asset for use in branding and marketing other sectors. All of these uses ultimately involve commodification but culture potentially has a far wider role to play in fostering economic, social, cultural and environmental resilience. This research therefore uses multidisciplinary approaches to broaden the discussion to include culture’s primary emotional and social uses. It explores the possibility that enhancing these uses could help to tackle economic and social disadvantage and to build more cohesive communities. The discussion centres on four linked themes: multiple forms of capital; discourse, narrative and myth; human need, emotion and well-being; representation and intervention. Cultural, social, symbolic and human capital are related to collective status and well-being through consideration of cultural practices, repertoires and knowledge. These are explored with discussion of accompanying representations and discourses and their social, emotional and economic implications so as to allow tentative suggestions for intervention in policy and representation. A key conclusion is that culture may be used proactively to increase ‘emotional capital’.

Artefacts acquire/embody migratory meanings according to contexts of raw material manipulation, use, discard and discourse. First-Millennium Agriculturist ceramics and concomitant private and public significances/use values are placed within aspects of a deep past Stone Age history of space and artefact usage in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Some thought paradigms and cultural contexts are examined as having directly influenced discourse, what artefacts were foregrounded, and in which manner writers of southern African prehistory considered them. Thereafter ceramic artefacts and associated technologies are focussed upon as being intimate to personal/ community lifeways and worldviews. Domestic and ceremonial utilityware, figurines and masks, as well as clay usage in homebuilding and metalworking, and urges to apply a mark to malleable clay, or deliberately alter and/or bury ceramic artefacts; are explored as manifestations of medium and usage well suited to regularly reconfigured meanings . / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (Art History)

Artefacts acquire/embody migratory meanings according to contexts of raw material manipulation, use, discard and discourse. First-Millennium Agriculturist ceramics and concomitant private and public significances/use values are placed within aspects of a deep past Stone Age history of space and artefact usage in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Some thought paradigms and cultural contexts are examined as having directly influenced discourse, what artefacts were foregrounded, and in which manner writers of southern African prehistory considered them. Thereafter ceramic artefacts and associated technologies are focussed upon as being intimate to personal/ community lifeways and worldviews. Domestic and ceremonial utilityware, figurines and masks, as well as clay usage in homebuilding and metalworking, and urges to apply a mark to malleable clay, or deliberately alter and/or bury ceramic artefacts; are explored as manifestations of medium and usage well suited to regularly reconfigured meanings . / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Art History)