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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estimation of Variance Components in Finite Polygenic Models and Complex Pedigrees

Lahti, Katharine Gage 22 June 1998 (has links)
Various models of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits have been considered to provide the basis for increased genetic progress. The finite polygenic model (FPM), which contains a finite number of unlinked polygenic loci, is proposed as an improvement to the infinitesimal model (IM) for estimating both additive and dominance variance for a wide range of genetic models. Analysis under an additive five-loci FPM by either a deterministic Maximum Likelihood (DML) or a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian method (BGS) produced accurate estimates of narrow-sense heritability (0.48 to 0.50 with true values of h2 = 0.50) for phenotypic data from a five-generation, 6300-member pedigree simulated without selection under either an IM, FPMs containing five or forty loci with equal homozygote difference, or a FPM with eighteen loci of diminishing homozygote difference. However, reducing the analysis to a three- or four-loci FPM resulted in some biased estimates of heritability (0.53 to 0.55 across all genetic models for the 3-loci BGS analysis and 0.47 to 0.48 for the 40-loci FPM and the infinitesimal model for both the 3- and 4-loci DML analyses). The practice of cutting marriage and inbreeding loops utilized by the DML method expectedly produced overestimates of additive genetic variance (55.4 to 66.6 with a true value of sigma squared sub a = 50.0 across all four genetic models) for the same pedigree structure under selection, while the BGS method was mostly unaffected by selection, except for slight overestimates of additive variance (55.0 and 58.8) when analyzing the 40-loci FPM and the infinitesimal model, the two models with the largest numbers of loci. Changes to the BGS method to accommodate estimation of dominance variance by sampling genotypes at individual loci are explored. Analyzing the additive data sets with the BGS method, assuming a five-loci FPM including both additive and dominance effects, resulted in accurate estimates of additive genetic variance (50.8 to 52.2 for true sigma squared sub a = 50.0) and no significant dominance variance (3.7 to 3.9) being detected where none existed. The FPM has the potential to produce accurate estimates of dominance variance for large, complex pedigrees containing inbreeding, whereas the IM suffers severe limitations under inbreeding. Inclusion of dominance effects into the genetic evaluations of livestock, with the potential increase in accuracy of additive breeding values and added ability to exploit specific combining abilities, is the ultimate goal. / Master of Science
2

Análise do sinal de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca através de estatística não extensiva: taxa de q-entropia multiescala / Heart rate variability analysis through nonextensive statistics: multiscale q-entropy rate

Silva, Luiz Eduardo Virgilio da 28 February 2013 (has links)
O corpo humano é um sistema complexo composto por vários subsistemas interdependentes, que interagem entre si em várias escalas. Sabe-se que essa complexidade fisiológica tende a diminuir com a presença de doenças e com o avanço da idade, reduzindo a capacidade de adaptação dos indivíduos. No sistema cardiovascular, uma das maneira de se avaliar sua dinâmica regulatória é através da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Os métodos clássicos de análise da VFC são baseados em modelos lineares, como é o caso da análise espectral. Contudo, como os mecanismos fisiológicos de regulação cardíaca apresentam características não lineares, as análises utilizando tais modelos podem ser limitadas. Nos últimos tempos, várias propostas de métodos não lineares têm surgido. Porém, não se sabe de uma medida consistente com o conceito de complexidade fisiológica, onde tanto os regimes periódicos como aleatórios são caracterizados como perda de complexidade. Baseado no conceito de complexidade fisiológica, esta tese propõe novos métodos de análise não lineares para séries de VFC. Os métodos consistem da generalização de medidas de entropia já existentes, utilizando a mecânica estatística não aditiva de Tsallis e a técnica de geração de dados substitutos. Foi definido um método, chamado de qSDiff, que calcula a diferença entre a entropia de um sinal e a entropia média de suas séries substitutas. O método de entropia utilizado consiste de uma generalização da entropia amostral (SampEn), utilizando o paradigma não aditivo. Das séries qSDiff foram extraídos três atributos, que foram avaliados como possíveis índices de complexidade fisiológica. A entropia multiescala (MSE) também foi generalizada seguindo o paradigma não aditivo, e os mesmos atributos foram calculados em várias escalas. Os métodos foram aplicados em séries reais de VFC de humanos e de ratos, bem como em um conjunto de sinais simulados, formado por ruídos e mapas, este último em regimes caótico e periódico. O atributo qSDiffmax demonstrou ser consistente para baixas escalas ao passo que os atributos qmax e qzero para escalas maiores, separando e classificando os grupos quanto à complexidade fisiológica. Observou-se ainda uma possível relação entre estes q-atributos com a presença de caos, que precisa ser melhor estudada. Os resultados ainda apontam a possibilidade de que, na insuficiência cardíaca, ocorre maior degradação nos mecanismos de baixa escala, de curto período, ao passo que na fibrilação atrial o prejuízo se estenderia para escalas maiores. As medidas baseadas em entropia propostas são capazes de extrair informações importantes das séries de VFC, sendo mais consistentes com o conceito de complexidade fisiológica do que a SampEn (clássica). Reforçou-se a hipótese de que a complexidade se revela em múltiplas escalas de um sinal. Acreditamos que os métodos propostos podem contribuir bastante na análise da VFC e também de outros sinais biomédicos. / Human body is a complex system composed of several interdependent subsystems, interacting at various scales. It is known that physiological complexity tends to decrease with disease and aging, reducing the adaptative capabilities of the individual. In the cardiovascular system, one way to evaluate its regulatory dynamics is through the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Classical methods of HRV analysis are based on linear models, such as spectral analysis. However, as the physiological mechanisms regulating heart rate exhibit nonlinear characteristics, analyzes using such models may be limited. In the last years, several proposals nonlinear methods have emerged. Nevertheless, no one is known to be consistent with the physiological complexity theory, where both periodic and random regimes are characterized as complexity loss. Based on physiological complexity theory, this thesis proposes new methods for nonlinear HRV series analysis. The methods are generalization of existing entropy measures, through Tsallis nonadditive statistical mechanics and surrogate data. We defined a method, called qSDiff, which calculates the difference between the entropy of a signal and its surrogate data average entropy. The entropy method used is a generalization of sample entropy (SampEn), through nonadditive paradigm. From qSDiff we extracted three attributes, which were evaluated as potential physiological complexity indexes. Multiscale entropy (MSE) was also generalized following nonadditive paradigm, and the same attributes were calculated at various scales. The methods were applied to real human and rats HRV series, as well as to a set of simulated signals, consisting of noises and maps, the latter in chaotic and periodic regimes. qSDiffmax attribute proved to be consistent for low scales while qmax and qzero attributes to larger scales, separating and ranking groups in terms of physiological complexity. There was also found a possible relationship between these q-attributes with the presence of chaos, which must be further investigated. The results also suggested the possibility that, in congestive heart failure, degradation occurs rather at small scales or short time mechanisms, while in atrial fibrillation, damage would extend to larger scales. The proposed entropy based measures are able to extract important information of HRV series, being more consistent with physiological complexity theory than SampEn (classical). Results strengthened the hypothesis that complexity is revealed at multiple scales. We believe that the proposed methods can contribute to HRV as well as to other biomedical signals analysis.
3

Análise do sinal de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca através de estatística não extensiva: taxa de q-entropia multiescala / Heart rate variability analysis through nonextensive statistics: multiscale q-entropy rate

Luiz Eduardo Virgilio da Silva 28 February 2013 (has links)
O corpo humano é um sistema complexo composto por vários subsistemas interdependentes, que interagem entre si em várias escalas. Sabe-se que essa complexidade fisiológica tende a diminuir com a presença de doenças e com o avanço da idade, reduzindo a capacidade de adaptação dos indivíduos. No sistema cardiovascular, uma das maneira de se avaliar sua dinâmica regulatória é através da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Os métodos clássicos de análise da VFC são baseados em modelos lineares, como é o caso da análise espectral. Contudo, como os mecanismos fisiológicos de regulação cardíaca apresentam características não lineares, as análises utilizando tais modelos podem ser limitadas. Nos últimos tempos, várias propostas de métodos não lineares têm surgido. Porém, não se sabe de uma medida consistente com o conceito de complexidade fisiológica, onde tanto os regimes periódicos como aleatórios são caracterizados como perda de complexidade. Baseado no conceito de complexidade fisiológica, esta tese propõe novos métodos de análise não lineares para séries de VFC. Os métodos consistem da generalização de medidas de entropia já existentes, utilizando a mecânica estatística não aditiva de Tsallis e a técnica de geração de dados substitutos. Foi definido um método, chamado de qSDiff, que calcula a diferença entre a entropia de um sinal e a entropia média de suas séries substitutas. O método de entropia utilizado consiste de uma generalização da entropia amostral (SampEn), utilizando o paradigma não aditivo. Das séries qSDiff foram extraídos três atributos, que foram avaliados como possíveis índices de complexidade fisiológica. A entropia multiescala (MSE) também foi generalizada seguindo o paradigma não aditivo, e os mesmos atributos foram calculados em várias escalas. Os métodos foram aplicados em séries reais de VFC de humanos e de ratos, bem como em um conjunto de sinais simulados, formado por ruídos e mapas, este último em regimes caótico e periódico. O atributo qSDiffmax demonstrou ser consistente para baixas escalas ao passo que os atributos qmax e qzero para escalas maiores, separando e classificando os grupos quanto à complexidade fisiológica. Observou-se ainda uma possível relação entre estes q-atributos com a presença de caos, que precisa ser melhor estudada. Os resultados ainda apontam a possibilidade de que, na insuficiência cardíaca, ocorre maior degradação nos mecanismos de baixa escala, de curto período, ao passo que na fibrilação atrial o prejuízo se estenderia para escalas maiores. As medidas baseadas em entropia propostas são capazes de extrair informações importantes das séries de VFC, sendo mais consistentes com o conceito de complexidade fisiológica do que a SampEn (clássica). Reforçou-se a hipótese de que a complexidade se revela em múltiplas escalas de um sinal. Acreditamos que os métodos propostos podem contribuir bastante na análise da VFC e também de outros sinais biomédicos. / Human body is a complex system composed of several interdependent subsystems, interacting at various scales. It is known that physiological complexity tends to decrease with disease and aging, reducing the adaptative capabilities of the individual. In the cardiovascular system, one way to evaluate its regulatory dynamics is through the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Classical methods of HRV analysis are based on linear models, such as spectral analysis. However, as the physiological mechanisms regulating heart rate exhibit nonlinear characteristics, analyzes using such models may be limited. In the last years, several proposals nonlinear methods have emerged. Nevertheless, no one is known to be consistent with the physiological complexity theory, where both periodic and random regimes are characterized as complexity loss. Based on physiological complexity theory, this thesis proposes new methods for nonlinear HRV series analysis. The methods are generalization of existing entropy measures, through Tsallis nonadditive statistical mechanics and surrogate data. We defined a method, called qSDiff, which calculates the difference between the entropy of a signal and its surrogate data average entropy. The entropy method used is a generalization of sample entropy (SampEn), through nonadditive paradigm. From qSDiff we extracted three attributes, which were evaluated as potential physiological complexity indexes. Multiscale entropy (MSE) was also generalized following nonadditive paradigm, and the same attributes were calculated at various scales. The methods were applied to real human and rats HRV series, as well as to a set of simulated signals, consisting of noises and maps, the latter in chaotic and periodic regimes. qSDiffmax attribute proved to be consistent for low scales while qmax and qzero attributes to larger scales, separating and ranking groups in terms of physiological complexity. There was also found a possible relationship between these q-attributes with the presence of chaos, which must be further investigated. The results also suggested the possibility that, in congestive heart failure, degradation occurs rather at small scales or short time mechanisms, while in atrial fibrillation, damage would extend to larger scales. The proposed entropy based measures are able to extract important information of HRV series, being more consistent with physiological complexity theory than SampEn (classical). Results strengthened the hypothesis that complexity is revealed at multiple scales. We believe that the proposed methods can contribute to HRV as well as to other biomedical signals analysis.
4

Female mating decisions in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus)

Agbali, Muna January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this study was to obtain an understanding of the basis to female mating decisions in the Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus). Bitterling have a resource-based mating system that involves the female laying her eggs inside the gills of a freshwater mussel. Male bitterling perform elaborate courtship behaviour and are territorial and aggressively guard mussels in their territory from other territory holders and non-territorial males. Using a series of laboratory experiments it was shown in this study that females were choosy over the males they mated with, but females were not congruent in their preferences. Female mate preferences correlated positively with offspring growth rates and survival during early development. Female mate choice did not correspond with male dominance, and there may be an intersexual conflict between female mate preferences and male dominance as a result. Females tended to prefer males with functionally dissimilar MHC alleles. MHC alleles may influence male odour cues, and females showed a preference for mussels in which the sperm of multiple males had been released, possibly indicating that females use odour cues associated with sperm release in mating decisions. Bitterling show an innate preference for the colour red in a foraging context and there may be a receiver bias for red nuptial colouration in female mating preferences. Despite a significant role for mate preferences, direct (oviposition) mating preferences were shown to be more important in the mating system. Choice of oviposition sites has both immediate (survival) consequences for offspring, as well as longer-term fitness effects.

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