Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 validorio_vc_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 130030 bytes, checksum: 2bf35553ac0d3c35571e35c39890ddf2 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-04T11:39:29Z: validorio_vc_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-04T11:40:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000589179.pdf: 1147120 bytes, checksum: bb307e9d4e14d35df44aeb2dc07fae93 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o propósito de analisar o comportamento lingüístico-tradutório de dois tradutores profissionais diante das dificuldades impostas pelas barreiras culturais na tradução, investigamos os quatro corpora paralelos de nossa pesquisa, compostos por duas obras traduzidas por Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) e The War of the Saints (1993), em relação às respectivas obras originais Mar Morto (1936) e O Sumiço da Santa (1988), escritas por Jorge Amado, bem como por duas obras traduzidas por Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) e Tieta (The Americas) (1979) em relação às obras originais Tenda dos Milagres (1969) e Tieta do Agreste (1977), do mesmo autor. Os objetivos principais que nortearam o presente trabalho foram: analisar a tradução de marcadores culturais, verificar o comportamento lingüístico dos tradutores profissionais Gregory Rabassa e Barbara Shelby Merello por meio da observação das opções por eles utilizadas nas traduções, bem como dos traços de normalização presentes nas quatro obras traduzidas. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), adotando, para o levantamento e processamento eletrônico de dados, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos estudos tradução baseadas em corpus de Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), bem como os estudos sobre a lingüística de corpus, propostos por Berber Sardinha (2000, 2004). Com relação à classificação e análise dos dados levantados, adotamos os trabalhos sobre as modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998), a proposta de Nida (1945) para os domínios culturais, reformulada por Aubert (1981), bem como os estudos sobre normalização de Baker (1996) e Scott (1998). A metodologia adotada requereu a utilização do programa WordSmith Tools e as ferramentas por ele disponibilizadas, que nos proporcionaram os recursos necessários... / Intending to analyse the translational linguistic behavior of two professional translators faced with difficulties imposed by cultural barriers in translation, we analyzed four parallel corpora in our research, composed by two novels translated by Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) and The War of the Saints (1993), in comparison with the original novels Mar Morto (1936) and O Sumiço da Santa (1988), written by Jorge Amado, as well as by two novels translated by Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) and Tieta (The Americas) (1979), in comparison with the original novels Tenda dos Milagres (1969) and Tieta do Agreste (1977), written by the same author. Our main objectives were: to analyze the translation of cultural markers, to observe Gregory Rabassa’s and Barbara Shelby Merello’s professional behavior by the analysis of resources used by them in their respective translations, and also to identify normalization features in the four translated texts. With these purposes in mind, we based our study on Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007) adopting, for the electronic compilation and processing, the theory and methodology proposed by Baker for corpus-based translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), and the methodology adopted by Berber Sardinha for corpus linguistics (1999, 2000, 2003, 2004). Concerning the classification and analyzes of data gathered from our corpora, we based our study on the works on translation modalities by Aubert (1984, 1998), on the works on cultural domains by Nida (1945) and Aubert (1981), and also on the investigations on normalization by Baker (1996) and Scott (1998). The methodology adopted in the present research required the use of WordSmith Tools software, which provided the necessary resources for the collection of data from the novels and for the observation and analysis of the cultural and textual aspects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cette thèse porte sur les représentations et pratiques relatives aux corps et aux soins dans un village des Andes sud‐péruviennes. Cet objet, a priori classique pour l’ethnologie andine, est ici abordé dans une situation dynamique, pluraliste et politisée avec une approche qui se distingue clairement de la démarche habituellement suivie. Si ces représentations et pratiques ont tout d’abord été appréhendées au sein des espaces domestiques et auprès des guérisseurs, c’est ensuite le poste de santé, structure officielle de santé publique, qui a été pris en compte dans le pluralisme médical local. Ses rapports avec les villageois ont alors été analysés sous l’angle du pouvoir. Et son influencesur les pratiques de soins, sur les corps et sur les représentations correspondantes a été interrogée. Afin de saisir les transformations en cours depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années, une perspective diachronique a finalement été suivie. C’est ainsi qu’a pu être mise au jour une dynamique de contrôle et de normalisation des corps et des individus par la santé publique. Phénomène qui se traduit pour l’instant par une transformation des pratiques de soins mais aussi des corps individuels ainsi que par une différenciation croissante du corps social. Avec le renouvellement générationnel, ceprocessus de transformation, relativement récent mais néanmoins profond, peut probablement mener à un véritable basculement socioculturel ici résumé par l’expression "d’un corps à l’autre" qui désigne non seulement le passage "d’un corps individuel à l’autre" mais aussi celui "d’un corps social à l’autre". / This thesis focuses on representations and practices related to bodies and cares in a South Peruvian Andes village. This object, which seems classical in Andean ethnology, is discussed here in a dynamic, pluralistic and politicized situation with an approach which is clearly distinguishable from the usual processes. If these representations and practices have first been understood in domestic spaces and among healers, it is then the health station, a formal structure of public health, which has been taken into account in the local medical pluralism. Its relationships with the villagers were then analyzed interms of power. Its influence on care practices, on the body and its corresponding representations was questioned. To capture the changes taking place for over thirty years, a diachronic perspective was finally chosen. Thus, a dynamic of control and normalization of bodies and individuals by the public health could be brought to light. A phenomenon that resulted so far in transforming care practices but also individual bodies, as well as in increasing differentiation of the society. With generational renewal this transformation process, relatively new but nevertheless deep, can possiblylead to a real sociocultural swing here summarized by the expression "from one body to another" which refers not only to the passage of an "individual body to another" but also "from a social body to another".

Market research is often conducted through conventional methods such as surveys, focus groups and interviews. But the drawbacks of these methods are that they can be costly and timeconsuming. This study develops a new method, based on a combination of standard techniques like sentiment analysis and normalisation, to conduct market research in a manner that is free and quick. The method can be used in many application-areas, but this study focuses mainly on the veganism market to identify vegan food preferences in the form of a profile. Several food words are identified, along with their distribution between positive and negative sentiments in the profile. Surprisingly, non-vegan foods such as cheese, cake, milk, pizza and chicken dominate the profile, indicating that there is a significant market for vegan-suitable alternatives for such foods. Meanwhile, vegan-suitable foods such as coconut, potato, blueberries, kale and tofu also make strong appearances in the profile. Validation is performed by using the method on Volkswagen vehicle data to identify positive and negative sentiment across five car models. Some results were found to be consistent with sales figures and expert reviews, while others were inconsistent. The reliability of the method is therefore questionable, so the results should be used with caution.

Depuis 2010, le gouvernement canadien a créé une loi qui exige 5% de biocarburant dans l’essence, et ce, dans un contexte d’insécurité alimentaire dont souffrent les plus défavorisés. Cette thèse fait l’analyse critique du discours des organisations privées qui ont promu les biocarburants dans ce contexte. Comment en sont-ils arrivés à fabriquer la normalité de l’usage des biocarburants? Cette dernière se produit par la mise en valeur de nouveaux emplois dans l’industrie, la promotion d’une économie rurale vigoureuse, la présentation de l’État comme facilitateur des marchés ainsi que l’accent mis sur les impacts environnementaux favorables des biocarburants. La normalisation s’explique aussi par la dénaturation des grains et la radicalisation du rôle du fermier afin que ceux-ci concordent avec l’idéologie (néo)libérale. Il importe que la criminologie critique, se positionne au sein d’une zémiologie, dont les objets d’études portent sur les torts sociaux émanant des structures et l’organisation inégalitaire de nos sociétés.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser MEMRI (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) pour étudier le traitement d'odeurs signifiantes dans le cortex olfactif primaire de rats dans les conditions les plus proches de la perception naturelle. MEMRI est une méthode fondée sur la détection d'un agent de contraste fonctionnel et rémanent de l'activité neuronale, le manganèse, qui a prouvé son efficacité pour montrer le traitement différencié d'odeurs dans le bulbe olfactif chez l'animal vigile. Cependant, cette technique a été surtout utilisée pour tracer les voies neuronales, mais relativement peu pour explorer des fonctions sensorielles. C'est pourquoi nous avons conduit deux études visant l'une à définir les conditions d'application du manganèse et l'autre à optimiser le traitement des images MEMRI, avant d'aborder la question biologique proprement dite. S'appuyant sur ces développement méthodologiques, nous avons ensuite utilisé MEMRI pour étudier les variations du traitement d'odeurs signifiantes (odeurs de nourriture et de prédateur comparées à une situation de contrôle) dans le cortex olfactif primaire de rats. Nous avons montré que le traitement cérébral d'une odeur de prédateur est différent de celui de la situation de contrôle dans le cortex olfactif primaire. Nous avons confirmé ce résultat par immunomarquage Fos dans le cortex piriforme. Mis ensemble, les résultats de MEMRI et Fos suggèrent que le traitement cérébral d'une odeur peut varier en terme de taille de populations de neurone recrutés ainsi qu'en termes d'intensité de l'activation de ces neurones. Enfin, les résultats MEMRI montrent qu'un message olfactif crucial, pour la survie, est traité asymétriquement dans le cerveau. Les avancées méthodologiques et scientifiques qu'apporte cette thèse ouvrent la voie à une meilleure compréhension du traitement cérébral des odeurs. / The aim of this thesis was to use MEMRI (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) for studying the processing of behaviorally significant odors in the rat primary olfactory cortex, under conditions close to natural perception in awake animals. MEMRI is a method based on the detection of o functional and remanent contrast agent, manganese, which has proved to be valuable dor studying odor processing in the olfactory bulb. However , this method has mainly been used to trace neuronal pathways, but seldom to explore sensory functions. Here, we have conducted two studies to define the conditions of application of manganese and to optimize processing of MEMRI images. Based on these methodological developments, we have then used MEMRI to investigate the activation of central olfactory structures following exposure of awake rats to biologically relevant odors (food and predator odors compared to a control situation). MEMRI revealed that a predator is processed differently from the control situation in the primary olfactory cortex. Fos immunolabeling in the anterior piriform cortex corroborated this result. Altogether, MEMRI and Fos results suggest that olfactory processing may rely on both the intensity of activation and the size of neuronal populations recruited. Finally, MEMRI revealed that the olfactory message, crucial for survival, is asymmetrically processed in the brain. Methodological and scientific advances brought by this thesis will be useful for better understanding brain olfactory processing.

Cette thèse sur la « fabrique des soins en réanimation » a pour ambition de montrer comment la prise en charge de patients « techniqués » relève d’une catégorisation à la fois sociologique et anthropologique. Partant d’une approche sociohistorique visant à retracer la constitution d’une médecine d’urgence et d’incertitude, il s’agit d’identifier les soubassements professionnels et les conditions d’émergence d’un segment soignant de réanimation. Cette approche conduit à interroger plus précisément l’évolution de ce segment dans le cadre de la modernisation de l’hôpital public. La prolifération normative engagée par les autorités publiques invite à reconsidérer des pratiques soignantes singulières aux prises avec l’incertitude médicale qui résulte de la prise en charge de patients dont le pronostic vital est engagé. Singulières au regard des patients admis dans les unités, les pratiques soignantes le sont aussi compte tenu des « routines de l’urgence » convoquées dans le contrôle du travail. Enfin, elles le sont également en raison des conduites morales qui commandent au maniement des « matériaux humains ». La fabrique des soins de réanimation invite ainsi à saisir les enjeux socioanthropologiques qui se dévoilent un peu plus chaque jour à travers l’ouverture progressive des services aux publics. / This thesis on The Manufacturing of Care in Intensive Care Units aims to show how provision of care for patients requiring highly technical treatment is part of a categorization which is both sociological and anthropological. From a socio-historical approach which aims to retrace how a medical practice of emergency and uncertainty was built up, this involves identifying the professional substructures and the conditions under which the care segment of intensive care has emerged. This approach leads us to question more specifically the evolution of this segment within the framework of the modernization of public hospitals. The standardization undertaken by public authorities invites us to reconsider singular care practices which are grappling with the medical uncertainty resulting from the provision of care to patients whose lives are in danger.These practices are singular in relation to 'emergency routines' which are applied in work supervision, as well as in relation to the patients admitted for treatment. This singularity applies also to the moral behaviour which leads the handling of 'human materials'. The manufacturing of care in intensive care units thus invites us to grasp the socio-anthropological issues which the gradual opening of services to the public reveals a little more each day.

L'augmentation considérable de la quantité des données textuelles rend aujourd’hui difficile leur analyse sans l’assistance d’outils. Or, un texte rédigé en langue naturelle est une donnée non-structurée, c’est-à-dire qu’elle n’est pas interprétable par un programme informatique spécialisé, sans lequel les informations des textes restent largement sous-exploitées. Parmi les outils d’extraction automatique d’information, nous nous intéressons aux méthodes d’interprétation automatique de texte pour la tâche de normalisation d’entité qui consiste en la mise en correspondance automatique des mentions d’entités de textes avec des concepts d’un référentiel. Pour réaliser cette tâche, nous proposons une nouvelle approche par alignement de deux types de représentations vectorielles d’entités capturant une partie de leur sens : les plongements lexicaux pour les mentions textuelles et des “plongements ontologiques” pour les concepts, conçus spécifiquement pour ce travail. L’alignement entre les deux se fait par apprentissage supervisé. Les méthodes développées ont été évaluées avec un jeu de données de référence du domaine biologique et elles représentent aujourd’hui l’état de l’art pour ce jeu de données. Ces méthodes sont intégrées dans une suite logicielle de traitement automatique des langues et les codes sont partagés librement. / The impressive increase in the quantity of textual data makes it difficult today to analyze them without the assistance of tools. However, a text written in natural language is unstructured data, i.e. it cannot be interpreted by a specialized computer program, without which the information in the texts remains largely under-exploited. Among the tools for automatic extraction of information from text, we are interested in automatic text interpretation methods for the entity normalization task that consists in automatically matching text entitiy mentions to concepts in a reference terminology. To accomplish this task, we propose a new approach by aligning two types of vector representations of entities that capture part of their meanings: word embeddings for text mentions and concept embeddings for concepts, designed specifically for this work. The alignment between the two is done through supervised learning. The developed methods have been evaluated on a reference dataset from the biological domain and they now represent the state of the art for this dataset. These methods are integrated into a natural language processing software suite and the codes are freely shared.

The aim of this thesis, based on archive research combined with the oral history method, is to provide a complex overview of the Czechoslovak tourist guide profession during the so called normalisation period together with their role in the society. Several aspects of being a tourist guide with a special focus on incoming tourism and the city of Prague were subjected to a research with help of the theoretical framework defined in the first part of the thesis. Those are following. Motivation of the guides to carry out their profession, conditions guides had to meet, how they managed to cope with ideological side of their job and what benefits could they enjoy. At last, the transformation of tourist profession after Velvet revolution in 1989 is being discussed. Key words Tourist guide, tourism, the so called normalization period, oral history.

The main objective of this work is to expand knowledge about the history of the 1st Air Transport Squadron, from the time it was established in 1946 until it was disbanded in 1993. Findings are based on interviews, with former members of the transport squadron serving at Ostrava Mošnov Airport, which were directed using the oral history method. The work also takes information from available archive sources and literary sources. The distinctiveness of the topic (an elite air transport squadron entrusted with special purpose tasks within the army), which is put in historic context, is reflected in the text. However, the author places the greatest emphasis on the conditions of a professional soldier's everyday life. The author does not present definite conclusions, on the contrary, he endeavours to view the specific issue from various viewpoints. The soldiers serving with the air transport squadron are not portrayed as extraordinary supermen, but as men and women for many of whom serving with the air force was not simply satisfaction of their enjoyment of flying, but was also hard, demanding and, frequently, very dangerous work, which was not always undertaken for personal benefit, but because of their deep connection with their country, and which strongly affected not only their own lives but also...

Hate crime and men’s violence against women are two well-recognised and highly prioritised human rights phenomena in both international and local contexts. Yet, the idea of linking the two phenomena together has received very limited support. As a series of lethal acts of Incel- violence – violence characterised by misogynistic motives and an alt-right ideology of male supremacy – have taken place globally in recent years, a discussion on the region of the human rights spectrum where gendered violence and hate crime legislation overlap is more relevant than ever. Thus, this study’s overarching purpose is to – through a comparative analysis of studies on hate crime and men’s violence against women from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden – investigate the definition of hate crime and its scope in relation to gendered violence with a primary objective of identifying factors that explain why violent crimes against women motivated by misogynistic principles are rarely, if ever, recognised as hate crimes. By drawing on explanatory models of normalisation and theories on power relations, the practice of othering, the male norm and the norm of masculinity, and gendered spheres, the study sets out to evaluate a thesis that suggests that the infrequent inclusion of violent crimes with female victims in the legal and general perception of hate crime can be at least partially explained with reference to the normalisation of male violence against women, and the traditional expectation and assumption that violence against women is rooted in personal, emotional conflicts rather than impersonal hate motives. The analysis initially explores how the gender category is positioned within the legal phenomenon of hate crime by looking at a generalised criteria for hate crime, the normative view on hate crime victims, the reporting and statistics of hate crime, and arguments for and against the inclusion of a gender category in legal statues on bias crimes. The analysis then moves on to analyse three different categories of violence against women – domestic abuse, sexual assault and rape, and Incel-violence – in relation to gendered power dynamics and norms. The study’s results show that even though motives of hate can be linked to different forms of gendered violence, the traditional understanding of what constitutes a hate crime and a hate crime victim along with stereotypical assumptions on what male-on-female violence looks like, makes men’s violence against women appear incompatible with the hate crime phenomenon even in situations when cases of gendered violence actually fit into the generalised hate crime criteria that legal authorities and the public accept as the definition of a hate crime.