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Weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, circumference measurements, and 72-hour food records were collected from pregnant women (N=51) at four-week intervals between the 12th and 40th weeks of gestation. Subjects were divided Into two groups according to percent standard prepregnant weight for height: overweight > 110% (N=17) and normal weight < 110% (N=28). Changes In weight, skinfold thicknesses and circumference measurements were similar between the two groups during the third trimester (weeks 28 to 40 of gestation). Significant increases in weight (1.58 kg per four weeks) and waist circumference and significant decreases in calf and abdominal skinfold thicknesses are reported. When the second and third trimesters (weeks 12 to 40 of gestation) were considered mean weight gain was 1 .87 kg per four-week interval. Overweight gravidas demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in abdominal skinfold thickness than normal-weight gravidas. The patterns of change over the second and third trimesters were different between the two groups for abdominal, knee, and calf skinfold thickness, hips and thigh circumference, body fat, and percent body fat. Caloric and macronutrient consumption was similar between groups and did not change throughout the second the two and third trimesters. Maternal weight gain was significantly associated with infant birth weight in both groups. / M.S.

We examined the nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after initiation of treatment with arthritis medication. Results of past (before taking arthritis medication) and present diets of RA subjects were compared to the past and present diets of the non-RA group. Subjects with RA were 19 women with a mean age of 65 ± 9 years who were diagnosed with RA and were receiving arthritis medication on a regular basis. The non-RA subjects were 19 women with a mean age of 57 ± 3 years who were apparently healthy and were not taking any prescription medication. Both groups were interviewed to determine past and present dietary nutrient intake by using the Health Habits and History food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed by the National Cancer Institute. Nutrient intake determined from 3-day dietary records and present diet FFQs were comparable. Total energy and fat in the past diets of the RA group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the past diets of the non-RA group. Within each group there were significant reductions (p<0.05) between the past and present mean dietary intakes of total energy, fat and protein. There were no significant differences between the past and present micronutrient intakes between or within the two groups. However, the micronutrient content of the present diets of the RA group was lower in calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin than the non-RA group as measured by the number of subjects who had <67% of the RDA. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the meat, poultry, fish, eggs and bean group in both non-RA and RA groups. There was also a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the fat, oil and sweets group among the RA subjects. RA subjects were taking an average of 3±1 arthritis medications. There were no significant correlations between the number of medications taken by the RA group and their dietary nutrient intake. However, the significant (p<0.05) decline in total energy intake by the RA group could possibly be due to medication side effects. Since present total energy intake was lower in both groups, these results could reflect the general decline in energy intake with advancing age. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the past and present self-reported weights of the non-RA and RA groups showing a general reduction in weight over time in both groups. Mean body mass indexes (BMI) for RA subjects was higher than the non-RA subjects', possibly reflecting the lower activity level of the RA group. / Graduation date: 1996

Dietary guidelines recommend that Americans consume no more than 30 percent of energy intake from fat. The most recent national survey reported that U.S. women consume about 36 percent of energy from fat. Very little is presently known about the fat intake, or food sources of fat in the diets of college students, a subgroup of the population, with newly established eating habits. This study examined nutrient intake and sources of fat in the diets of 233 women and 60 men enrolled in six introductory nutrition courses from September 1987 through June 1988. Female students were further subdivided to determine whether the independent variables, living situation (on campus or off campus), or fat content of diet (fat intake less than or equal to 30 percent of energy consumed, or fat intake more than 30 percent of energy consumed) had an effect on nutrient intake or food sources of fat. Each student in the sample kept a two-day food intake record, and filled out a form reporting their sex, age, major, and living arrangement. Dietary intakes were analyzed for macronutrients, types of fat, cholesterol, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and zinc. Mean intakes, nutrient density, proportion of students who did not meet 75 percent of the RDA, and energy distribution as percent intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrate were compared between sample subgroups. Foods were categorized into 27 food groups. Groupings, adapted from Popkin et. al. (15), were based on the Four Food Groups, which were further subdivided by fat content. Per capita consumption of each food group, proportion of users of each food category, and per user consumption of foods in each category were compared between sample subgroups. T-tests were used to compare mean nutrient and food group intakes, and chi-square analysis was used to compare proportion of individuals who met 75 percent of the RDA, and proportion of individuals that consumed foods from each food group. The college women in this sample exceeded dietary guidelines for fat consumption. They did, however, have a lower intake of fat than a national sample of women 19 to 34 years, living in the western U.S. in 1986, and a correspondingly lower intake of cholesterol. A large proportion of the college women consumed less than 75 percent of the RDA for vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and zinc. Meat is a major source for all of these nutrients except calcium. College women consumed less zinc than the national sample of women, and had a lower intake of meat. Women with a low fat intake, also, had a lower intake of zinc, and consumed less meat. The college men did not have a proportionately greater intake of fat than college women, although they did have a greater intake of cholesterol due to the greater consumption of foods of animal origin. / Graduation date: 1990

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) involves the use of maximal doses of chemotherapy and total body irradiation. As a result, even well-nourished patients exhibit negative nitrogen balance and hypoproteinemia in the post-transplant period, despite a high energy and protein intake from Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of cytotoxic therapy, with a view toward explaining and improving the response to nutritional support. Stool, urine and serum biochemistry were studied prospectively in 10 BMT patients. Analysis of stool revealed increased sodium and decreased potassium. Examination of serum electrolytes indicated hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. A significant decrease in nitrogen balance, serum albumin and net protein utilization immediately followed the disturbances in serum electrolytes; improvement began as serum sodium and potassium returned to normal. Thus, electrolyte imbalance may have reduced the capacity of cells to utilize nitrogen. Lowering the volume of TPN dramatically decreased serum electrolyte aberrations and improved nitrogen utilization.

Changes in the plasma membrane phospholipid composition may alter the structure and/or fluidity and lead to a variety of changes in membrane functions. Dietary fats are known to influence the composition of lipids in the plasma membrane. The purpose of this investigation was to compare effects of dietary linoleic and stearic acid on the composition of the phospholipids in the plasma membranes of mammary tumors in A/St mice.Plasma membranes were isolated and lipids were extracted. Phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography and identified by detection with molybdenum blue reagent. The Rf values and integration of optical densities were used to compare phospholipid composition in membranes of tumors from mice fed experimental diets. It appears that the amount of dietary fat, but not the type, affects the phospholipid distributions. The phosphatidylinositol was the phospholipid most affected, representing the smallest amount in membranes from tumors in mice fed the low fat diets. / Department of Biology

Maternal folate intake and levels of folate in milk, serum and red cells were assessed in 57 healthy, lactating women, ages 22-38 years, throughout early (0-6 months) and later (7-23 months) lactation. Average maternal folate intake from diet alone was 212 µg/day or 78.5% RDA (1989) and mean total folate intake from diet and supplements was 314% RDA (878 µg/day) at 0-6 months and 238% RDA (620 µg/day) at >6 months. Human milk folate was sufficient to meet the RDA (1989) for infants. Milk folate was not related to maternal folate intake, maternal serum or red cell folate and was unaffected by extended lactation (7-23 months), perhaps at the expense of maternal folate stores. Compared with early lactation, serum folate decreased (p=0.0004) and red cell folate tended to decrease (p=0.08) in later lactation and were both increased by folate supplementation (p < 0.001).Level of folic acid supplementation appeared to predict red cell folate concentration. An average of 884 µg supplemental folate/day was associated with red cell folate levels >400 ng/mL, which have previously been reported as optimal for prevention of folateresponsive neural tube defects. The addition of an 880 µg/day folic acid supplement to the diet of lactating women may raise red cell folate concentrations of lactating women to protective levels. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This study was designed to measure the prevalence and nutritional impact of dairy product restriction in both pregnant and lactating women. Dairy product (DP) restriction was assessed in 2091 prenatal class attendees. Subsamples of 279 healthy pregnant and 175 exclusively breastfeeding women provided repeat 24-hour dietary recalls which were used to estimate nutrient intake and to assess dietary adequacy using adjusted nutrient distributions. Pregnancy outcome was recorded. Pregnancy. DP restriction was reported by 13.2% (95% CI: 12.7%,14.1%) of pregnant women. Significant differences were found in the proportion of restrictors (Rs, 20.8%) below the calculated EAR for adjusted protein intakes vs. nonrestrictors (NRs, 9.2%, chi 2 = 6.78, p = 0.009). Intake distributions of calcium and vitamin D were compared to their respective Als for descriptive purposes and were lower for Rs vs. NRs but dietary inadequacy could not be assessed. Infants of NRs weighed on average 120 g +/- 468.9 g more than those of Rs but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). However, in multiple regression analysis where maternal weight gain, age, education and pregravid weight were controlled for, restriction predicted a comparable loss in birthweight of 122.5 g's (p = 0.048) and vitamin D intakes were positively associated with fetal growth. Lactation. Restriction (≤250 ml milk/day) was reported by 23% (95% CI; 16%--29%) of exclusively lactating women. Protein was lower than the EAR for 60% of Rs and 37.8% of NRs (chi 2 = 6.22, p = 0.025). The proportion of Rs and NRs < EAR from diet differed for thiamin (15% vs. 0%, chi2 = 0.97, p < 0.001), riboflavin (15% vs. 1.5%, chi2 = 12.93, p < 0.001) and zinc (65.0% vs. 34.8%, chi2 = 11.6, p < 0.041). From diet and supplement intake vitamin D and calcium remained lower for Rs compared to NRs but inadequacy could not be assessed or compared. DP restriction was not associated with greater weight loss amo

The potential effects of nutritional support with amino acids or dextrose and epidural blockade on the catabolic response to surgery were investigated in diabetic patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Protein and glucose metabolism were assessed with a stable isotope infusion technique using the two stable isotopes L-[1-13C]leucine and [6,6-2H2 ]glucose. / 1. The first intervention of a postoperative infusion of amino acids avoided pronounced hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients after colorectal surgery and achieved a positive protein balance compared to dextrose. / 2. The second intervention of a short term infusion of amino acids postoperatively blunted protein breakdown and stimulated protein synthesis. This resulted in a positive protein balance in patients with epidural blockade compared to patient controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine. With regard to glucose metabolism, amino acid supply after surgery decreased glucose clearance and endogenous glucose production independent from type of analgesia.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The role of antioxidants and adequate nutrition in the prevention and course of cancer treatment is globally recognised in nullifying the effects of free radicals and increasing the nutritional status of children during treatment. Objective: To investigate whether children with cancer meet their Dietary Reference Values and Safe Intakes for antioxidants, energy and protein. Design: Single centre prospective study. Setting: Children were recruited from the East of England Primary Treatment Centre using convenience sampling over 8 months. Forty-two children and adolescents diagnosed with a Solid tumour, Lymphoma or Leukaemia were eligible for data analysis (n=20 male; n=22 female). Method: Data was collected with an Estimated Food Record (EFR) in the 1st (EFR1) and 3rd month (EFR2) post-diagnosis. In the week following EFR completion, parents and/or children were contacted to complete four non-consecutive days of 24-hr food recalls. Data was categorised into diet alone, diet + food supplement (FS), tube feeding (tube) or diet + multi-vitamin-mineral supplementation (VMS). Malnutrition was determined by weight-for-age z-scores. Nutrient intake was compared to the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI), the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and the Lower Recommended Nutrient Intake (LRNI). Result: The sample consisted of 33% (n=14) diagnosed with Leukaemia, 24% (n=10) with Lymphoma and 43% (n=18) with Solid tumours. Sixty seven percent (n=28) underwent chemotherapy and 33% (n=14) a combination of therapies. Significant correlations were seen between the assessment tools in the diet alone category for both months for; vitamins A, C, E, selenium and protein and for EFR1 for zinc and energy. In both months greater numbers of children achieved ≥100% of requirements for diet + VMS (EFR 1; p<0.05; EFR2 p<0.05) than for other feeding modes. Vitamin C achieved the highest intakes compared to the RNI at 773% (EFR1) and 829% (EFR2). Intakes above 200% of the RNI were seen for vitamins A, C, E, selenium and zinc. No significant differences were seen between modes of feeding in either month for selenium or zinc. Vitamin A (EFR1≤ 100% diet alone p<0.05) and zinc (EFR1≤ 100% diet alone p=0.02) met the least of the LRNI in the 1st month compared to other antioxidants. No statistical significant difference was observed between the number of children attaining their EAR’s between the 3 modes of feeding in the 1st month and 3rd month. In the 1st month 27% (n=8) of participants consumed vitamin and/or mineral supplements, 18% in the 3rd month (n=4). In the 1st month 5% (n=2) of children were moderately malnourished and 10% (n=4) in 3rd month. Conversely in the 1st month 3% (n=1) were overweight and 3% (n=1) obese; the leukaemia group predominant. Conclusion: The research tools showed good correlation. Children using vitamin and/or mineral supplements mostly achieved their RNI’s compared to other feeding modes. Across feeding modes some children achieved antioxidant intakes above 200% RNI. LRNI’s on diet alone were not achieved for vitamin A and zinc. The study showed Leukaemics as having a higher prevalence of obesity. More research is required to determine the clinical implications of these findings. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die rol van anti-oksidante en voldoende voeding in die voorkoming en verloop van kanker behandeling word wêreldwyd erken vir vernietiging van die effek van vry radikale en die verbetering van voedingstatus van kinders tydens behandeling. Doelwit: Om ondersoek in te stel of kinders met kanker hul Dieet Verwysingswaardes en Veilige Innames vir anti-oksidante, energie en proteïen bereik. Ontwerp: Enkel sentrum prospektiewe studie. Omgewing: Kinders was gewerf deur middel van gerieflikheidsteekproefneming oor 8 maande vanaf die “East of England Primary Treatment Centre”. Twee-en-veertig kinders en adolessente gediagnoseer met 'n Soliede tumor, Limfoom of Leukemie het in aanmerking gekom vir dataanalise (n=20 manlik, n=22 vroulik). Metode: Data was ingesamel met ‘n Geskatte Voedsel Rekord (GVR) in die eerste (GVR1) en derde maand (GVR2) na diagnose. In die week na voltooiing van die GVR is ouers en/of kinders gekontak om vier onopeenvolgende dae van 24-uur herroepe te voltooi. Data was verdeel in dieet alleen, dieet + voedsel supplement (VS), buisvoeding (buis) of dieet + multi-vitamien-mineraal supplementasie (VMS). Wanvoeding was bepaal deur middel van gewig-vir-ouderdom z-tellings. Nutriënt inname was vergelyk met die Aanbevole Nutriënt Inname (ANI), die Geskatte Gemiddelde Behoeftes (GGB) en die Laer Aanbevole Nutriënt Inname (LANI). Resultate: Die steekproef het bestaan uit 33% (n=14) gediagnoseer met Leukemie, 24% (n=10) Limfoom en 43% (n=18) Soliede tumore. Sewe-en-sestig persent (n=28) het chemoterapie ontvang en 33% (n=14) ‘n kombinasie van terapieë. Betekenisvolle korrelasies was waargeneem tussen die assesseringsinstrumente in die dieet alleen kategorie vir beide maande vir vitamiene A, C, E, selenium en proteïen en vir GVR1 ook vir sink en energie. In beide maande het ‘n groter aantal kinders ≥100% van hul behoeftes bereik vr dieet+VMS (GVR1; p<0.05; GVR2 p<0.05) as vir ander modi van voeding. Vitamien C het die hoogste innames bereik vergeleke met die ANI teen 773% (GVR1) en 829% (GVR2). Innames bo 200% van die ANI was waargeneem vir vitamiene A, C, E, selenium en sink. Geen betekenisvolle verskille was waargeneem tussen modi van voeding in enige maand vir selenium en sink nie. Vitamien A (GVR1≤100% dieet alleen p<0.05) en sink (GVR1≤100% dieet alleen p=0.02) het die minste van die LANI bereik in die eerste maand vergeleke met ander anti-oksidante. Geen statisties beduidende verskil was waargeneem tussen die aantal kinders wat hul GGB’s bereik het tussen die 3 voedingswyses in die eerste en derde maande nie. In die eerste maand het 27% (n=8) van deelnemers vitamien en/of mineraal supplemente ingeneem, en 18% (n=4) in die derde maand. In die eerste maand was 5% (n=2) van kinders matig wangevoed en 10% (n=4) in die derde maand. In die eerste maand was 3% (n=1) van kinders oorgewig en 3% (n=1) vetsugtig, die leukemie groep spesifiek. Gevolgtrekking: Die navorsingsinstrumente het goeie korrelasie getoon. Kinders wat vitamien en/of mineraal supplemente gebruik het het meestal hul ANI’s bereik vergeleke met ander modi van voeding. Oor voeding modi het sommige kinders anti-oksidant innames bo 200% ANI bereik. LANI’s op dieet alleen was nie bereik vir Vitamien A en sink nie. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat dié met Leukemia ‘n hoër prevalensie van oorgewig/vetsug getoon het. Meer navorsing is nodig om die kliniese implikasies van die bevindinge te bepaal.