The display of the male body has recently become a common phenomenon in Western culture. The objectification of men is a new theoretical concept that originates from the more familiar concept of the perceived objectification, observation and evaluation of the female body (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). McKinley (as cited in Soban, 2006) terms this concept Objectified Body Consciousness (OBC). Past studies confirm that the concept of OBC may also be successfully applied to males (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004), especially in relation to current cultural expectations for the male body (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Soban, 2006). At an extreme level internalisation of the mesomorphic body shape as body ideal may lead to a Drive for Muscularity (DM; Grieve, 2007). Grieve and Helmick (2008) indicate that males who score high on objectification measures show higher incidences of DM. According to the socio–environmental theories of Grieve (2007) and McCabe and Ricciardelli (2004) males experience significant social pressures to achieve the muscular ideal. There is a scarcity of literature concerning body–image concerns and the muscular ideal within the South African male undergraduate population. This research was therefore exploratory in nature and aimed to determine whether undergraduate men with high levels of OBC differ significantly in DM from undergraduate men with low levels of OBC. In addition, the study investigated the existence of a correlation between OBC and DM and whether undergraduate men differ in DM in accordance with exposure to certain socio–environmental factors. The quantitative study employed a survey design (Mouton, 2001) and used the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). A convenience sample of 278 undergraduate males (mean age = 19 years) was selected based on availability and readiness to partake in the study (Field, 2005). Participants were all males aged between 18 and 20 and residing on the North–West University Potchefstroom Campus. Results indicate that undergraduate men with either elevated or low levels of OBC do not differ in terms of their DM. No correlation exists between OBC and DM. A group of undergraduate men who read fitness and health–related magazines, participate in sport, exercise regularly and have used steroids and supplements in the past year was identified. This group presented with high incidences of Muscle Development Behaviour suggesting that they may be at risk of internalising an attitude of increasing muscularity that may result in DM. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The display of the male body has recently become a common phenomenon in Western culture. The objectification of men is a new theoretical concept that originates from the more familiar concept of the perceived objectification, observation and evaluation of the female body (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). McKinley (as cited in Soban, 2006) terms this concept Objectified Body Consciousness (OBC). Past studies confirm that the concept of OBC may also be successfully applied to males (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004), especially in relation to current cultural expectations for the male body (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Soban, 2006). At an extreme level internalisation of the mesomorphic body shape as body ideal may lead to a Drive for Muscularity (DM; Grieve, 2007). Grieve and Helmick (2008) indicate that males who score high on objectification measures show higher incidences of DM. According to the socio–environmental theories of Grieve (2007) and McCabe and Ricciardelli (2004) males experience significant social pressures to achieve the muscular ideal. There is a scarcity of literature concerning body–image concerns and the muscular ideal within the South African male undergraduate population. This research was therefore exploratory in nature and aimed to determine whether undergraduate men with high levels of OBC differ significantly in DM from undergraduate men with low levels of OBC. In addition, the study investigated the existence of a correlation between OBC and DM and whether undergraduate men differ in DM in accordance with exposure to certain socio–environmental factors. The quantitative study employed a survey design (Mouton, 2001) and used the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). A convenience sample of 278 undergraduate males (mean age = 19 years) was selected based on availability and readiness to partake in the study (Field, 2005). Participants were all males aged between 18 and 20 and residing on the North–West University Potchefstroom Campus. Results indicate that undergraduate men with either elevated or low levels of OBC do not differ in terms of their DM. No correlation exists between OBC and DM. A group of undergraduate men who read fitness and health–related magazines, participate in sport, exercise regularly and have used steroids and supplements in the past year was identified. This group presented with high incidences of Muscle Development Behaviour suggesting that they may be at risk of internalising an attitude of increasing muscularity that may result in DM. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Pastaruoju metu labai susidomėta valgymo sutrikimais (nervine anoreksija ir nervine bulimija), kadangi jų atvejų nuolat daugėja. Šiame darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriama besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų, individualiems valgymo sutrikimų rizikos veiksniams. Pastebėta, kad moterys yra nepatenkintos savo kūnu, neobjektyviai vertina savo kūno masę, nepagrįstai laikosi dietos, manipuliuoja maistu, badauja. Moterys sportuoja pirmiausia norėdamos pagerinti savo kūno įvaizdį, o tik paskui dėl sveikatos, fizinio pajėgumo, nuotaikos ar socializacijos motyvų. Visi šie išvardinti veiksniai prisideda prie padažnėjusių moterų valgymo sutrikimų atvejų. Mažai atlikta tyrimų, kuriuose būtų analizuojamas besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų valgymo sutrikimų rizikos veiksniai. Tikslas – nustatyti besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų valgymo sutrikimų riziką prognozuojančius veiksnius. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų valgymo sutrikimų riziką, kūno vaizdą ir kūno suvokimą. 2. Išsiaiškinti ryšius tarp valgymo sutrikimų rizikos, kūno vaizdo, kūno suvokimo besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų grupėse. 3. Nustatyti veiksnius pagal kuriuos galima labiausiai prognozuoti valgymo sutrikimų riziką besimankštinančių ir nesimankštinančių moterų grupėse. 4. Išsiaiškinti besimankštinančių moterų motyvaciją ir jos sąsajas su valgymo sutrikimų riziką. Hipotezės: 1. Besimankštinančių moterų valgymo sutrikimų rizika... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Recently, there has been a great interest in eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), since the number of these cases is constantly increasing. In the paper the major focus is on individual risk factors for eating disorders of women taking or not taking exercise. It was observed that women are discontented with their body, make unobjective evaluations about their weight, unreasonably follow a diet, manipulate food and starve. Women, first of all, do sport to improve their body image and only later for better health, physical ability, mood or the motives of socialization. All the mentioned factors contribute to the increase of the cases of women eating disorders. There are not many researches made concerning the analysis on the risk factors for eating disorders of women taking or not taking exercise. The aim of the paper is to identify the risk factors for eating disorders of women taking or not taking exercise. The tasks of the paper are as follows: 1. To identify and compare the risk for eating disorders, the view of the body and body perception of the group of women taking or not taking exercise. 2. To find out relationship of the risk for eating disorders, the view of the body and body perception of women taking or not taking exercise. 3. To determine factors that would make possible to predict the risks for eating disorders of women taking or not taking exercise. 4. To find out the motivation and its connections related to the risk for eating disorders... [to full text]

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