This thesis is focused on the Public Private Partnership and obstacles inhibiting its development in the Czech Republic. The goals of this paper include specification of the Public Private Partnership subject, analysis of the current situation of PPP projects in the Czech Republic and identification of the most important obstacles to its usage in the Czech Republic. This thesis can serve as the starting point for obtaining general knowledge about Public Private Partnership. Moreover, this paper mentions information about current state of PPP projects in Europe and the Czech Republic. Based on the interviews with experts on PPP and the relevant literature which was researched, the final part of this thesis is dedicated to the discovered barriers to development of PPP in the Czech Republic.

La pollution atmosphérique et ses conséquences sur la santé et l'environnement constituent un domaine d'étude complexe à cause du nombre de phénomènes physiques mis en jeu. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les principales caractéristiques de l'écoulement et de la dispersion d'un scalaire passif au sein de la canopée urbaine. Pour ce faire, un code numérique a été développé. Il résout les équations de Navier-Stokes dans le cadre d'un écoulement incompressible pour une atmosphère neutre en faisant usage de la méthode de la compressibilité artificielle selon la méthode des volumes finis. Le modèle de Spalart-Allmaras a été utilisé pour la modélisation de la turbulence. La canopée urbaine est explicitement prise en compte et est modélisée par un groupe d'obstacles de forme cubique. Le code fut d'abord testé pour des configurations bidimensionnelles avec un seul et 4 obstacles en configuration alignée selon deux approches : une simulation stationnaire RANS et instationnaire URANS qui reproduit le décrochement tourbillonnaire. La prise en compte du décrochement tourbillonnaire se traduit par une diffusion dans le sillage turbulent du groupe d'obstacles. Les résultats ont été comparés à des mesures expérimentales et d'autres résultats numériques de référence dans la bibliographie et montrent l'amélioration du champ de vitesse moyen par l'approche code fut ensuite testé sur un cas tridimensionnel avec un groupe d'obstacles organisés selon 2 configurations géométriques: alignée et en quinconce. Afin d'éliminer les effets des conditions aux limites, l'écoulement fut calculé sur un volume élémentaire de calcul en utilisant des conditions aux limites périodiques. Deux types de simulations furent réalisés: l'approche RANS classique et la version DDES du modèle de Spalart-Allmaras. L'écoulement obtenu par la DDES améliore de façon significative les résultats par rapport au RANS en comparaison de mesures expérimentales de simulation directe et montrent la bonne potentialité du modèle. La dispersion d'un scalaire passif émis au sein de la canopée fut obtenue sur un domaine plus important comprenant 16 volumes élémentaires par le biais des conditions aux limites périodiques utilisées. Une analyse du champ de concentration a ensuite été réalisée et des comparaisons effectuées en fonction du type de calcul et de la configuration géométrique. / Atmospheric pollution and its impact on health and the environment depend on many physical phenomena, and this makes it a difficult subject to study. The main objective of this work is to investigate the main characteristics of the flow and dispersion of a passive scalar in the urban canopy. Specifically, the urban canopy is simulated by a group of cubical obstacles in a neutrally-buoyant atmospheric boundary layer. A numerical code bas been developed as a tool to aid in this study; flow is computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible flow, using a finite volume approach, and the method of artificial compressibility. The turbulence is modeled using the method proposed by Spalart and Allmaras. The code was tested first in a 2-D configuration, for flow over a single obstacle, and over a group of 4 obstacles; in both cases two types of simulation were studied: a stationary RANS simulation, and an unsteady RANS (URANS), which reproduced vortex shedding from the obstacles. The explicit inclusion of vortex shedding in the URANS simulation leads to diffusion in the obstacle wakes, and the results compare better with experimental measurements and other published numerical simulations than do those for the RANS simulations. The code was then tested for some 3-D cases consisting of a group of obstacles arrangcd either in aligned or staggered configurations. In order to avoid the influence of boundary conditions, the flow field was simulated using periodic boundary conditions and a small sub-unit from the group of obstacles. Two types of simulation were performed: a classical RANS type calculation and the DDES proposed by Spalart and Allmaras. The results obtained using the ODES agree much more closely with experimental measurements and the results of other numerical simulations than do those obtained using RANS, and indicate the potential of this approach. The dispersion of a passive scalar in the urban canopy was simulated on a much larger domain consisting of 16 of the sub-units used to compute the flow field. The concentration fields were analyzed to show the influence of the geometrical configuration and the type of model.

Many companies today have to deal with business processes optimization, ongoing removal of system obstacles and identifying any bottlenecks laying on the way which are preventing us to reach our goals. I would like to show how we have dealt with similar problems in our case applied in the department of web application maintenance. In the first chapter I will introduce the basic information about the history, environment the company operate in and maintenance activities which are part of the process. Following with description all of the system obstacles and bottlenecks identified in the process and possible solutions or improvements for their elimination. In the last chapter I will present the achieved results after my executing of the proposed improvements and if the expectations have been met or not and what positive or negative influence it has brought.

Purpose: The lack of digital competence in the industry of construction is a fact, which can obstruct the implementation of digital tools. The goal for the study is to chart the workers at the construction site’s digital competence through semi structured interviews with participants in an extension project, Alfa.  Method: The study was done through a case study with interviews as a primary source of data. The interviews are held at the construction site of the project alfa with an SME (small and medium-sized enterprise) as the general contractor.    Findings: The digital competence regarding the use of digital tools in building construction is, just as the experience to use them, low and several difficulties can be seen on the construction site. To be able to use the digital tools that is implemented on the construction site the construction workers need to have knowledge about for instance their own role and duties, how to navigate in the tools and what benefits that can come from the use of digital tools. Good communication between design and construction is important for the use of digital tools. More collaboration and greater understanding about the demands from construction can create an easier implementation and use of the digital tools in construction.  Implications: The digital skills of professional workers are generally low. Increased competence can be achieved through more training and information opportunities for professionals to take part in. Knowledge of the digital tools' structure and functions along with basic professional skills and computer experience contributes to a simplified use of digital tools. Through standards and guidelines for the use of digital tools in production, clearer strategies can be formed within companies and projects and result in simplified software development. By involving the contractors in the early planning stage, the demands and wishes of the professional workers can be lifted and simplify the use of the tools in the production.  Limitations: Due to the delimitations made, the study becomes narrower and more specific. The limitations make the study's results more concrete and can be used as guidelines and recommendations for future projects with similar conditions.  Keywords: construction, construction communication, obstacles, construction site workers, digital competence, building construction, digitalization

The positive role and fundamental contribution of entrepreneurship on a global and national level is an unconditional phenomenon pertaining to economic growth. There are though various perspectives and opinions on the format and context of contribution. One of these perspectives embraces the obstacles involved in the entrepreneurial process hindering contribution and economic catalisation. This study follows a focused approach towards investigating a critical obstacle and specifically the access to finance, within an indicated geographical area. The research intervention has obtained a large and reliable data set to examine the contention that there are obstacles faced by entrepreneurs in accessing small business finance in the Tshwane area. The findings of the study support this contention and also the fact that conventional financing mechanisms do not allow for cost-effective provision of finance to large numbers of entrepreneurs seeking small quantities of finance. Poverty and lack of assets mean that many people do not have the collateral needed to access formal financing. / Business Management / M. Comm. (Business Management)

The aim of the study has been to highlight opportunities and obstacles for children to develop a positive identity after the transition from preschool to preschool class and school-age educare. Previous research shows that an individual's perceived identity changes when transitioning to new contexts, which often entails new roles and new positions. Several studies also show that children have different conditions of adapting to a new context, which has been shown to depend, among other things, on how the transitions are organized.The approach of the study has been a case study, where identity forming in preschool class and school-age educare has been the focus. Data has been collected through semi-regular interviews with teachers in preschools, preschool class and school-age educare, five parents, special teacher, two principals, preschool manager, head of compulsory school and head of the Child and Education Administration. The respondents have been interviewed individually and in some cases in groups. The study has been based on questions concerning opportunities and obstacles to children's identity forming during the transition from preschool to preschool class and school-age educare, as well as the importance of the preschool class and school-age educare for children who are considered to fall outside the scope of what is considered normal in terms of behavioural problems.On the basis of the three questions, meaningbearing words were sought, which formed codes under which the material was sorted. Based on the codes a number of themes were identified.These themes were set in relation to previous research as well as the theoretical framework of thestudy, which was partly a system theoretic perspective and partly the concept of inclusion in terms of inclusion as a community.The results showed that it is important for children and parents to create a sense of security in the transition from preschool to the preschool class and school-age educare. A condition for this is a well-planned transition with good communication between home and school, as well as between the preschool and the new function. In light of the study's system theoretic perspective as well as the inclusion perspective, the results showed that there is an effort, especially pronounced from the management level, to move from a categorical to a relationel perspective. Finally, the results showed that there is potential for development in terms of both the role of the school-age educare and the development of a collaboration between both the school and parents and between parents. / Studiens syfte har varit att belysa möjligheter och hinder för barn att efter övergången från förskolan till förskoleklass och fritidshem utveckla en positiv identitet. Tidigare forskning visar att en individs upplevda identitet förändras vid övergång till nya sammanhang, vilket ofta medför nya roller och nya positioner. Flera studier visar att barn har olika förutsättningar att anpassa sig till ett nytt sammanhang. Något som bland annat visat sig bero på hur övergångarna är organiserade. Studiens ansats har varit en fallstudie, där identitetsformering i förskoleklass och fritidshem varit i fokus. Data har insamlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare i förskola, förskoleklass och fritidshem, fem föräldrar, speciallärare, två rektorer, förskolechef, grundskolechef och chef för barn- och utbildningsförvaltningen. Respondenterna har intervjuats enskilt och i vissa fall i grupp. Studien har utgått från frågeställningar som berört möjligheter och hinder för barnens identitetsformering vid övergången från förskolan till förskoleklass och fritidshem. Dessutom har en frågeställning sökt belysa vilken betydelse förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet har för barn som anses uppvisa någon form av beteendeproblematik.Utifrån de tre frågeställningarna kodades materialets betydelsebärande ord mot respektive frågeställning. Koderna sorterades under ett antal teman. I analysen relaterades identifierade teman till tidigare studier och till studiens teoretiska ramar, dels ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv, dels begreppet inkludering i betydelsen inkludering som gemenskap.Resultatet visade att det för barn och föräldrar är viktigt att skapa en känsla av trygghet inför övergången från förskolan till förskoleklass och fritidshem. En förutsättning för detta är en väl planerad övergång med en god kommunikation mellan hem och skola, liksom mellan avlämnande förskola och de nya verksamheterna. I ljuset av studiens systemteoretiska perspektiv, liksom inkluderingsperspektivet, visade resultaten att det finns en strävan, framför allt från stöd- och ledningsnivå, att röra sig i riktning från ett kategoriskt perspektiv till ett relationellt perspektiv. Slutligen visade resultaten att det finns utvecklingspotential när det gäller både fritidshemmets roll och att utveckla samverkan mellan dels skolan och föräldrar, dels föräldrar sinsemellan.

This work deals with navigation of the mobile outdoor robots. It is divided in two parts. In the first part, the mobile robots and their control problem is examined. The technical means for navigation and obstacles avoidance are described and the mathematical means for sensor data fusion and optimal position estimation of the robot are outlined. In the second part the hardware of the robot is described and furthermore it deals with description of the practically realized algorithms for obstacles avoidance and robot navigation.

La baisse généralisée des tarifs douaniers, combinée au développement fulgurant du mouvement delibéralisation à l’échelle mondiale, a entraîné un foisonnement extraordinaire des obstacles nontarifaires. Cette tendance s’explique par la volonté des Etats souverains de limiter l’emprise du libreéchangesur leurs politiques publiques. Ils pratiquent, par le truchement des obstacles non tarifaires, unprotectionnisme qui, au demeurant, est doublement appréhendé. Dans un sens, ce protectionnisme estéconomique. Il vise à protéger les opérateurs économiques nationaux de la concurrence étrangère, leurassurant ainsi des parts de marché au détriment d’autres opérateurs internationaux. Il est dès lors illicite.Dans un autre, le protectionnisme se veut licite dans la mesure où les obstacles non tarifaires sont érigésafin de parer à la négation d’objectifs non économiques légitimes. En dépit du fait qu’elle soitpromotrice du libéralisme, l’Union européenne, conformément à ses traités constitutifs, se veutprotectrice d’un certain nombre de valeurs non marchandes dont elle a du mal à imposer le respect dansle cadre multilatéral de l’OMC. L’atteinte de ce double objectif est recherchée au travers de la pratiqueconventionnelle européenne. Celle-ci est marquée par la conclusion d’accords bilatéraux avecdifférentes régions du monde, dans le cadre d’une entreprise de « maîtrise de la mondialisation ». Sur leplan strictement juridique, trois ordres s’interpénètrent dans l’explication de la pratique conventionnelleeuropéenne des obstacles non tarifaires : l’ordre constitué par les « accords externes », celui del’ « Union européenne » et enfin l’ « ordre multilatéral ». / The generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO ».

Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ pilotstudie, där syftet har varit att dels fånga apotekspersonals kunskaper och erfarenheter om kassering av läkemedel från allmänheten, samt dels att se vilka eventuella hinder och möjligheter som apotekspersonal identifierar i området. Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer för att besvara studiens syfte. Respondenterna består av apotekare som är berättigade att hantera receptbelagda läkemedel. Därefter har empiriskt material analyserats med inspiration av analysmetoderna Kodningsprocessen & Datakodning. Följaktligen är analysen uppdelad i följande teman: information, förpackningar och ekonomi, samt följande underteman: hinder, möjligheter och ansvar. Vår pilotstudie slutsatsatser är att apotekspersonal erfarar att kassationer av läkemedel från allmänheten har ökat, delvis p.g.a. ett ökat miljöintresse samt ökad medvetenhet. Apotekspersonal upplever även att kassationer av läkemedel har ökat p.g.a. hinder såsom att läkare förskriver för stora läkemedelsförpackningar och inte informerar patienter om korrekt avfallshantering. Vad gäller möjligheter för att minska mängden kasserade läkemedel har apotekspersonal identifierat att fler startförpackningar behöver förskrivas och att informationsspridning behöver ske på olika sätt såsom exempelvis via TV, radio eller sociala medier / This pilot study has been conducted with a qualitative approach, where the purpose has been to capture the knowledge and experiences of pharmaceutics regarding medical waste disposal from the public. The purpose has also been to identify which obstacles and opportunities pharmaceutics can identify within the field. 3 To answer the study's research questions we conducted semi-structured interviews. The participants consist of pharmacists who are entitled to handle prescription drugs. Thereafter, the empirical material has been analyzed with analysis methods with inspiration from Coding process & Data coding. Lastly, the analysis was divided into the following themes: information, packaging, and finance, and the following sub-themes were: obstacles, opportunities and responsibilities. The conclusions of this pilot study are that pharmacists experience that the medical waste from the public is increasing, partly because of increased environmental awareness. Pharmacists also experience that medical drug disposal has increased because of obstacles such as doctors prescribing large drug packages and not informing patients about proper waste disposal. In terms of opportunities to reduce the amount of discarded medicines, pharmacists have identified that more starter packages of prescription drugs need to be prescribed. They have also identified that information through different ways, such as via TV, radio or social media can be an opportunity to reduce the amount of discarded medicines.

Proteins have been optimized by evolution for billions of years to work on a nanometer scale. Therefore, they are extremely promising for nanotechnological applications. Cytoskeletal filaments propelled by surface-attached motor proteins have been recently established as versatile transport platforms for nano-sized cargo in molecular sorting and nano-assembly devices. However, in this gliding motility setup, cargo and motors share the filament lattice as a common substrate for their activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of cargo-loading on transport properties. By performing single molecule stepping assays on biotinylated microtubules, it was shown that kinesin-1 motors first stop and then detach when they encounter a streptavidin obstacle on their path along the microtubule. Consequently, the deceleration of streptavidin coated microtubules in gliding assays could be attributed to an obstruction of kinesin-1's path on the microtubule rather than to "frictional" streptavidin-surface interactions. The insights gained by studying kinesin-1's behavior at obstacles were then used to demonstrate a novel sensing application: Using a mixture of two distinct microtubule populations that each bind a different kind of protein, the presence of these proteins was detected via speed changes in the respective microtubule populations. In future applications, this detection scheme could be combined with other recent advancements in the field, creating highly integrated lab-on-a-chip devices that use microtubule based transport to detect, sort and concentrate analytes. It has been envisioned that the kinesin-1-microtubule system could be used for even more complex appliances like nano-assembly lines. However, currently available control mechanisms for kinesin-1 based transport are not precise enough. Therefore, improved temporal control mechanisms for kinesin-1 were investigated: Using a polymer that changes its size in solution with temperature, starting and stopping of gliding microtubules was demonstrated. In combination with local heating by light, this effect could be used to control the gliding of single microtubules. Finally, a strategy to create photo-switchable kinesin-1 was developed and tested for feasibility using molecular modeling.