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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24497号 / 医博第4939号 / 新制||医||1064(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 貴子, 教授 永井 純正, 教授 寺田 智祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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La conjecture du coureur solitaire est un problème formulé indépendamment par J.M. Wills en (1972) et par Thomas Cusick (1973). Soit ∥·∥ la distance avec les entiers ∥x∥ = mink∈Z(|x − k|) pour pour x ∈ R. La conjecture nous demande si pour un ensemble de n + 1 réels {v1,v2 . . . vn+1} distincts il existe pour tout k ∈ {1,2,3, . . . ,n,n + 1} un temps t ∈ R tel que pour toute autre vitesse vi,i ̸= k on a ∥t(vi − vk)∥ ≥ 1 n+1 . La conjecture a été montrée pour n + 1 ≤ 7, le cas n + 1 = 7 montré en 2007 par Barajas et Serra. Plusieurs auteurs ont écrit à propos de ce sujet. Dans ce mémoire, il sera question d’exposer les différentes techniques qui ont été utilisées pour les cas n + 1 ≤ 7, certains scénarios dans lesquels la conjecture tient ainsi que les efforts pour trouver des meilleures bornes inférieures pour l’écart de solitude. / The lonely runner conjecture was formulated by J.M. Wills en (1972) and Thomas Cusick (1973). If ∥·∥ denotes the distance from integers, for x ∈ R ∥x∥ = mink∈Z(|x − k|), this conjecture is asking whether or not for any set of n + 1 distinct real numbers {v1,v2 . . . vn+1} and for any k ∈ {1,2,3 . . . ,n + 1} there is a time t ∈ R such that for any other speed vi,i ̸= k we have ∥t(vi − vk)∥ ≥ 1 n+1 . It has been proven to be true for n + 1 ≤ 7 , the last case n + 1 = 7 was shown by Barajas and Serra in 2007. Many authors have wrote about this subject each bringing more knowledge. In this thesis, there will be an exposure on different techniques that have been used to prove the cases for n + 1 ≤ 7, differents cases in wich the conjecture holds and the problem of getting better lower bounds for the gap of loneliness.

Multiple biomarkers of oxidative stress have been measured and used in human medicine to diagnose and monitor airway disease. The purpose of the study was to determine if similar relationships existed between inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma; and cytokine expression in airway inflammatory cells and mucosal biopsies of RAO-affected horses and their controls. Sixteen horses in pairs were used: 8 non-RAO-affected (controls) and 8 RAO-affected horses. Samples from all horses were collected at remission (S1), during environmental challenge (S2) and at recovery (S3). RAO-affected horses had significant alterations in cellular glutathione peroxidase (cGPx) activity, ascorbic acid and pH in a number of biological samples. Concentrations of 8-isoprostanes, isofurans, amino acids and mRNA expression of interleukin 4 (IL4), gamma interferon (INFγ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), extracellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3), and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) were not significantly different or were at the limits of detection. Conductivity was measured and assessed as a potential correctional factor for respiratory fluid dilution. The alterations in biomarker concentrations demonstrate that oxidative stress is an important component of airway inflammation in RAO-affected horses. Further research is warranted in the use of biomarkers and the effects of dietary interventions. / Master of Science

La santé respiratoire a été identifiée comme thème prioritaire par les communautés inuites du Nunavik pour l'enquête de santé Qanuilirpitaa? 2017, une enquête transversale populationnelle à laquelle ont participé 1 326 résidents des quatorze communautés du Nunavik. Enchâssé dans cette enquête, ce projet vise à décrire la santé respiratoire par un ensemble d'indicateurs et à identifier ses principaux déterminants au sein de la population inuite âgée de 16 ans et plus. Il constitue une analyse des données recueillies par des questionnaire, des tests de fonction pulmonaire, la revue des dossiers médicaux, des mesures anthropométriques et des tests de laboratoire. Outre les analyses descriptives, des modèles de régression logistique permettent d'examiner les associations entre trois indicateurs de santé respiratoire (wheezing¹ , toux chronique et obstruction bronchique) et une variété de facteurs biologiques, comportementaux, nutritionnels, environnementaux et sociaux. Certains facteurs propres au contexte du Nunavik sont explorés en plus des facteurs de risque reconnus de maladies respiratoires. Les analyses sont différenciées selon l'âge et le sexe. Des analyses supplémentaires évaluent l'impact des conditions respiratoires sur la qualité de vie et vérifient l'impact des critères d'obstruction bronchique utilisés (limite inférieure de la normale versus ratio fixe). La vaste majorité de la population (83%) présente une fonction pulmonaire normale, tandis que 17% présentent une obstruction bronchique, surtout légère. La majorité de la population ne rapporte pas de dyspnée (80%), de toux chronique (79%), d'expectorations chroniques (77%), de wheezing dans la dernière année (73%) ou de symptômes de bronchite chronique (95%). Le wheezing était nettement plus fréquent que l'asthme diagnostiqué. L'utilisation de médicaments pour la MPOC ou l'asthme étaient plutôt rares comparativement aux symptômes respiratoires. Les jeunes adultes sont également concernés par la santé respiratoire, puisque plusieurs indicateurs d'altérations respiratoires étaient aussi fréquents chez les jeunes que chez les adultes plus âgés (par exemple, le wheezing, expectorations chroniques, l'essoufflement et l'obstruction bronchique). Peu de différences sont observées entre les sexes, à l'exception d'une prévalence nettement plus élevée d'obstruction bronchique chez les hommes, qui s'atténue grandement après l'ajustement pour les facteurs étudiés. Même si la grande majorité de la population du Nunavik a une bonne santé respiratoire, une proportion tout de même significative présente de l'obstruction bronchique ou des symptômes respiratoires. Dépendamment des indicateurs, cette proportion semble au moins aussi grande que dans le reste du Canada ou que dans les pays ayant les plus fortes prévalences, ce qui est cohérent avec les données de mortalités et d'hospitalisation pour cause respiratoire au Nunavik. Le tabagisme, qui touche 72% de la population de 16 ans et plus, et l'insécurité alimentaire, vécue par 67% de la population, sont clairement ressortis parmi les principaux facteurs associés à la santé respiratoire. Le wheezing, la toux chronique et/ou l'obstruction bronchique semblaient aussi liés aux infections respiratoires dans l'enfance, à la sensibilisation allergique aux chiens, au surpeuplement des logements, aux logements ayant besoin de réparations majeures, à l'obésité ou au faible poids. Chez les jeunes adultes et chez les femmes, on remarque des associations avec la consommation régulière de cannabis ou le fait d'avoir déjà inhalé des solvants de manière récréative. Participer à des activités traditionnelles, aller souvent dans la nature ou avoir complété des études secondaires ou post-secondaires semblaient plutôt protecteurs. Bien que les résultats varient selon les indicateurs, le sexe et l'âge, les tendances générales sont cohérentes avec la littérature scientifique sur la santé respiratoire et sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé. Ce portrait fournit donc des données pouvant guider les interventions de santé publique, l'organisation des services de santé et la recherche future afin d'améliorer les conditions de vie influençant la santé respiratoire, de prévenir les maladies respiratoires et le tabagisme et de favoriser l'accès à des soins primaires culturellement adaptés pour les maladies respiratoires. ¹{Aussi appelé « sibilances ». Le terme wheezing, issu de l’anglais, est aussi utilisé en français dans le domaine médical et sera utilisé dans ce mémoire bilingue.}

<p>Hydronephrosis, due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction, is a common condition in infants with an incidence of approximately 0.5-1%. During the last decade, the surgical management of non-symptomatic hydronephrosis has become more conservative, and the long-term physiological consequences of this new policy are unclear. The overall aim of this thesis was to determine whether there is a link between hydronephrosis and the development of hypertension. Hydronephrosis was induced by partial ureteral obstruction in 3-week old rats or mice. In the adult animals, blood pressure was measured telemetrically during different sodium conditions and the renal function was evaluated. Both species developed salt-sensitive hypertension and histopathological changes (i.e. fibrosis, inflammation, glomerular and tubular changes) that correlated with the degree of hydronephrosis. An abnormal renal excretion pattern with increased diuresis and impaired urine concentrating ability was observed in hydronephrosis. The mechanisms were primarily located to the diseased kidney, as relief of the obstruction attenuated blood pressure and salt-sensitivity. Increased renin angiotensin system activity, due to ureteral obstruction, might be involved in the development but not necessary the maintenance of hypertension. Hydronephrotic animals displayed reduced nitric oxide availability, which might be due to increased oxidative stress in the diseased kidney. Renal nitric oxide deficiency and subsequent resetting of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, appeared to have an important role in the development of hypertension. In conclusion, experimental hydronephrosis, induced by partial ureteral obstruction, provides a new model for studies of salt-sensitive hypertension. Furthermore, the new findings imply that the current conservative treatment strategy in hydronephrosis should be reconsidered in favour of treatment that is more active, in order to prevent the development of renal injury and hypertension in later life.</p>

Dans ce travail, nous étudions les surfaces dont les composantes irréductibles sont des surfaces toriques. En particulier, nous donnons une formule pour calculer l'obstruction d'Euler locale de ces surfaces. Comme application de cette formule, nous calculons l'obstruction d'Euler locale pour certaines familles de surfaces déterminantales. De plus, nous définissons et donnons une formule pour calculer la caractéristique d'Euler évanescente d'une surface torique normale $X_{sigma}$. Nous montrons que ce nombre est relié à la seconde multiplicité polaire de $X_{sigma}$. Nous présentons aussi une formule pour l'obstruction d'Euler d'une fonction $f: X_{sigma} to mathbb{C}$ et pour le nombre de Brasselet d'une telle fonction. Comme application de ce résultat nous calculons l'obstruction d'Euler d'un type de polynôme sur une famille de surfaces déterminantales. / In this work we study surfaces with the property that their irreducible components are toric surfaces. In particular, we present a formula to compute the local Euler obstruction of such surfaces. As an application of this formula we compute the local Euler obstruction for some families of determinantal surfaces. Furthermore, we define the vanishing Euler characteristic of a normal toric surface $X_{sigma}$, we give a formula to compute it, and we relate this number with the second polar multiplicity of $X_{sigma}$. We also present a formula for the Euler obstruction of a function $f: X_{sigma} to mathbb{C}$ and for the Brasselet number of it. As an application of this result we compute the Euler obstruction of a type of polynomial on a family of determinantal surfaces.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos demonstram que a solução salina hipertônica melhora a hemodinâmica, a microcirculação e modula o sistema imune, atenuando a resposta inflamatória associada ao choque e trauma. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar e comparar os efeitos da solução salina hipertônica (NaCl, 7,5%) e do Ringer lactato seguido da ressecção de segmento do intestino necrosado no tratamento da obstrução intestinal e isquemia, através da análise da translocação bacteriana, da disfunção microcirculatória mesentérica, dos distúrbios hemodinâmicos e metabólicos e da disfunção orgânica. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (250 300 g) anestesiados (pentobarbital sódico, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) foram submetidos à obstrução intestinal e isquemia (OI, ligadura ao nível do íleo terminal seguida de ligadura de ramos da artéria mesentérica correspondentes à irrigação de 7 10 cm do íleo). Duas horas após os animais foram randomizados em: OI sem tratamento (OI); OI tratado com Ringer lactato (RL, 4 mL/kg, i.v.); e OI tratado com solução salina hipertônica (SH 7,5%, 4 mL/kg, i.v.). Vinte e quatro horas após os procedimentos cirúrgicos iniciais, os ratos obstruídos (OI, RL e SH) foram submetidos à enterectomia. Ratos controles falso-operados (FO) foram submetidos à lapatotomia. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: 1) cultura bacteriana (E. coli) em amostras de linfonodos mesentéricos, fígado, baço e sangue; 2) análise das interações leucócito-endotélio na microcirculação mesentérica por técnica de microscopia intravital; 3) expressão de moléculas de adesão endoteliais (P-selectina e ICAM-1) por imunohistoquímica; 4) quantificação das citocinas e quimiocinas CINC-1 e CINC-2 no soro por enzimaimunoensaio; 5) histologia intestinal; 6) bioquímica sérica; 7) gasometria, hematócrito, lactato, glicose e leucograma; 8) insulina e corticosterona e; 9) sobrevida. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com SH reduziu a bacteremia, a incidência de animais com amostras positivas para E. coli (57%) e a quantidade de colônias bacterianas (p<0,05) comparado ao tratamento com RL ou aos animais não tratados (OI). As interações leucócito-endotélio e a expressão das moléculas de adesão, P-selectina e ICAM-1, reduziram-se após tratamento com SH seguido de enterectomia a valores observados no grupo controle FO (p>0,05). Ambos os tratamentos, SH e RL, associados à enterectomia normalizaram as concentrações séricas de CINC-1 e CINC-2 (p>0,05). Alterações de PaCO2, pH, lactato e glicemia normalizaram-se após o tratamento dos animais com SH ou RL seguido de enterectomia. A hipoinsulinemia registrada nos ratos OI foi prevenida pelo tratamento dos animais com SH ou RL. As concentrações séricas de corticosterona normalizaram-se após tratamento dos animais com SH associado à enterectomia. A magnitude da lesão intestinal, evidenciada por dano da membrana basal, edema, congestão e presença de células inflamatórias, foi menor no grupo tratado com SH comparado ao tratamento com RL, ambos associados à enterectomia. As concentrações de uréia, creatinina e a atividade das enzimas hepáticas normalizaram-se após tratamento com SH e enterectomia. Houve um aumento significativo da sobrevida dos animais (86%, 15 dias) e no ganho de peso corpóreo (p>0,05 vs FO) no grupo tratado com SH seguido de enterectomia. CONCLUSÕES: A estabilização de ratos submetidos à OI com SH associada à enterectomia resultou em aumento significativo da sobrevida dos animais. A SH reduziu a resposta inflamatória local (interações leucócito-endotélio e expressão de moléculas de adesão na microcirculação mesentérica, e lesão intestinal) e sistêmica (concentrações séricas de CINC-1 e CINC-2, disfunção renal e hepática) / BACKGROUND: It has been shown that hypertonic saline solution improve hemodynamics, the microcirculation, and modulate the immune system, attenuating the inflammatory response associated with shock and trauma. The present study aims to investigate and compare the effects of hypertonic saline solution (NaCl, 7.5%) and lactated Ringer´s solution in the treatment of intestinal obstruction and ischemia, analysing the bacterial translocation phenomenon, mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions, hemodynamic/metabolic disturbances, and organ dysfunction in a rat model of intestinal obstruction and ischemia (IO) followed by resection of the necrotic small bowel segment. METHODS: Anesthetized (pentobarbital 50 mg/kg, i.p.) male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to IO (ligature at the level of the terminal ileum, followed by ligation of mesenteric vessels that supply 7 10 cm of the ileal loop). Two hours thereafter animals were randomized into: IO without treatment; IO treated with lactated Ringer´s (LR, 4 ml/kg, i.v.) solution; IO treated with hypertonic saline (HS, 7.5%, 4 mL/kg, i.v.) solution. Twenty-four hours thereafter, IO rats (IO, LR, HS) were submitted to enterectomy. Control Sham-operated rats were submitted to laparotomy only. The following parameters were analysed: 1) bacterial cultures (E. coli) from mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and blood samples; 2) analyses of leukocyte-endothelial interactions at the mesenteric microcirculation by intravital microscopy; 3) expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (P-selectin, ICAM-1) by immunohistochemistry; 4) quantification of serum cytokines and chemokines (CINC-1, CINC-2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; 5) intestinal histology; 6) serum biochemistry; 7) blood gases, hematocrit, lactate, glycemia, white blood cell counts; 8) serum insulin and corticosterone; 9) survival rate. RESULTS: Treatment with HS reduced the number of animals with positive samples for the presence of E. coli (57%) and the number of CFU/g tissue (p<0.05) compared to LR treated rats or IO rats without treatment. Leukocyteendothelial interactions and expression of the adhesion molecules, Pselectin and ICAM-1, were reduced after treatment with HS solution followed by enterectomy. Values attained matched those observed in Sham group (p>0.05). Both treatments, HS and LR associated with enterectomy, reduced serum levels of CINC-1 and CINC-2 to normal values (p>0.05 vs Sham). PaCO2, pH, lactate, and glucose were normalized after treatment of the animals with HS or LR followed by enterectomy. The hypoinsulinemia observed in the IO rats was prevented by treatment of the animals with HS or LR. Corticosterone concentrations were normalized after treatment of the animals with HS associated with enterectomy. The magnitude of the intestinal lesion, characterized by basal membrane injury, edema, congestion, and inflammatory cells, was smaller in the HS group compared to LR group, both treatments associated with enterectomy. Serum urea and creatinine levels, and the activity of hepatic enzymes were normalized after treatment with HS and enterectomy. A significant increase in survival rate (86%, 15 days) and in the body weight gain (p>0.05 vs Sham) were observed after treatment of the animals with HS and enterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of the animals with HS solution followed by enterectomy significantly increased the survival rate. HS solution reduced the magnitude of the local inflammatory response (leukocyte-endothelial interactions, and adhesion molecules expression in the mesenteric microcirculation, and the intestinal lesion) and the systemic inflammatory response (CINC-1 and CINC-2 serum levels, renal and hepatic dysfunctions)

Introdução: O tratamento alternativo de Redução septal percutânea (RSP) em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva é relativamente novo e há poucos trabalhos publicados sobre a evolução tardia. Objetivos: Avaliar nos pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva sintomáticos e refratários ao tratamento clínico, tratados com RSP, a sobrevida cardíaca e global, qualidade de vida, eventos maiores e as alterações encontradas no eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma(ECO) e Holter 24h antes e na evolução tardia de até 15 anos. Método: Foram incluídos pacientes consecutivos que realizaram RSP no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia e no Hospital do Coração de Outubro de 1998 até junho de 2013. Todos os pacientes realizaram exame clínico, ECG e ECO, e a maioria Holter 24h e responderam o questionário DASI antes e pós-RSP. Os dados qualitativos foram descritos em frequências absolutas e relativas e os quantitativos resumidos em médias ± desvios padrão. Para as variáveis quantitativas foram utilizados modelos ANOVA com medidas repetidas, seguidos pelo método de comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni. O nível de significância de 0,05 foi aceito. Resultados: Dos 56 pacientes incluidos, 28 (50%) eram homens, a idade média foi 53,2 ±15,5 anos sendo 2 crianças e 11 (19,6%) tinham coronariopatia. A maioria estava em classe funcional III-IV, o gradiente médio basal por ECO foi 92,8 ± 3,3 mmHg, a espessura do septo 23,9 ± 0,6 e 62,5% tinha insuficiência mitral (IM) moderada. Durante a internação 1 (1,7%)paciente implantou marcapasso. Durante o seguimento de 7,4 ± 4 anos ocorreram 3 implantes de CDI, 2 por prevenção secundaria e 1 marcapasso, 1 nova RSP, 3 cirurgias de miectomias e houve 7 (12,5%) óbitos, apenas 2 de causa cardíaca. O tempo médio de sobrevida, estimado pelo método de Kaplan Meier foi de 13,3 anos (IC95% 12,2 a 14,5 anos), com expectativa de sobrevida de 96,4% em 1 ano, 87,7% em 5 anos e 81,0% a os 12 anos pós-RSP. Houve melhora significativa na qualidade de vida pelo questionário DASI e na classe funcional da NYHA que passou de 3,6 ± 0,5 para 1,2 ± 0,5 no pós-RSP. Na última avaliação do ECO o gradiente 9,37 ± 6,7 mmHg, o septo 12,87 ± 0,98 mm e a IM foi discreta em 90% todos com p < 0,001. Das variáveis analisadas somente o gradiente no estresse, p=0,039 e a massa p=0,024 foram associados a pior prognóstico. Conclusões: A redução septal percutânea mostrou, na evolução tardia com 100% de seguimento, ser uma técnica segura, eficaz em manter os benefícios tardiamente com baixa mortalidade, oferecendo melhora significativa da classe funcional e da qualidade de vida para os pacientes. / Introduction: Percutaneous septal Reduction (PSR) is a relatively new alternative treatment in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and there are few published studies on late evolution. Objectives: Evaluate in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy refractory to medical treatment and who underwent PSR, cardiac and overall survival, quality of life, major events and changes found on the electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO) and Holter 24h before and after PSR during an evolution up to 15 years. Method: Consecutive patients who were submitted to RSP in Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology and Heart Hospital from October 1998 were included. All patients went through clinical, ECG and ECHO examination, and nearly all answered DASI questionnaire, 24-hour Holter monitoring before and after PSR. Qualitative data were described as absolute and relative frequencies and quantitative summarized as means ± standard deviations. ANOVA models were used for quantitative variables with repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni method for multiple comparison. Significance level of 0.05 was accepted. Results: From 56 patients included, 28 (50%) were men , the mean age was 53.2 ± 15.5 years with 2 children and 11 (19.6%) had coronary artery disease . Most were in functional class III - IV from NYHA, the mean baseline ECO gradient was 92.8 ± 3.3 mmHg, the septal thickness 23.9 ± 0.6mm and 62.5 % had moderate mitral regurgitation (MR). During hospitalization 1 (1.7%) patient required permanent pacemaker. During follow-up of 7.4 ± 4 years, 3 patient required ICD implantation, 2 (for secondary prevention), 1 permanent pacemaker, 1 new RSP, 3 myectomy surgery. There were 7 (12.5%) deaths but only 2 of cardiac causes. The median survival time estimated by the Kaplan Meier was 13.3 years (95% CI 12.2 to 14.5 years), with expected survival of 96.4% at 1 year, 87.7% at 5 years and 81.0% at 12 years post-PSR. Significant improvement was seen in quality of life inferred by DASI questionnaire answers and NYHA functional class from 3.6 ± 0.5 to 1.2 ± 0.5. In last evaluation we found statistical significant reduction in ECO gradient 9.37 ± 6.7 mmHg, septum thikness 12.87 ± 0.98 mm and MR was mild in 90 % of patients. Of the variables analyzed only stress gradient (p = 0.039) and mass (p = 0.024) were associated with worse prognosis. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that percutaneous septal reduction in late evolution with no loses in follow-up, is a safe technique, effective in reducing ventricular gradient and preserving the benefits in long-term evolution with low mortality, offering significant improvement in functional class and quality of life for patients.