Diss.--Göttingen. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 195-211.

Thesis--Université de Montpellier. / At head of title: Université de Montpellier. Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines. Also issued as Publications de la Société des océanistes, no 19. "Sources et documentation": p. [xxv]-xxviii. Bibliography: p. [594]-622.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-95). / v, 95 leaves, bound 29 cm

This thesis uses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies to explore patterns of past human mobility in Oceania. To extend the current knowledge of mtDNA variation in Oceania, 20 entire mt genomes were sequenced and analysed in a data set of more than 144 sequences from Australia, Oceania, Island Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The MinMax Squeeze method enabled this large data set to be analysed with an optimality criterion (Pierson et al. 2006). The analysis revealed two major groups of haplogroups in Oceania, distinguished by the relationships to others outside of the region: an 'ancient' set of types whose phylogenies and distributions suggest they are descended from the Pleistocene-era settlers of Near Oceania, and a second 'young' group whose presence in Oceanic populations may reflect more recent movements into Near Oceania. The detailed phylogenies of these haplogroups presented here will aid in future investigations of human mtDNA in Oceania, allowing samples to be screened by defining mutations to target haplogroups of interest. A large data set of global entire human mt DNA sequences was assembled from public data bases and tested for evidence of selection and recombination. These tests, and phylogenetic analyses of random subsets of the data set, found high levels of homoplasy in the sequences. Homoplasy in the control region of the mtDNA molecule was examined in particular, resulting in a relative scale of mutability at each position of the ~1kb sequence. Subsequent phylogenetic tests of weighting schemes derived from this analysis for the control hypervariable region I (HVR-I) did not show demonstrable improvements over the unweighted examples, but did highlight instances in which the HVR-I sequence failed to predict the more robust trees generated by the coding region. Finally, the HVR-I and diagnostic SNPs were sequenced in a set of 46 Polynesian samples from Auckland, and this data was analysed within a large set of HVR-I sequences (more than 4000) from Oceanic, Asian and the American populations available from public data bases. These analyses were informed by the whole mtDNA phylogenies generated earlier in the project, and add population level data to the emerging picture of prehistoric female mobility gained from entire mtDNA analyses.

Japanese women have often described themselves as passive "victims" of the Pacific War, and in their wartime memoirs (senso taikenki) they have related their suffering in the hope of preventing future wars. However, when we closely examine Japanese women' s activities and beliefs during the war, we find that women were not necessarily completely detached from wartime efforts. Many women actively and even enthusiastically cooperated with the state. Even if they did not actively fight on the battlefield and kill people on foreign soil, many women were part of the total war structure, helping to stir up the patriotism that drove Japanese to fight in the war. This thesis looks at how Japanese women, through patriotic women' s organizations, were involved in the Pacific War, and what they actually believed during the war, in contrast with their recollections of the war in their senso taikenki.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 37-06, Section: A, page: 3829. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1976.

Does Max Weber's hypothesis, that says that the Protestant Ethic gave rise to rational capitalism, explain the economic modernization of South Korea? The Protestant Ethic comprises predestination, radical ("rugged") individualism, innerworldly asceticism, the work ethic, permission by the government to practice usury (exploitation of fellow man), and an assault on charity (once wealth is acquired, do not give it away). / This study surveys the history of Korea with emphasis upon the impact of Christianity as a formative and motivating force in the development of that country's rational capitalistic economy. The author analyzes the effect upon Korean society of this foreign religion, beginning with its introduction in 1784 until 1984, and summarizes its influence upon various major institutions: (1) indigenous religions, (2) family life, (3) government, (4) education, and (5) economy. / The author shows that Weber's hypothesis partially explains South Korea's economic miracle. In the case of South Korea, innerworldly asceticism, the work ethic, and radical ("rugged") individualism (as is manifested among yangban entrepreneurs) contributed to economic growth; however, predestination, an essential component of Weber's theory, plays no role. In its place, patriotic nationalism became a driving force; other essential factors were: Japan imposing state capitalism upon colonial Korea, South Korean governmental leadership's commitment to economic growth, the normalization with Japan in 1965, and favorable or expanding international economic opportunities. Usury, another essential element in Weber's theory, proved irrelevant in South Korea. Koreans had practiced usury for centuries prior to the introduction of Christianity. Also irrelevant was the need to assault charity because South Korea received foreign aid, which accounted for about 10% of her GNP per year from 1954 to 1975. / Although the role of Christianity in the economic modernization of South Korea was not as influential as anticipated, nevertheless, Weber's theory has some merits. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-05, Section: A, page: 1288. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1984.

In 1126, the Song was invaded by the Jin, a northern enemy who sprang up to become a continuing lethal threat to the survival of the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127). The Song people, in the meantime, suffered an unprecedented humiliation when their two emperors were captured and taken as hostages to the north by the invading Jin army. As the Song regime was collapsing, Zhao Gou (1107-1187), later referred to by his temple name as Song Gaozong (r. 1127-1162), strove to ascend the throne and perpetuate the Song regime in the south--known to historians as the Southern Song (1127-1279). The process was difficult not only because the Song emperor himself was relentlessly pursued by the Jin army, but also because the Song itself could hardly decide on an appropriate policy regarding the invaders. It took nearly sixteen years for the Song to finally settle in south China and obtain formal recognition from the Jin as a sovereign state. This dissertation adopts a method which focuses on studying the interactions between Song Gaozong and his series of ten chief councilors in shaping the future of the Southern Song. The successive chief councilors, appointed by Song Gaozong, are studied based on the Song records with special attention to their interactions with the emperor in discussing important issues. The dissertation evaluates each chief councilor's performance and explains why some chief councilors stayed in power longer than others. The dissertation also expounds how the Song emperor maintained a balance between two conflicting factions and how he struggled to consolidate his power in adverse circumstances. By consideration of Gaozong and the influence of successive chief councilors, the author depicts a picture showing how the Southern Song was established.

This dissertation will argue that the founding and the existence of the Southern Song was not because of the emperor's willingness to accept the Jins' terms, but in spite of the emperor's attitudes. It was the general's successful resistance against the Jins that made it possible for the survival of the Southern Song. However, the founding of the Southern Song was never Han Shizhong's ideal. What he strove for was to defeat the enemies and to liberate the captured emperor and ex-emperor and to oust the Jins out of the Central Plain. The conflict between General Han Shizhong and Emperor Gaozong was focused upon the latter's goal of maintaining the reality of the Southern Song and realizing the former's ideal. The conflict intensified as the emperor quickened his pace of making peace with the Jins at the time when the Southern Song's military forces were in the offensive position. The emperor's efforts to restrict Han Shizhong within his own track, strengthened by the efforts of the imperial court to recover the national tradition of putting the military under civilian control, deprived Han Shizhong of the opportunity for the realization of his ideal.

The primary focus of this study is on the Sanya ("Three Headquarters Offices") commanders of the Northern Song, who commanded the three divisions of the Song imperial army, namely, the Infantry, Cavalry, and Palace Corps. The first three chapters examine the institutions pertaining to the selection and promotion of the Sanya commanders, concluding that the Northern Song selected and promoted for high army command ranks men whose loyalty to the throne had been tested and proven. It is further demonstrated that the Northern Song exercised effective control over its army commanders and had their powers scrutinized by civil officials, the majority being southern bureaucrats advanced through the civil service examinations. The two chapters that follow analyze the social and geographical backgrounds of the Sanya commanders, revealing that elite members of the Northern Song military in general enjoyed special ties to the emperors and the ruling house. Such imperial connections safeguarded their political and family fortunes from rapid downward sliding. The Northern Song elite, as such, was a self-perpetuating elite group, composed of predominantly northern military men who were closely associated with the dynasty's founding elite. The remaining chapter in the body text further sheds light on the super elite status of the Sanya commanders, attesting that they were among the highest paid office-holders in the Northern Song and were recipients of high political honors and privileges. This study calls into question the received view of the inferior status of the Northern Song military elite. I suggest that during the Northern Song period a unique and distinctive balance between aristocratic and bureaucratic forces was achieved whereby state power was split between the semi-hereditary northern military elite and the newly arisen professional, bureaucratic elite. The ruling class of Northern Song society was therefore neither thoroughly aristocratic nor thoroughly bureaucratic, contrary to the generally held assumptions about the nature of the Song elite. In my opinion, the rise of southern civil leadership in state and society around the mid-eleventh century challenged, for the first time in Chinese history, northern aristocratic monopoly of state power and eventually precipitated its demise by the Southern Song.