Die peroxisomalen ABC-Transporter Pxa1p und Pxa2p sind Halbtransporter. Genetische Studien ergaben Hinweise, dass sie zur Bildung aktiver Transporter heterodimerisieren und am Import von langkettigen Fettsäuren in die Peroxisomen von S. cerevisiae beteiligt sind. Es wurden epitopmarkierte Varianten der Proteine als Komplex isoliert. Damit wurde gezeigt, dass Pxa1p und Pxa2p ein stabiles Heterodimer bilden. Zur Charakterisierung der ATP Bindeeigenschaften wurden die Transporter mit 8-azido-[alpha-32P]-ATP inkubiert und kovalent verknüpft. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Pxa1p und Pxa2p eine unsymmetrische Bindung des ATP Analogons aufweisen. Pxa2p bindet deutlich mehr azido-ATP als Pxa1p, bei sehr ähnlichen Dissoziationskonstanten. Die reduzierte ATP Bindung von Pxa1p spiegelt sich durch degenerierte Sequenzmotive der an der ATP Bindung beteiligten Sequenzen wieder. Die isolierten ABC-Transporter wurden für ATPase Messungen eingesetzt. Sie zeigten eine basale ATPase Aktivität, die durch Zugabe langkettiger Coenzym A aktivierter Fettsäuren, wie Oleoyl-CoA und Palmitoyl-CoA stimulierbar war. Eine Lysin Mutation im Walker A Motiv von Pxa1p hatte keine Funktionalitätseinbuße zur Folge. Dieselbe Mutation bei Pxa2p führte im Wachstumstest auf Festmedium mit Ölsäure als Kohlenstoffquelle zu einem deutlich verlangsamten Wachstum. Diese Ergebnisse korrespondieren mit der beobachteten unsymmetrischen ATP Bindung von Pxa1p und Pxa2p, da bei dem schwächer bindenden Pxa1p die Mutation wirkungslos blieb. Keine Übereinstimmung war bei den ATPase Aktivitätsmessungen der aufgereinigten Mutanten zu verzeichnen. Beide Mutanten zeigten eine unbeeinträchtigte ATPase Aktivität. Die ABC-Transporter wurden in Proteoliposomen eingebaut und für Transportmessungen mit einem Spin-Label markierten Oleoyl-CoA verwendet. Die Transportmessungen zeigten einen ATP abhängigen Transport, woraus geschlossen wurde, dass Pxa1p-Pxa2p tatsächlich Coenzym A Ester langkettiger Fettsäuren transportiert. / The peroxisomal ABC-transporters Pxa1p and Pxa2p are half transporters. Previous genetic investigations have demonstrated that Pxa1p and Pxa2p have to dimerise in order to build a functional transporter, which is very likely involved in the import of long chain fatty acids into peroxisomes of S. cerevisiae. In this work, tagged versions of the proteins were purified as a complex. This proved for the building of a stable hetero dimer. For characterisation of the ATP binding properties, the transporters were incubated and cross linked with 8-azido-[alpha-32P]-ATP. This revealed an asymmetric binding of the ATP analogue. Pxa2p binds much more azido-ATP, than Pxa1p, while the dissociation constants are rather similar. The poorer ATP binding of Pxa1p is reflected by degenerated sequence motifs in the nucleotide binding fold. The purified ABC-transporters have been used for ATPase assays. They showed a basal ATPase activity, which could be stimulated by addition of long chain fatty acid CoAs, like oleoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA. Mutants with a lysine mutation in the walker A motive of Pxa1p led to no functional impairment, while the corresponding lysine mutation in Pxa2p led to reduced growth on agar plates with oleic acid as sole carbon source. The result corresponds with the ATP binding properties of Pxa1p. Because of the poorer ATP binding, even in the wild type protein, the mutation was not supposed to have a big influence. No accordance was found in respect to the ATPase measurements of the isolated mutant proteins. Both mutants revealed unaffected ATPase activity. The purified ABC-transporters were reconstituted in proteoliposomes and used for translocation assays of a spin-labelled oleoyl-CoA derivative. The measurements revealed an ATP dependent transport of the oleoyl-CoA analogue. This led to the conclusion, that Pxa1p-Pxa2p is indeed the transporter of long chain acetyl CoA esters, which were transported in an ATP dependent manner.

The current study investigates the effect of strain state, strain rate, and membrane planar area on phospholipid bilayer mechanoporation and failure. Using molecular dynamics, a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayer was deformed biaxially to represent injury-induced neuronal membrane mechanoporation and failure. For all studies, water forming a bridge through both phospholipid bilayer leaflets was used as a failure metric. To examine the effect of strain state, 72 phospholipid structures were subjected to equibiaxial, 2:1 non-equibiaxial, 4:1 non-equibiaxial, strip biaxial, and uniaxial tensile deformations at the von Mises strain rate of 5.45 × 108 s-1. The stress magnitude, failure strain, headgroup clustering, and damage behavior were strain state dependent. The strain state order of detrimentality in descending order was equibiaxial, 2:1 non-equibiaxial, 4:1 non-equibiaxial, strip biaxial, and uniaxial with failure von Mises strains of 0.46, 0.47, 0.53, 0.77, and 1.67, respectively. Additionally, pore nucleation, growth, and failure were used to create a Membrane Failure Limit Diagram (MFLD) to demonstrate safe and unsafe membrane deformation regions. This MFLD allowed representative equations to be derived to predict membrane failure from in-plane strains. To examine the effect of strain rate, the equibiaxial and strip biaxial strain states were repeated at multiple strain rates. Additionally, a 144 phospholipid structure, which was twice the size of the 72 phospholipid structure in the x dimension, was subjected to strip biaxial tensile deformations to examine planar area effect. The applied strain rates, planar area, and cross-sectional area had no effect on the von Mises strains at which pores greater than 0.1 nm2 were detected (0.509 plus/minus 7.8%) or the von Mises strain at failure (0.68 plus/minus 4.8%). Additionally, changes in bilayer planar and cross-sectional areas did not affect the stress response. However, a strain rate increase from 1.4 × 108 to 6.8 × 108 s-1 resulted in a yield stress increase of 44.1 MPa and a yield strain increase of 0.17. Additionally, a stress and mechanoporation behavioral transition was determined to occur at a strain rate of ~1.4 × 108 s-1. These results provide the basis to implement a more accurate mechano-physiological internal state variable continuum model that captures lower-length scale damage.