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Die ideaal van kunsmatige intelligensie : 'n hersenskim? / J.A. LouwLouw, Jacobus Adriaan January 2010 (has links)
The ideal of artificial intelligence can firstly be set as the ability of a mechanical (or
electronic) agent to be able to, as a human, observe, reason, learn, communicate and act in
complex environments and secondly, to explain this type of behaviour in humans, animals or
any other type of agent. The aim of this study is firstly to determine whether this ideal is
feasible and secondly, to look at the physicalist premise thereof, viz., everything is physical
according to Dooyeweerd’s view of the creation, fall and redemption motive.
First we determine the essence of artificial intelligence through the Curch–Turing thesis. We
then place the essence of artificial intelligence alongside the essence of life firstly to see
whether the construction of an artificial intelligence agent is possible and whether the subject
artificial intelligence has something to say regarding intelligent behaviour in humans, animals
and similar agents. Lastly we look at the physicalist premise of artificial intelligence viz.,
everything is physical from the reformative creation, fall and redemption motive.
The Church–Turing thesis forms the boundary of what is feasible in artificial intelligence and
what is not feasible. Every component of the thesis is limited to the arithmetic law sphere of
Being, i.e. the succession of discrete elements in a set of elements. Any effort to reduce the
spatial aspect of the being to the arithmetic aspect of Being, like the enumeration of irrational
numbers, ends in an antinomy. Any artificial intelligence agent is in its nature limited to the
arithmetic law sphere of Being. The structural intertwinement, which such an artificial
intelligence agent has with its underlying physical components is, in contrast with living
organisms that of an irreversible grounded enkapsis. Life and mind has, in contrast to the
arithmetic seclusion of an artificial intelligence agent, a fullness and totality. It has an ability
to unlock Being in its fullness, which comes to the fore in a way that any living organism
unlocks the plastic horizon of Being in the respective internal and phenomenological
horizons. The unlocking of the spatial aspect plays a key role with its kernel of totality,
simultaneity and continuousness. In both these horizons, the organism is in a living enkapsis
with both its underlying physical substrate and the physical things in its external
surroundings. The ideal of artificial intelligence is thus a phantasm. The only comment it
can give on biology is that which has to do with the succession of discrete elements in a
system. Hempel’s dilemma and the halting problem expose the physicalist point of departure of
everything is physical as a religious premise, which is not empirically verifiable. Instead of
getting a better view of Being the contours of meaning of life as well as all the supra
physical aspects of Being fades away or is denied with concealment of Being. The only way
in which we can get the broadest possible insight into Being is in the light of the Word of
God. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Die ideaal van kunsmatige intelligensie : 'n hersenskim? / J.A. LouwLouw, Jacobus Adriaan January 2010 (has links)
The ideal of artificial intelligence can firstly be set as the ability of a mechanical (or
electronic) agent to be able to, as a human, observe, reason, learn, communicate and act in
complex environments and secondly, to explain this type of behaviour in humans, animals or
any other type of agent. The aim of this study is firstly to determine whether this ideal is
feasible and secondly, to look at the physicalist premise thereof, viz., everything is physical
according to Dooyeweerd’s view of the creation, fall and redemption motive.
First we determine the essence of artificial intelligence through the Curch–Turing thesis. We
then place the essence of artificial intelligence alongside the essence of life firstly to see
whether the construction of an artificial intelligence agent is possible and whether the subject
artificial intelligence has something to say regarding intelligent behaviour in humans, animals
and similar agents. Lastly we look at the physicalist premise of artificial intelligence viz.,
everything is physical from the reformative creation, fall and redemption motive.
The Church–Turing thesis forms the boundary of what is feasible in artificial intelligence and
what is not feasible. Every component of the thesis is limited to the arithmetic law sphere of
Being, i.e. the succession of discrete elements in a set of elements. Any effort to reduce the
spatial aspect of the being to the arithmetic aspect of Being, like the enumeration of irrational
numbers, ends in an antinomy. Any artificial intelligence agent is in its nature limited to the
arithmetic law sphere of Being. The structural intertwinement, which such an artificial
intelligence agent has with its underlying physical components is, in contrast with living
organisms that of an irreversible grounded enkapsis. Life and mind has, in contrast to the
arithmetic seclusion of an artificial intelligence agent, a fullness and totality. It has an ability
to unlock Being in its fullness, which comes to the fore in a way that any living organism
unlocks the plastic horizon of Being in the respective internal and phenomenological
horizons. The unlocking of the spatial aspect plays a key role with its kernel of totality,
simultaneity and continuousness. In both these horizons, the organism is in a living enkapsis
with both its underlying physical substrate and the physical things in its external
surroundings. The ideal of artificial intelligence is thus a phantasm. The only comment it
can give on biology is that which has to do with the succession of discrete elements in a
system. Hempel’s dilemma and the halting problem expose the physicalist point of departure of
everything is physical as a religious premise, which is not empirically verifiable. Instead of
getting a better view of Being the contours of meaning of life as well as all the supra
physical aspects of Being fades away or is denied with concealment of Being. The only way
in which we can get the broadest possible insight into Being is in the light of the Word of
God. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Antagonism by selected classical irreversible competitive antagonists : an investigation into the proposed non-specific mechanisms involved / Johannes Bodenstein / Antagonisme deur geselekteerde klassieke onomkeerbare kompeterende antagoniste : 'n ondersoek na die voorgestelde non-spesifieke meganismes betrokke / Irreversible non-specific antagonismBodenstein, Johannes January 2003 (has links)
Many irreversible antagonists are known to bind irreversibly to pharmacological
receptors. However, few studies suggest that these irreversible antagonists may also
display irreversible non-specific antagonism by binding irreversibly to non-syntopic
binding sites on the receptor macromolecule, whereby they modulate the signal
transduction of these receptors or reduce the agonist binding affmity.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the classical irreversible antagonists
phenoxybenzamine, benextramine and 4-DAMP mustard display irreversible nonspecific
antagonism at various G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types. In addition,
the subcellular mechanism whereby benextramine displays irreversible non-specific
antagonism was investigated.
Three cell lines were employed to investigate the antagonism by these irreversible
antagonists: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells transfected to express the porcine
a2A-adrenoceptor (a2A-AR) at higher (a2A-H) or lower (a2A-L) numbers, human
neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells that endogenously express muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors (mACh-Rs), and SH-SY5Y cells transfected (5HT2A-SH-SY5Y)o express
the human 5HT2A-serotonirne ceptor (5HTZA-R).C ells of the appropriate cell line were
pre-treated at the appropriate concentrations and incubation times with an appropriate
irreversible antagonist, with or without an appropriate reversible competitive antagonist
at a sufficient concentration to protect the specific receptors. This was followed by
washing procedures with drug-free media to rinse any unbound or reversibly bound
drugs from the cells. When appropriate, cell membranes were prepared. Receptor
function was evaluated by measuring whole-cell [3H]-cAMP or [3H]-IPx acumulation,
or the binding of [35S]-GTPyS to membraness. Receptor concentrations were
determined from radioligand-binding assays. In addition, the constitutive [35S]-GTPyS binding to Go protein before and after pre-treatment with benextramine was investigated.
Results suggest that phenoxybenzamine (100 uM, 20 minutes) and benextramine (10
uM, 20 minutes) display irreversible non-specific antagonism at a2A-ARs when measuring Gi-mediated effects in a2A-L cells, but the affinity for a2A-ARs in a2A-H cells was not changed. In addition, it was found that the observed irreversible nonspecific antagonism by benextramine appears to be time- and concentration-dependent.
When the mechanism of irreversible antagonism by benextramine was further investigated, benextramine reduced the binding of [35S]-GTPyS to a2A-H membranes with protected a2A-ARs, but did not modulate the constitutive binding of [35S]-GTPyS to Go. In addition, benextramine displays irreversible non-specific antagonism by
inhibiting the G,-mediated effects of a2A-ARs in a2A-H cells and the Gq-mediated
effects of mACh-Rs or 5HT2A-Rs in SH-SY5Y or 5HT2A-SH-SY5Y cells respectively.
4-DAMP mustard (100 uM, 20 minutes) did not display irreversible non-specific
antagonism at mACh-Rs in SH-SY5Y cells, but irreversible non-specific antagonism
was observed when the incubation time was increased (100 uM, 60 minutes).
In conclusion it was found that phenoxybenzamine, benextramine and 4-DAMP
mustard display irreversible non-specific antagonism at typical experimental
conditions. These findings confirm concerns in literature and supports the possibility
that more irreversible antagonists could display irreversible non-specific antagonism,
and that could influence the interpretation of data obtained with such drugs. In
addition, benextramine may prove to be a useful experimental drug in studying GPCR
signalling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Antagonism by selected classical irreversible competitive antagonists : an investigation into the proposed non-specific mechanisms involved / Johannes Bodenstein / Antagonisme deur geselekteerde klassieke onomkeerbare kompeterende antagoniste : 'n ondersoek na die voorgestelde non-spesifieke meganismes betrokke / Irreversible non-specific antagonismBodenstein, Johannes January 2003 (has links)
Many irreversible antagonists are known to bind irreversibly to pharmacological
receptors. However, few studies suggest that these irreversible antagonists may also
display irreversible non-specific antagonism by binding irreversibly to non-syntopic
binding sites on the receptor macromolecule, whereby they modulate the signal
transduction of these receptors or reduce the agonist binding affmity.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the classical irreversible antagonists
phenoxybenzamine, benextramine and 4-DAMP mustard display irreversible nonspecific
antagonism at various G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types. In addition,
the subcellular mechanism whereby benextramine displays irreversible non-specific
antagonism was investigated.
Three cell lines were employed to investigate the antagonism by these irreversible
antagonists: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells transfected to express the porcine
a2A-adrenoceptor (a2A-AR) at higher (a2A-H) or lower (a2A-L) numbers, human
neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells that endogenously express muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors (mACh-Rs), and SH-SY5Y cells transfected (5HT2A-SH-SY5Y)o express
the human 5HT2A-serotonirne ceptor (5HTZA-R).C ells of the appropriate cell line were
pre-treated at the appropriate concentrations and incubation times with an appropriate
irreversible antagonist, with or without an appropriate reversible competitive antagonist
at a sufficient concentration to protect the specific receptors. This was followed by
washing procedures with drug-free media to rinse any unbound or reversibly bound
drugs from the cells. When appropriate, cell membranes were prepared. Receptor
function was evaluated by measuring whole-cell [3H]-cAMP or [3H]-IPx acumulation,
or the binding of [35S]-GTPyS to membraness. Receptor concentrations were
determined from radioligand-binding assays. In addition, the constitutive [35S]-GTPyS binding to Go protein before and after pre-treatment with benextramine was investigated.
Results suggest that phenoxybenzamine (100 uM, 20 minutes) and benextramine (10
uM, 20 minutes) display irreversible non-specific antagonism at a2A-ARs when measuring Gi-mediated effects in a2A-L cells, but the affinity for a2A-ARs in a2A-H cells was not changed. In addition, it was found that the observed irreversible nonspecific antagonism by benextramine appears to be time- and concentration-dependent.
When the mechanism of irreversible antagonism by benextramine was further investigated, benextramine reduced the binding of [35S]-GTPyS to a2A-H membranes with protected a2A-ARs, but did not modulate the constitutive binding of [35S]-GTPyS to Go. In addition, benextramine displays irreversible non-specific antagonism by
inhibiting the G,-mediated effects of a2A-ARs in a2A-H cells and the Gq-mediated
effects of mACh-Rs or 5HT2A-Rs in SH-SY5Y or 5HT2A-SH-SY5Y cells respectively.
4-DAMP mustard (100 uM, 20 minutes) did not display irreversible non-specific
antagonism at mACh-Rs in SH-SY5Y cells, but irreversible non-specific antagonism
was observed when the incubation time was increased (100 uM, 60 minutes).
In conclusion it was found that phenoxybenzamine, benextramine and 4-DAMP
mustard display irreversible non-specific antagonism at typical experimental
conditions. These findings confirm concerns in literature and supports the possibility
that more irreversible antagonists could display irreversible non-specific antagonism,
and that could influence the interpretation of data obtained with such drugs. In
addition, benextramine may prove to be a useful experimental drug in studying GPCR
signalling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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