The diploma thesis deals with the tax system of Canada. The object of this thesis is to analyze a tax system in terms of economic and political situation of the country. The reader should acquire an overview of current version of income tax. The main attention in this thesis is dedicated to federal income tax as well as province income tax in Ontario. Taxation of income of individuals in Canada is a significant source of revenue for public budgets. Furthermore, this work compares calculation of income tax within Canada and the Czech Republic and describes the differences among provinces in Canada. The conclusion contains a complete assessment of the findings presented in this work. On the basis of such a diploma thesis, the reader should acquire a complex insight into the Canadian tax system and specifics of income tax in province Ontario.