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The viability of using surface seismic techniques in the exploration of shallow coal deposits in the UK is investigated. The geological factors that affect the economic viability of a prospective site are the overburden ratio and the presence of faulting, drift channels and previous mine workings. The seismic refraction technique using both congressional (P) waves and shear (S) waves is used and also the P wave reflection technique. The P wave source used is explosive and the shear wave source is a horizontal hammer. Seven site surveys are described, six in North East England, and one in the North West. The refraction technique using the Plus-Minus and Generalized Reciprocal Methods of interpretation is used to locate faults, estimate drift cover thicknesses and pinpoint areas of previous opencast excavation. Faults are located by a change in refractor velocity, or by a sudden change in refractor depth. Shear waves display a greater ability to image sharp depth anomalies than P waves, due to the greater velocity contrast between consolidated and unconsolidated rocks that S waves exhibit. S waves are better lithological indicators than P waves as there exist distinct ranges of S wave velocities for unconsolidated (150 to 400m/sec) and consolidated (650 to 1400m/sec) rocks. The fundamental problem with shallow reflection surveys on land is that the shallow reflections occur at the same time as surface waves and ground roll. The reflection technique is used to locate faults and detect the boundaries of old mine workings. No reflections shallower than 70m are recorded, and in areas of thick glacial drift cover no frequencies higher than l00Hz are detected. The results of the survey to locate positions of old mine workings are inconclusive, although some features seen on the final sections could be related to boundaries between unworked and worked strata.

Throughout history various discriminatory inequalities have appeared which are based on traditional beliefs and stereotype principles. As with many other social structures, this has brought with it the challenge of overcoming these inequalities in order to empower those afflicted by unfair treatment and to eradicate both the social and economic effects it has had on society at large. Of the many different groups that have been discriminated against, often for reasons of race and belief, one of the most discriminated against is women. This is clear when one takes into account the numerous struggles over the course of time women faced for the right to take part in the very basic roles of society. The right to vote, the right to freedom of speech and even the simple freedom for women not to have their attire prescribed by what their culture deems socially acceptable. When taking this into account, it comes as no surprise that women have to overcome enormous obstacles when competing for fair employment. Even today the challenges persist in our well-developed and socially advanced labour market. The employment of women in the mining industry serves as the ideal example of current inequalities that need to be overcome if we are to reap both the social and economic rewards of the equal employment of women. The objective of this study is to identify and discuss these challenges, identify how to overcome them, the benefits of doing so and the disadvantages and repercussions of not addressing them. The findings from the empirical study, based on the sample size of 65 women currently employed in the mining sector (n=65), which have been subdivided into various categories, enabled the researcher to draw conclusions and make recommendations. The challenges that were mainly identified included health and safety, recruitment and training, retention strategy and change management. Health and safety challenges refer to women‟s perceived vulnerability in a physically demanding environment. The recruitment and training of women and the challenges that organisations face when recruiting from small skills pools require organisations to develop women‟s skills for the mutual benefit of both women and the organisation. These challenges may be proliferate due to the additional challenges that organisations face when attempting to retain the skills they have developed and the investment they have made. The resistance to change that exists within large mining organisations when women are introduced into environments previously reserved for men needs to be strategically managed. In conclusion, it was found that involving the Human Resource to implement various strategies from the recruitment of women in mining, to the development, retention and the placement of women in senior positions as well as the monitoring and constant evaluation of the progress of these strategies, the current challenges as set out above can be overcome. Furthermore, it has been concluded that it greatly depends on the top and core management of companies in the mining sector to assist in the implementation of various strategies to have these feats succeed. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Throughout history various discriminatory inequalities have appeared which are based on traditional beliefs and stereotype principles. As with many other social structures, this has brought with it the challenge of overcoming these inequalities in order to empower those afflicted by unfair treatment and to eradicate both the social and economic effects it has had on society at large. Of the many different groups that have been discriminated against, often for reasons of race and belief, one of the most discriminated against is women. This is clear when one takes into account the numerous struggles over the course of time women faced for the right to take part in the very basic roles of society. The right to vote, the right to freedom of speech and even the simple freedom for women not to have their attire prescribed by what their culture deems socially acceptable. When taking this into account, it comes as no surprise that women have to overcome enormous obstacles when competing for fair employment. Even today the challenges persist in our well-developed and socially advanced labour market. The employment of women in the mining industry serves as the ideal example of current inequalities that need to be overcome if we are to reap both the social and economic rewards of the equal employment of women. The objective of this study is to identify and discuss these challenges, identify how to overcome them, the benefits of doing so and the disadvantages and repercussions of not addressing them. The findings from the empirical study, based on the sample size of 65 women currently employed in the mining sector (n=65), which have been subdivided into various categories, enabled the researcher to draw conclusions and make recommendations. The challenges that were mainly identified included health and safety, recruitment and training, retention strategy and change management. Health and safety challenges refer to women‟s perceived vulnerability in a physically demanding environment. The recruitment and training of women and the challenges that organisations face when recruiting from small skills pools require organisations to develop women‟s skills for the mutual benefit of both women and the organisation. These challenges may be proliferate due to the additional challenges that organisations face when attempting to retain the skills they have developed and the investment they have made. The resistance to change that exists within large mining organisations when women are introduced into environments previously reserved for men needs to be strategically managed. In conclusion, it was found that involving the Human Resource to implement various strategies from the recruitment of women in mining, to the development, retention and the placement of women in senior positions as well as the monitoring and constant evaluation of the progress of these strategies, the current challenges as set out above can be overcome. Furthermore, it has been concluded that it greatly depends on the top and core management of companies in the mining sector to assist in the implementation of various strategies to have these feats succeed. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Crosshole seismic techniques can be used to gain a large amount of information about the properties of the rock mass between two or more boreholes. The bulk of this thesis is concerned with two crosshole seismic processing techniques and their application to real data. The first part of this thesis describes the application of traveltime and amplitude tomographic processing in the monitoring of a simulated EOR project. Two physical models were made, designed to simulate 'pre-flood' and 'post-flood' stages in an EOR project. The results of the tomography work indicate that it is beneficial to perform amplitude tomographic processing of cross-well data, as a complement to traveltime inversion, because of the different response of velocity and absorption to changes in liquid/gas saturations for real reservoir rocks. The velocity tomograms image the flood zone quite accurately. Amplitude tomography shows the flood zone as an area of higher absorption but does not image its boundaries as precisely, because multi-pathing and diffraction effects are not accounted for by the ray-based techniques used. Part two is concerned with the crosshole seismic reflection technique, using data acquired from a site in northern England. The processing of these data is complex and includes deconvolution, wavefield separation and migration to a depth section. The two surveys fail to pin-point accurately the position of a large fault; the disappointing results, compared to earlier work in Yorkshire, are attributed to poorer generation of compressional body waves in harder Coal Measures strata. The final part of this thesis describes the results from a pilot seismic reflection test over the Tertiary igneous centre on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. The results indicate that the base of a large granite body consists of interlayered granites and basic rocks between 2.1 and 2.4km below mean sea level.