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<p dir="ltr">Ostracism negatively affects wellbeing, and its effects are especially detrimental when individuals are unable to cope. A growing body of literature explores interventions that facilitate recovery from ostracism. Research indicates that the comparisons we make with others (social comparisons) or with ourselves (temporal comparisons) serve many functions, from helping us evaluate ourselves and our experiences to enhancing self-esteem. The direction of these comparisons has important implications for wellbeing: downward comparisons (with a worse comparison target) can enhance wellbeing, whereas upward comparisons (with a better comparison target) can harm wellbeing when a sense of contrast is elicited. This dissertation examined whether downward social and temporal comparisons mitigate the detrimental effects of ostracism on wellbeing and whether upward social and temporal comparisons exacerbate these effects. In three studies, participants underwent an ostracism (or control) condition, and some were randomly assigned to make social or temporal comparisons. In Studies 1 and 2, I manipulated ostracism by having participants recall an ostracism event in their lives; in Study 3, ostracism was manipulated with Cyberball. In Study 1, participants either wrote about a time things were worse (downward temporal comparison) or better for them (upward temporal comparison), whereas, in Studies 2 and 3, participants either wrote about someone else doing worse (downward social comparison) or better than them (upward social comparison). All studies measured psychological need satisfaction, positive affect, and satisfaction with life. Though Study 1 produced null results, in Studies 2 and 3, downward social comparisons increased need satisfaction compared to upward social comparisons and increased positive affect and satisfaction with life in Study 3. Results suggest downward social comparisons may have positive consequences for wellbeing.</p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Clive Fullagar / This dissertation investigated the relationship between a low-quality leader-member exchange (LMX) relationship and whether participants felt they were bullied at work. The study looked at retaliatory behavior as an outcome of experiencing bullying behavior. The study investigated whether ostracism would mediate the effect between LMX and workplace bullying and whether social support would moderate the relationship between workplace bullying and retaliatory behavior. The sample was comprised of 209 participants who were either employed by Kansas State University or were taking classes as non-traditional students at Kansas State University. The study sample was demographically 49.76% female and 50.24% male. The survey was administered using K-State’s on-line AXIO survey system, which ensured confidentiality and accurate data entry. The study found that a low-quality LMX relationship predicted workplace bullying and workplace bullying behavior predicted retaliatory behavior. Ostracism did not mediate the relationship between a low-quality LMX relationship and workplace bullying behavior, but social support did have moderating effects between workplace bullying behavior and retaliatory behavior. The moderated effects of social support showed a buffering effect for men with coworker support and an increase in retaliatory behavior for women for all forms of social support. The results are discussed in the context of understanding how organizational leadership can reduce the negative effects of workplace bullying behavior.

Manuel Pinheiro Chagas (1842-1895) foi, na sua época, uma personalidade influente, participando ativamente tanto no campo das letras como no da política. Além disso, ele foi autor de uma obra multiforme e de caráter popular, lida, em seu tempo, com grande interesse e entusiasmo. Contudo, hoje, é inquestionável o apagamento literário desse escritor no cânone português, enquadrado num lugar à sombra mesmo de escritores menores. O objetivo central deste trabalho consiste em evidenciar na trajetória literária de Manuel Pinheiro Chagas os fatos que, de forma decisiva, contribuíram para o seu desaparecimento do cânone. Será visto que nestes acontecimentos ocupa um papel central Eça de Queirós, que não só conseguiu apagar a importante participação de Chagas como político, crítico, historiador e prosador, mas reduziu a figura de seu desafeto, imortalizando-a no retrato-sátira de um patriota conservador e reacionário, sob o codinome de \"brigadeiro do tempo de D. Maria II\". / Manuel Pinheiro Chagas (1842-1895) was, in his time, an influential personality who took active part both in the field of literature and in politics. Moreover, he was the author of a multiform work with popular characteristics, read, in his time, with much interest and enthusiasm. Nevertheless, today, the literary erasure of this writer from the Portuguese canon is unquestionable, placed somewhere under the shadow of even second-rate writers. The central aim of this work is to show in Manuel Pinheiro Chagas\'s literary trajectory those facts which, in a decisive way, made him disappear from the canon. It will be shown that in these events Eça de Queirós plays a central role. He not only managed to erase Chagas\'s important participation as a politician, a critic, a historian, and a prose writer, but reduced the figure of his foe by immortalizing it in the satire-portrait of a conservative, reactionary patriot, under the code-name of \"Brigadier from the time of D. Maria II\".

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-32).

Manuel Pinheiro Chagas (1842-1895) foi, na sua época, uma personalidade influente, participando ativamente tanto no campo das letras como no da política. Além disso, ele foi autor de uma obra multiforme e de caráter popular, lida, em seu tempo, com grande interesse e entusiasmo. Contudo, hoje, é inquestionável o apagamento literário desse escritor no cânone português, enquadrado num lugar à sombra mesmo de escritores menores. O objetivo central deste trabalho consiste em evidenciar na trajetória literária de Manuel Pinheiro Chagas os fatos que, de forma decisiva, contribuíram para o seu desaparecimento do cânone. Será visto que nestes acontecimentos ocupa um papel central Eça de Queirós, que não só conseguiu apagar a importante participação de Chagas como político, crítico, historiador e prosador, mas reduziu a figura de seu desafeto, imortalizando-a no retrato-sátira de um patriota conservador e reacionário, sob o codinome de \"brigadeiro do tempo de D. Maria II\". / Manuel Pinheiro Chagas (1842-1895) was, in his time, an influential personality who took active part both in the field of literature and in politics. Moreover, he was the author of a multiform work with popular characteristics, read, in his time, with much interest and enthusiasm. Nevertheless, today, the literary erasure of this writer from the Portuguese canon is unquestionable, placed somewhere under the shadow of even second-rate writers. The central aim of this work is to show in Manuel Pinheiro Chagas\'s literary trajectory those facts which, in a decisive way, made him disappear from the canon. It will be shown that in these events Eça de Queirós plays a central role. He not only managed to erase Chagas\'s important participation as a politician, a critic, a historian, and a prose writer, but reduced the figure of his foe by immortalizing it in the satire-portrait of a conservative, reactionary patriot, under the code-name of \"Brigadier from the time of D. Maria II\".

Dans la littérature grecque archaïque et classique, l'exil apparait et évolue dans des contextes politiques déterminants. Du VIIe au IVe siècle avant J.-C., à travers les régimes tyranniques et oligarchiques, mais aussi durant la démocratie, c'est une mesure à la fois punitive et préventive qui sert à maintenir un pouvoir en place, tendant à évoluer vers une modération des expulsions, à travers notamment l'ostracisme, tout en étant de plus en plus encadrée par la législation. L'exil peut également être une démarche volontaire pour fuir les malheurs de l'existence, échapper à un procès ou encore s’éloigner d'une cité corrompue. Au-delà de cet ancrage politique, les représentations de l'exil et des exilés participent à un imaginaire riche qui est exploité dans tous les genres littéraires de cette période. Ces représentations font naitre une réflexion sur l'histoire et l’état de la démocratie, ainsi que sur la dimension métaphorique de l'exil. De plus, les malheurs de l'exil, les plaintes ou la souillure qui lui sont associées côtoient des représentations moins attendues, telles que celle d'une communauté active et vindicative d’exilés ou encore celle d’archétypes du bon ou du mauvais exilé. L'exil prend souvent fin lorsque l'on a intégré une terre d'accueil ou que l'on est rappelé dans son pays d'origine, mais peut tout aussi bien être à perpétuité et parfois perdurer au-delà de la mort. Enfin, l'abondance de ces représentations, autant que de son vocabulaire, fait de l'exil une image propre à illustrer des concepts politiques et philosophiques de premier plan dans la pensée grecque. / In archaic and classical Greek literature, exile is shown to evolve within determining political contexts. From the VIIth to the IVth century B.C., through tyrannical and oligarchical regimes, but also during a period of democracy, it is both a punitive and preventive measure which is used to maintain an authority in power, tending to evolve towards a moderation of expulsions, notably through ostracism, while being more and more regulated by legislation. Exile may also be a deliberate move to flee away from life's woes, escape from a trial or even get away from a corrupt city. Beyond this political anchoring, the representations of exile and of exiled people take part in a rich imagined world which is exploited in all the literary genres at that time. These representations give life to reflection on history and the status of democracy, as well as on the metaphoric dimension of exile. Furthermore, the woes of exile, the grievance or the pollution which are associated with it go along with less expected representations, such as one of an active and vindictive society of exiled people or even one of archetypes of the good or the bad exiled person. Exile often comes to an end when one integrates a host haven or when one is called back to one's country of origin, but may as well be for the rest of one's life and sometimes continue after death. Eventually, the abundance of these representations, as well as the vocabulary associated with it, makes exile become an image suitable for the illustration of the leading political and philosophical concepts in Greek thought.