<p>With the Internet expansion, real-time transmission over Internet is becoming a new promising application. Successful real-time communication over IP networks requires reasonably reliable, low delay, low loss date transport. Since Internet is a non-synchronous packet switching network, high load and lack of guarantees on data delivery make real-time communication such as Voice and Video over IP a challenging application to become realistic on the Internet. </p><p>This thesis work is composed of two parts within real-time voice and video communication: network simulation and measurement on the real Internet. In the network simulation, I investigate the requirement for the network"overprovisioning"in order to reach certain quality-of-service. In the experiments on the real Internet, I simulate real-time transmission with UDP packets along two different traffic routes and analyze the quality-of- service I get in each case. </p><p>The overall contribution of this work is: To create scenarios to understand the concept of overprovisioning and how it affects the quality-of-service. To develop a mechanism to measure the quality-of-service for real-time traffic provided by the current best-effort network.</p>

With the Internet expansion, real-time transmission over Internet is becoming a new promising application. Successful real-time communication over IP networks requires reasonably reliable, low delay, low loss date transport. Since Internet is a non-synchronous packet switching network, high load and lack of guarantees on data delivery make real-time communication such as Voice and Video over IP a challenging application to become realistic on the Internet. This thesis work is composed of two parts within real-time voice and video communication: network simulation and measurement on the real Internet. In the network simulation, I investigate the requirement for the network"overprovisioning"in order to reach certain quality-of-service. In the experiments on the real Internet, I simulate real-time transmission with UDP packets along two different traffic routes and analyze the quality-of- service I get in each case. The overall contribution of this work is: To create scenarios to understand the concept of overprovisioning and how it affects the quality-of-service. To develop a mechanism to measure the quality-of-service for real-time traffic provided by the current best-effort network.

Power management is one of the most critical challenges on the path to exascale supercomputing. High Performance Computing (HPC) centers today are designed to be worst-case power provisioned, leading to two main problems: limited application performance and under-utilization of procured power. In this dissertation we introduce hardware overprovisioning: a novel, flexible design methodology for future HPC systems that addresses the aforementioned problems and leads to significant improvements in application and system performance under a power constraint. We first establish that choosing the right configuration based on application characteristics when using hardware overprovisioning can improve application performance under a power constraint by up to 62%. We conduct a detailed analysis of the infrastructure costs associated with hardware overprovisioning and show that it is an economically viable supercomputing design approach. We then develop RMAP (Resource MAnager for Power), a power-aware, low-overhead, scalable resource manager for future hardware overprovisioned HPC systems. RMAP addresses the issue of under-utilized power by using power-aware backfilling and improves job turnaround times by up to 31%. This dissertation opens up several new avenues for research in power-constrained supercomputing as we venture toward exascale, and we conclude by enumerating these.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Em razÃo da crescente demanda de usuÃrios mÃveis por conteÃdos criados com formato especÃfico e personalizado, ou adaptado para atender suas necessidades e preferÃncias no uso da web, as redes convergentes sensÃveis ao contexto incorporam uma promissora tecnologia para permitir aplicaÃÃes de serviÃos personalizados a mÃltiplos usuÃrios. O projeto C-CAST (Context Casting) (C-CAST, 2012) foi estabelecido para arquiteturas de redes convergentes sensÃveis ao contexto para suportar sessÃes com qualidade de serviÃo (QoS - Quality of Service) de forma garantida a mÃltiplos usuÃrios, simultaneamente, independentemente de suas tecnologias de conexÃo sem fio. O mecanismo de controle do C-CAST Legado introduz questÃes de degradaÃÃo de desempenho, visto que a abordagem de sinalizaÃÃo adotada à direcionada por fluxo. Isto significa que a carga de sinalizaÃÃo aumenta exponencialmente com o nÃmero de admissÃes de fluxo. Este trabalho propÃe o C-CAST AvanÃado, o qual aperfeiÃoa o sistema do C-CAST Legado pela extensÃo de mecanismos inovadores que integram um controle dinÃmico da largura de banda sobreaprovisionada por classes de serviÃo e alocaÃÃo de Ãrvores overlay. Por meio dessa estratÃgia, busca-se reduzir taxas de sinalizaÃÃo de controle e alocaÃÃo de recursos em todo o sistema. A avaliaÃÃo do C-CAST AvanÃado à conduzida por meio de simulaÃÃo, demonstrando seus benefÃcios em relaÃÃo ao C-CAST Legado, por otimizar significativamente os nÃveis de desempenho de todo o sistema de rede, enquanto mantÃm usuÃrios com a melhor percepÃÃo de qualidade. / Due to the increase demand of mobile users for content created in a specific and customized way, or adapted to comply with the needs and preferences in web usage, converged networks which are context-sensitive have been incorporated to a promising technology and enabled applications of personalized services to multiple users. The C-CAST project (Context Casting) was established to converged network architectures to support context-sensitive sessions with quality of service (QoS - Quality of Service) in a manner to guarantee to multiple users simultaneously, regardless of their wireless technologies. The C-CAST control mechanism of the Legacy introduces issues of performance degradation, once the signaling approach adopted is directed per-flow, which means that the signaling load increases exponentially with the number of admissions flow. This work proposes the Advanced of C-CAST, which reconstruct the C-CAST legacy system by the extent of innovative mechanisms that integrate dynamic control of provisioned bandwidth by the service classes and allocation overlay trees. Through this strategy, it seeks to reduce rates of control signaling and allocating resources throughout the system. The C-CAST Advanced evaluation is conducted through simulation, demonstrating its benefits in relation to C-CAST Legacy, by significantly optimization the performance levels of the entire network system while keep the network users with the best quality perception.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-08T19:01:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - LEANDRO ALEXANDRE FREITAS - 2011.pdf: 2571517 bytes, checksum: 785d31a14166c0c65a61a93c157e4e37 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-09T11:25:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - LEANDRO ALEXANDRE FREITAS - 2011.pdf: 2571517 bytes, checksum: 785d31a14166c0c65a61a93c157e4e37 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T11:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - LEANDRO ALEXANDRE FREITAS - 2011.pdf: 2571517 bytes, checksum: 785d31a14166c0c65a61a93c157e4e37 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / The Future Internet concepts and designs of 4WARD project concerns a clean-slate architecture with various networking innovations, including a new connectivity paradigm called Generic Path (GP). In GP architecture, several facilities are designed to efficiently support complex value-added applications and services with assured Quality of Service (QoS). GPs mainly abstract underlying network heterogeneity, and any entity, regardless its scope (technology, location or architectural layer) communicate each other in a single way via a common interface. To that, cooperation with network-layer provisioning mechanisms is required in the sense to map data paths meeting session-demanded resources (QoS requirements - minimum bandwidth and maximum delay/loss experience) into appropriate GPs. In contrast as support today, robust and scalable QoS-provisioning facilities are strongly required for efficient GP allocations. Therefore, this dissertation introduces the QoS-Routing and Resource Control (QoSRRC), a set of GP-compliant facilities to cope with the hereinabove requirements. QoSRRC complements GP architecture with QoS-oriented routing, aided with load balancing, to select paths meeting session-demands while keeping residual bandwidth to increase user experience. For scalability, QoS-RRC operates based on an overprovisioning-centric approach, which places low state storage and network operations. Initial QoS-RRC performance evaluation was carried out in Network Simulator v.2 (NS2), demonstrating drastic improvements of flow delay experience and bandwidth use among a relevant state-of-the-art solution. Moreover, the impact of QoS-RRC compared to current IP QoS and routing standards on the user experience has been evaluated, by analysing main objective and subjective Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics, namely Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), The Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Video Quality Metric (VQM) and Mean Opinion Score (MOS). / Os conceitos e modelos para Internet do Futuro no Projeto 4WARD abordam uma arquitetura clean-slate ("recomeçar a Internet do zero") com várias inovações na rede, incluindo um novo paradigma de conectividade, chamado Caminho Genérico (Generic Path - GP). Na arquitetura GP, várias facilidades foram projetadas para suportar eficientemente complexas aplicações de valor agregado e serviços com garantia de Qualidade de Serviço (Quality of Service - QoS). Os GPs abstraem principalmente a heterogeneidade das redes e de qualquer entidade, independentemente de seu escopo (tecnologia, localização ou camada de arquitetural). Para isso, a cooperação da camada de rede com mecanismos de aprovisionamento é necessária, de modo a mapear as demandas dos recursos exigidos pela sessão (requisitos de QoS, como por exemplo largura de banda mínima e máximo atraso/perda) nos GPs adequados. Em contraste com o suporte atual, o aprovisionamento de QoS robusto e escalável é fortemente exigido para alocações eficientes de GPs. Portanto, esta dissertação apresenta o QoS-Routing and Resource Control (QoS-RRC), um mecanismo de apoio a criação de GPs de modo a lidar com suas exigências. O QoS-RRC complementa arquitetura GP com roteamento orientado a QoS, auxiliado com balanceamento de carga, para selecionar os caminhos que vão ao encontro as demandas da sessão, enquanto mantém largura de banda residual para aumentar a experiência do usuário. Para obter escalabilidade, o QoS-RRC opera com base em uma abordagem centrada no aprovisionamento, que emprega baixo armazenamento de estado e poucas operações de rede. A avaliação de desempenho do QoS-RRC foi realizada com o simulador Network Simulator v.2 (NS2), demonstrando drásticas melhorias da qualidade dos fluxos quanto a experiência de atraso e largura de banda, se comparado com as soluções do estado da arte. Além disso, o impacto do QoS-RRC em comparação com o atual QoS das redes IP e os mecanismos de roteamento padrão, sobre a experiência do usuário, também foi avaliado, analisando métricas objetivas e subjetivas de Qualidade da Experiência (Quality of Expericence - QoE), ou seja, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Video Quality Metric (VQM) e Mean Opinion Score (MOS).