Synchronous contraction and relaxation of the myocardium is required to optimize cardiac function. Regional timing of contraction and relaxation is dyssynchronous in many patients with heart failure. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a highly successful treatment for dyssynchronous heart failure. Patients are currently selected for CRT using surface electrocardiogram QRS duration as a measure of dyssynchrony. However, up to 30% of patients selected for CRT show no improvement. This poor response rate may in part be explained by the poor correlation between mechanical dyssynchrony and QRS duration. Thus, better methods to quantify mechanical dyssynchrony in the heart may improve the poor CRT response rate. The overall goal of this project was to develop better methods to diagnose dyssynchrony in the left ventricle (LV). We developed two new methods with different approaches. The first method improved upon existing tissue-Doppler based echocardiographic diagnosis of dyssynchrony by utilizing a cross-correlation (XC) function to quantify dyssynchrony during post-processing as opposed to the quantitatively simplistic time-to-peak analysis that is currently utilized. The second method utilized standard cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images to quantify the dyssynchrony in the flow of blood within the LV, which may represent a more direct, physiologically relevant measure of dyssynchrony. Specific aim 1 demonstrated that the new XC delay parameters can be quantified accurately with a stationary region of interest and therefore require significantly less post-processing time to calculate compared to the time-to-peak dyssynchrony parameters. Specific aim 2 showed that XC delays are superior to existing time-to-peak dyssynchrony parameters at discriminating patients with LV dyssynchrony from those with normal function. The time-to-peak parameters showed dyssynchrony in approximately half of the normal, healthy volunteers while the XC delay parameters had nearly perfect diagnostic accuracy. The results of specific aim 3 showed that XC delays could diagnose acute, pacing-induced dyssynchrony in young, healthy children with 79% accuracy while the time-to-peak parameters showed accuracies of 71%, 57% and 57%. Specific aim 4 showed that CMR-based quantification of LV internal flow can be used to discriminate patients with dyssynchronous heart failure from normal controls with 95% accuracy.

Due to the emergence of new materials and advanced engineering technology, slender footbridges are increasingly becoming popular to satisfy the modern transportation needs and the aesthetical requirements of society. These structures however are always &quotlively" with low stiffness, low mass, low damping and low natural frequencies. As a consequence, they are prone to vibration induced by human activities and can suffer severe vibration serviceability problems, particularly in the lateral direction. This phenomenon has been evidenced by the excessive lateral vibration of many footbridges worldwide such as the Millennium Bridge in London and the T-Bridge in Japan. Unfortunately, present bridge design codes worldwide do not provide sufficient guidelines and information to address such vibrations problems and to ensure safety and serviceability due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive bridge structures. A conceptual study has been carried out to comprehensively investigate the dynamic characteristics of slender suspension footbridges under human-induced dynamic loads and a footbridge model in full size with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables in the vertical and horizontal planes has been proposed for this purpose. A similar physical suspension bridge model was designed and constructed in the laboratory, and experimental testings have been carried out to calibrate the computer simulations. The synchronous excitation induced by walking has been modelled as crowd walking dynamic loads which consist of dynamic vertical force, dynamic lateral force and static vertical force. The dynamic behaviour under synchronous excitation is simulated by resonant vibration at the pacing rate which coincides with a natural frequency of the footbridge structure. Two structural analysis software packages, Microstran and SAP2000 have been employed in the extensive numerical analysis. Research results show that the structural stiffness and vibration properties of suspension footbridges with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables can be adjusted by choosing different structural parameters such as cable sag, cable section and pretensions in the reverse profiled cables. Slender suspension footbridges always have four main kinds of vibration modes: lateral, torsional, vertical and longitudinal modes. The lateral and torsional modes are often combined together and become two kinds of coupled modes: coupled lateral-torsional modes and coupled torsionallateral modes. Such kind of slender footbridges also have different dynamic performance in the lateral and vertical directions, and damping has only a small effect on the lateral vibration but significant effect on the vertical one. The fundamental coupled lateral-torsional mode and vertical mode are easily excited when crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed on full bridge deck. When the crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed eccentrically on half width of the deck, the fundamental coupled torsional-lateral mode can be excited and large lateral deflection can be induced. Higher order vertical modes and coupled lateral-torsional modes can also be excited by groups of walking pedestrians under certain conditions. It is found that the coupling coefficient introduced in this thesis to describe the coupling of a coupled mode, is an important factor which has significant effect on the lateral dynamic performance of slender suspension footbridges. The coupling coefficient, however, is influenced by many structural parameters such as cable configuration, cable section, cable sag, bridge span and pre-tensions, etc. In general, a large dynamic amplification factor is expected when the fundamental mode of a footbridge structure is the coupled lateral-torsional mode with a small coupling coefficient. The research findings of this thesis are useful in understanding the complex dynamic behaviour of slender and vibration sensitive suspension footbridges under humaninduced dynamic loads. They are also helpful in developing design guidance and techniques to improve the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive footbridges and similar structures and hence to ensure their safety and serviceability.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração prévia de antibiótico na incidência de complicações infecciosas em procedimentos de estimulação cardíaca artificial. Os pacientes foram selecionados em um estudo duplo-cego e randomizado (1:1). Grupo I Cefazolina (1,0g dose única) versus grupo II placebo. O comitê de segurança interrompeu o estudo após a inclusão de 649 pacientes devido à diferença entre os grupos (group I 314; grupo II 335 pacientes) em favor do uso de antibiótico: 2 infectados (0,63%) versus 11 infectados no grupo placebo (3,28%); p=0,016. Marcadores identificados por análise univariada: não uso de antibiótico; procedimentos de implantes (versus trocas); hematoma pós-operatório e duração do procedimento. O não uso de antibiótico e hematoma pós-operatório foram significantes em análise multivariada / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the previous venous antibiotic administration in the incidence of infectious complications in cardiac stimulation surgical procedures. Patients were selected in a double blind, randomized (1:1) trial. Group I Cefazolin (1,0g one dose) versus group II placebo. The security committee interrupted the trial after inclusion of 649 patients due to differences between groups (group I 314; group II 335 patients) in favor of the antibiotic arm: 2 infected patients (0,63%) versus 11 infected patients in the placebo arm (3,28%); p=0,016. Markers identified by univariate analysis: non-use of preventive antibiotic; implant procedures (versus replacement); post-operative haematoma and procedure duration. The non-use of antibiotic and the post-operative haematoma were independent predictors of infection in multivariate analysis

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estenose e obstruções venosas são achados frequentes após o implante de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos. Manifestações clínicas dessas lesões venosas, entretanto, são raramente reportadas. Embora exista consenso de que fenômenos tromboembólicos sejam mais comuns após reoperações que envolvam o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos ou procedimentos de extração transvenosa, ainda não existem evidências que comprovem essa observação. OBJETIVOS: Em pacientes submetidos a reoperações para corrigir disfunção em cabos-eletrodos ou para mudar o modo de estimulação, o estudo visou identificar: a) a incidência de tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) e de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) do membro superior ipsilateral ao procedimento; b) a prevalência de lesões venosas prévias ao procedimento cirúrgico, pelo estudo venográfico, e a ocorrência de modificações desse padrão seis meses após o procedimento; e c) fatores prognósticos para a ocorrência dos eventos clínicos e das alterações venográficas. MÉTODOS: No período de abril de 2013 a julho de 2016 foram estudados 84 pacientes. A avaliação pré-operatória incluiu: ultrassonografia com doppler dos membros superiores, angiotomografia de tórax com protocolo para TEP, venografia por subtração digital e coleta de biomarcadores laboratoriais específicos do sistema de coagulação e hemostasia. Os exames diagnósticos foram repetidos no momento pós-operatório para detectar os desfechos do estudo. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses. Os desfechos primários foram a ocorrência de TEP ou TVP em até 30 dias após o procedimento. Os desfechos secundários foram as alterações venográficas no sexto mês após a intervenção cirúrgica. Na análise da associação das variáveis demográficas, clínicas, operatórias e laboratoriais com os desfechos do estudo, empregou-se os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher ou \"t\" de Student. Modelos de regressão logística multivariados foram utilizados para identificar fatores prognósticos. RESULTADOS: Entre os 84 pacientes incluídos, houve equilíbrio entre os sexos e a idade média de 59,3 ± 15,2 anos. O principal motivo para realizar o procedimento cirúrgico foi a disfunção de cabos-eletrodos (75%). A remoção de cabos-eletrodos foi efetuada em 52,4% dos casos. A taxa de eventos clínicos e subclínicos pós-operatórios foi de 35,7%, representada por TVP em 24 (28,6%) casos e TEP em seis (7,1%). Alterações no padrão venográfico seis meses após a operação foram identificadas em 34,5% dos pacientes. Os fatores prognósticos independentes para TVP foram: a presença de circulação colateral significativa na venografia pré-operatória ([odds ratio (OR) = 4,7]), (intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%); 1,1 - 19,8; P = 0,037), a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos (OR = 27,4; IC 95%; 5,8 - 128,8; P < 0,0001) e o aumento do fibrinogênio no pós-operatório (OR = 1,02; IC 95%; 1,01 - 1,03; P = 0,018). O histórico de tabagismo foi o único fator prognóstico relacionado com a ocorrência de TEP (OR = 14,6; IC 95%; 2,3 - 91,8; P = 0,004). Somente a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos foi fator prognóstico independente (OR = 5,0; IC 95%; 1,6 - 15,4; P = 0,004) para alterações venográficas pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: Reoperações envolvendo o manuseio de território venoso com cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados apresentam elevados índices de complicações tromboembólicas e de alterações venográficas. Extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos apresentou impacto significativo no desenvolvimento de TVP e de alterações venográficas. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de novos estudos específicos para avaliar o papel de estratégias preventivas para esse subgrupo de pacientes / INTRODUCTION: Venous stenosis or occlusion is a frequent finding in patients with previously-implanted transvenous leads. Clinical manifestations of these venous lesions, however, are rarely reported. Although there is a consensus that thromboembolic events are more frequent after reoperation involving the implantation of new leads or lead removal, there is still no evidence to support this observation. OBJECTIVES: In patients submitted to reoperations due to lead dysfunction or device upgrade, the study aimed to determine: a) the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) ipsilateral to the cardiac device; b) the prevalence of venous lesions determined by preoperative venography, and the occurrence of modifications or progression of these lesions six months after the procedure; and c) prognostic factors for clinical and venographic outcomes. METHODS: From April/2013 to July/2016, 84 patients were studied. The preoperative evaluation included: upper extremity venous ultrasound, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction venography and specific laboratory tests for coagulation and hemostasis. Diagnostic exams were repeated postoperatively to detect the study outcomes. All patients were followed for 12 months. Primary outcomes were occurrence of PE or UEDVT within 30 days after the procedure. Secondary outcomes were venographic changes six months after the surgical intervention. Student\'s t test, Chi-square or Fisher\'s Exact test were used in the univariate analysis of demographic, clinical, operative and laboratory variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among the 84 patients included, there was a balance between gender and the mean age was 59.3 ± 15.2 years. Lead malfunctioning (75%) was the main surgical procedure indication. Lead removal was performed in 52.4% of the cases. The rate of postoperative clinical and subclinical events was 35.7%, represented by UEDVT in 24 (28.6%) cases and PE in 6 (7.1%). Alterations in the venography findings six months after the surgery were identified in 34.5% of the patients. Independent prognostic factors for UEDVT were: the presence of significant collateral circulation in the preoperative venography ([odds ratio (OR)= 4.7; [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 - 19.8; P=0.037), transvenous lead extraction (OR= 27.4; 95% CI 5.8-128.8; P < 0.0001) and fibrinogen variation (OR= 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.03; P=0.018). Smoking history was the only prognostic factor related to the occurrence of PE (OR= 14.6; 95% CI 2.3 - 91.8; P=0,004). Transvenous lead extraction was the only independent prognostic factor (OR= 5.0; 95% CI 1.6 - 15.4; P=0.004) for postoperative venographic endpoints. CONCLUSION: Reoperations involving previously transvenous implanted leads present high rates of thromboembolic complications and venographic alterations. Transvenous lead extraction had a significant impact on the development of UEDVT and venographic alterations. These results show the need for further studies to evaluate the role of preventive strategies for this subgroup of patients

People suffering from certain types of arrhythmia may benefit from the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. Pacemakers artificially stimulate the heart by applying short electrical pulses to the cardiac tissue to restore and maintain a steady heart rhythm. By adjusting the pulse delivery rate the heart is stimulated to beat at desired pace. The stimulation pulses are transferred from the pacemaker to the heart via an electrode, which is implanted into the cardiac tissue. Additionally, the electrode must also sense the cardiac response and transfer those signals back to the electronics in the pacemaker for processing. The communication between the electrode and the tissue takes place on the electrode/electrolyte (tissue) interface. This interface serves as the contact point where the electronic current in the electrode is converted to ionic currents capable to operate in the body. The stimulation/sensing signals are transferred across the interface via three electrochemical mechanisms: i) non-faradaic charging/discharging of the electrochemical double layer, ii) reversible and iii) irreversible faradaic reactions. It is necessary to study the contribution of each mechanism to the total charge transferred to evaluate the pacing/sensing performance of the pacemaker electrode. In this thesis, the electrochemical properties and performance of stimulation/sensing electrodes for pacemaker applications have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and transient electrochemical techniques. All measurements were performed in synthetic body fluid with buffer capacity. Complementary surface analysis was performed with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal different interfacial behaviour and stability for electrode materials such as Pt, TiN, porous carbon, conducting oxides (RuO2 and IrO2 and mixed oxides) and porous Nb2O5 oxide. The influence of the charge/discharge rate on the electrode characteristics also has been evaluated. Although the rough and porous electrodes provide a high interfacial capacitance, the maximum capacitance cannot be fully employed at high charge/discharge rates because only a small part of the effective surface area is accessible. The benefit of pseudo-capacitive material properties on charge delivery was observed. However, these materials suffer similar limitations at high charge/discharge rate and, hence, are only utilising the surface bound pseudo-capacitive sites. Porous Nb2O5 electrodes were investigated to study the performance of capacitor electrodes. These electrodes predominantly deliver the charge via reversible non-faradaic mechanisms and hence do not produce irreversible by-products. They can deliver very high potential pulses while maintaining high impedance and, thus, charge lost by faradaic currents are kept low. By producing Nb oxide by plasma electrolysis oxidation a porous surface structure is obtained which has the potential to provide a biocompatible interface for cell adherence and growth. This thesis covers a multidisciplinary area. In an attempt to connect diverse fields, such as electrophysiology, materials science and electrochemistry, the first chapters have been attributed to explaining fundamental aspects of the respective fields. This thesis also reviews the current opinion of pacing and sensing theory, with special focus on some areas where detailed explanation is needed for the fundamental nature of electrostimulation/sensing. / QC 20101014

INTRODUÇÃO: Estenose e obstruções venosas são achados frequentes após o implante de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos. Manifestações clínicas dessas lesões venosas, entretanto, são raramente reportadas. Embora exista consenso de que fenômenos tromboembólicos sejam mais comuns após reoperações que envolvam o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos ou procedimentos de extração transvenosa, ainda não existem evidências que comprovem essa observação. OBJETIVOS: Em pacientes submetidos a reoperações para corrigir disfunção em cabos-eletrodos ou para mudar o modo de estimulação, o estudo visou identificar: a) a incidência de tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) e de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) do membro superior ipsilateral ao procedimento; b) a prevalência de lesões venosas prévias ao procedimento cirúrgico, pelo estudo venográfico, e a ocorrência de modificações desse padrão seis meses após o procedimento; e c) fatores prognósticos para a ocorrência dos eventos clínicos e das alterações venográficas. MÉTODOS: No período de abril de 2013 a julho de 2016 foram estudados 84 pacientes. A avaliação pré-operatória incluiu: ultrassonografia com doppler dos membros superiores, angiotomografia de tórax com protocolo para TEP, venografia por subtração digital e coleta de biomarcadores laboratoriais específicos do sistema de coagulação e hemostasia. Os exames diagnósticos foram repetidos no momento pós-operatório para detectar os desfechos do estudo. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses. Os desfechos primários foram a ocorrência de TEP ou TVP em até 30 dias após o procedimento. Os desfechos secundários foram as alterações venográficas no sexto mês após a intervenção cirúrgica. Na análise da associação das variáveis demográficas, clínicas, operatórias e laboratoriais com os desfechos do estudo, empregou-se os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher ou \"t\" de Student. Modelos de regressão logística multivariados foram utilizados para identificar fatores prognósticos. RESULTADOS: Entre os 84 pacientes incluídos, houve equilíbrio entre os sexos e a idade média de 59,3 ± 15,2 anos. O principal motivo para realizar o procedimento cirúrgico foi a disfunção de cabos-eletrodos (75%). A remoção de cabos-eletrodos foi efetuada em 52,4% dos casos. A taxa de eventos clínicos e subclínicos pós-operatórios foi de 35,7%, representada por TVP em 24 (28,6%) casos e TEP em seis (7,1%). Alterações no padrão venográfico seis meses após a operação foram identificadas em 34,5% dos pacientes. Os fatores prognósticos independentes para TVP foram: a presença de circulação colateral significativa na venografia pré-operatória ([odds ratio (OR) = 4,7]), (intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%); 1,1 - 19,8; P = 0,037), a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos (OR = 27,4; IC 95%; 5,8 - 128,8; P < 0,0001) e o aumento do fibrinogênio no pós-operatório (OR = 1,02; IC 95%; 1,01 - 1,03; P = 0,018). O histórico de tabagismo foi o único fator prognóstico relacionado com a ocorrência de TEP (OR = 14,6; IC 95%; 2,3 - 91,8; P = 0,004). Somente a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos foi fator prognóstico independente (OR = 5,0; IC 95%; 1,6 - 15,4; P = 0,004) para alterações venográficas pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: Reoperações envolvendo o manuseio de território venoso com cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados apresentam elevados índices de complicações tromboembólicas e de alterações venográficas. Extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos apresentou impacto significativo no desenvolvimento de TVP e de alterações venográficas. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de novos estudos específicos para avaliar o papel de estratégias preventivas para esse subgrupo de pacientes / INTRODUCTION: Venous stenosis or occlusion is a frequent finding in patients with previously-implanted transvenous leads. Clinical manifestations of these venous lesions, however, are rarely reported. Although there is a consensus that thromboembolic events are more frequent after reoperation involving the implantation of new leads or lead removal, there is still no evidence to support this observation. OBJECTIVES: In patients submitted to reoperations due to lead dysfunction or device upgrade, the study aimed to determine: a) the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) ipsilateral to the cardiac device; b) the prevalence of venous lesions determined by preoperative venography, and the occurrence of modifications or progression of these lesions six months after the procedure; and c) prognostic factors for clinical and venographic outcomes. METHODS: From April/2013 to July/2016, 84 patients were studied. The preoperative evaluation included: upper extremity venous ultrasound, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction venography and specific laboratory tests for coagulation and hemostasis. Diagnostic exams were repeated postoperatively to detect the study outcomes. All patients were followed for 12 months. Primary outcomes were occurrence of PE or UEDVT within 30 days after the procedure. Secondary outcomes were venographic changes six months after the surgical intervention. Student\'s t test, Chi-square or Fisher\'s Exact test were used in the univariate analysis of demographic, clinical, operative and laboratory variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among the 84 patients included, there was a balance between gender and the mean age was 59.3 ± 15.2 years. Lead malfunctioning (75%) was the main surgical procedure indication. Lead removal was performed in 52.4% of the cases. The rate of postoperative clinical and subclinical events was 35.7%, represented by UEDVT in 24 (28.6%) cases and PE in 6 (7.1%). Alterations in the venography findings six months after the surgery were identified in 34.5% of the patients. Independent prognostic factors for UEDVT were: the presence of significant collateral circulation in the preoperative venography ([odds ratio (OR)= 4.7; [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 - 19.8; P=0.037), transvenous lead extraction (OR= 27.4; 95% CI 5.8-128.8; P < 0.0001) and fibrinogen variation (OR= 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.03; P=0.018). Smoking history was the only prognostic factor related to the occurrence of PE (OR= 14.6; 95% CI 2.3 - 91.8; P=0,004). Transvenous lead extraction was the only independent prognostic factor (OR= 5.0; 95% CI 1.6 - 15.4; P=0.004) for postoperative venographic endpoints. CONCLUSION: Reoperations involving previously transvenous implanted leads present high rates of thromboembolic complications and venographic alterations. Transvenous lead extraction had a significant impact on the development of UEDVT and venographic alterations. These results show the need for further studies to evaluate the role of preventive strategies for this subgroup of patients

<p dir="ltr">Infographics are increasingly used as visual communication tools for conveying health information to diverse audiences. However, research is lacking on how specific infographic design factors influence learning outcomes. This study aimed to determine the comparative effectiveness of automatically advanced (Group A) versus manually advanced (Group B) infographics for promoting breast cancer awareness and knowledge. A mixed-methods quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was utilized. The sample comprised 42 participants for analysis. Of these, the majority, 41 persons self-reported as female, with one participant indicating their gender as 'other.' Participant ages ranged from 25 to 55 years (M = 40.5, SD = 7.62). Most participants were well-educated, with graduate degrees or other advanced education beyond a bachelor's degree. Participants were randomly assigned to either the automatically advanced infographic group (Group A) or the manually advanced infographic group (Group B). Results indicated that Group B had significantly higher scores on the knowledge post-test compared to Group A, suggesting improved recall and comprehension of key information. There were no significant differences in cognitive load ratings or viewing duration between the groups. Qualitative feedback from participants suggested that Group B's manually advanced infographic facilitated better self-pacing and absorption of content. While the study's findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of manually advanced infographics in learning complex health information, limitations are acknowledged. The research contributes to the design of patient education materials and underscores the necessity for further investigations across varied populations and health topics to understand the impact of infographic design more comprehensively on learning and behavior.</p>

Introdução: O bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado (BAVCi) é raro e tem múltiplas apresentações clínicas. O implante de marca-passo cardíaco permanente (MP) é o tratamento de escolha, resultando em evolução clínica satisfatória para a maioria dos casos, porém, aproximadamente 10% deles apresentam remodelamento ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca grave. Objetivos: Estudar a evolução tardia de crianças e adultos jovens com BAVCi e estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito (VD), visando determinar: a prevalência de sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca e de remodelamento ventricular; a capacidade funcional; a qualidade de vida e fatores preditores de alterações clínicas, funcionais ou ecocardiográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em coorte de portadores de BAVCi e MP implantado antes de 21 anos de idade com estimulação no VD há mais de um ano. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e laboratorial, da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e a ecocardiograma. Mães e sujeitos da pesquisa foram investigados para doenças reumatológicas. Os dados foram armazenados no sistema REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) e analisados pelos programas SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) e R Studio. A análise dos dados incluiu: análise univariada para pesquisa de associações entre variáveis preditoras e desfechos, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e modelo de regressão linear multivariado. Resultados: De março/2010 a dezembro/2013, foram avaliados 63 indivíduos, 68% do sexo feminino, com idade de 1 a 40 anos, com MP por 13,4 ± 6,5 anos e estimulação do VD por 10,0 ± 5,4 anos. O modo de estimulação era atrioventricular em 55,6%, o percentual de estimulação de VD de 97,9 ± 4,2% e a duração do complexo QRS estimulado de 152,4 ± 20,1 ms. A maioria (88,9%) era assintomática e não utilizava medicamentos de ação cardiovascular. Maior tempo de MP (P= 0,013), maior tempo de estimulação do VD (P= 0,005), maior idade na inclusão no estudo (P= 0,032) ou menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo (FEVE) (P= 0,013) associaram-se com a presença de classe funcional II (NYHA) e/ou uso medicamentos. Os valores do peptídeo natriurético tipo B foram normais em todos os exames laboratoriais, mas houve alteração da proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e interleucina-6 em 66%, 34% e 13% exames, respectivamente. A distância média percorrida no teste de caminha de seis minutos foi de 546,9 ± 76,2 metros (91,0 ± 12,5% do valor predito). Os escores médios da qualidade de vida foram 78,1 ± 17,7 para o \"Sumário Físico\" e 76,6 ± 17,1 para o \"Sumário Mental\" do questionário Short Form 36 (SF-36) e de 77,4 ± 18,5, para o \"Sumário Físico\" e de 77,7 ± 21,6 para o \"Sumário Psicossocial\", do Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Diminuição da FEVE foi detectada em 39,7% e aumento do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) em 22,2% dos indivíduos. A idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP se correlacionou negativamente com menor FEVE (r= -0,302; P= 0,016); a duração do complexo QRS estimulado (r= 0,447; P= 0,002) e maior tempo sob estimulação do VD (r= 0,416; P= 0,007) se correlacionaram positivamente ao aumento do DDVE. Foi detectada dissincronia ventricular em 60,3% dos indivíduos. O retardo da ativação eletromecânica intraventricular esquerda foi de 86,5 ± 56,9 ms e interventricular, de 141,9 ± 88 ms. Contudo, não houve correlação com os fatores estudados. Autoanticorpos anti-Ro/SSA foram detectados em 18 (32,1%) mães, com associação entre idade no momento do implante do MP (P= 0,032) e uso de MP ventricular no momento do estudo (P= 0,022). A regressão linear multivariada confirmou a correlação entre a idade no momento do implante do MP com a FEVE (P= 0,016), da duração do complexo QRS estimulado (P= 0,004) e do tempo sob estimulação do VD (P= 0,014) com o DDVE. Conclusões: A prevalência de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca foi baixa; por outro lado, a de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo foi elevada. A capacidade funcional foi satisfatória, assim como a qualidade de vida, nos aspectos físicos e emocionais. Idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP, maior tempo sob estimulação cardíaca e complexo QRS estimulado mais alargado foram fatores independentes de remodelamento ventricular e/ou de manifestação de insuficiência cardíaca / Introduction: Isolated congenital atrioventricular block (iCAVB) is a rare condition with multiple clinical presentations. Permanent cardiac pacing is the most effective therapy for this population resulting in satisfactory long-term outcomes. However, approximately 10% of patients may have ventricular remodeling and severe heart failure. Objectives: To study the long-term effects of chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing in children and young adults with iCAVB in order to determine: prevalence of clinical and laboratory signs of heart failure and ventricular remodeling, functional capacity, quality of life and predictors of clinical, functional or echocardiographic abnormalities. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of iCAVB patients with <= 21 years old at initial pacemaker (PM) implantation and single or dual-chamber pacing in a unique RV site for a minimum of one year. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, functional capacity, quality of life and echocardiogram. Mothers and research subjects were investigated for rheumatic diseases. Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) system and analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and R Studio programs. Data analysis included: univariate analysis for associations between predictor variables and outcomes, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression multivariate model. Results: Between March/2010 and December/2013, we evaluated 63 subjects aged 1-40 years old, 68% female, under PM for 13.4 ± 6.5 years and under RV pacing for 10.0 ± 5.4 years. Pacing mode was atrioventricular in 55.6%, percentage of RV pacing was 97.9 ± 4.2% and paced QRS duration was 152.4 ± 20.1 ms. Overall, the majority (88.9%) were asymptomatic and did not use cardiovascular drugs. Longer time under PM (P= 0.013), or even under RV pacing (P= 0.005), higher age at study inclusion (P= 0.032) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P= 0.013) were associated with functional class II (NYHA) and / or drug use. B-natriuretic peptide values were normal in all tests. C reactive protein ultrasensitive, tumor necrosis factor alfa and interleukin-6 were increased in 66%, 34% and 13% tests, respectively. The mean walked distance in the sex minute walk test was 546.9 ± 76.2 meters (91.0 ± 12.5% of the predicted value). Mean scores of quality of life were 78.1 ± 17.7 for \"Physical Summary\" and 76.6 ± 17.1 for \"Mental Summary\" in the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and 77.4 ± 18.5 for \"Physical Summary\" and 77.7 ± 21.6 for \"Psychosocial Summary\", of Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Decreased LVEF was detected in 39.7% and increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) in 22.2% of subjects. Higher age at the first PM implant was negatively correlated with lower LVEF (r= -0.302; P= 0.016); paced QRS duration (r= 0.447; P= 0.002) and time under RV pacing (r= 0.416; P= 0.007) were positively correlated with LVDD. Ventricular dyssynchrony was detected in 60.3 % of individuals. Intra-left ventricular electromechanical delay was 86.5 ± 56.9 ms and interventricular was 141.9 ± 88 ms. However, ventricular dyssynchrony was not correlated with the studied variables. Autoantibodies anti-SSA/Ro were detected in 18 (32.1%) mothers. There was association between age at PM implant (P= 0.032) and use of ventricular PM at the time of the study (P= 0.022) and presence of anti-SSA/Ro. Multivariate linear regression showed significant correlation between age at PM implant with LVEF (P= 0.016); and paced QRS duration (P= 0.005) and time under RV pacing (P= 0.014) with LVDD. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratorial manifestations of heart failure presented low prevalence in this population. On the other hand, the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling was high. Functional capacity was adequate, as well as quality of life, in both physical and emotional aspects. Higher age at first PM implant, longer time under pacing and wider paced QRS duration were independent factors of ventricular remodeling and/or manifestation of heart failure

Introdução: O bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado (BAVCi) é raro e tem múltiplas apresentações clínicas. O implante de marca-passo cardíaco permanente (MP) é o tratamento de escolha, resultando em evolução clínica satisfatória para a maioria dos casos, porém, aproximadamente 10% deles apresentam remodelamento ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca grave. Objetivos: Estudar a evolução tardia de crianças e adultos jovens com BAVCi e estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito (VD), visando determinar: a prevalência de sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca e de remodelamento ventricular; a capacidade funcional; a qualidade de vida e fatores preditores de alterações clínicas, funcionais ou ecocardiográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em coorte de portadores de BAVCi e MP implantado antes de 21 anos de idade com estimulação no VD há mais de um ano. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e laboratorial, da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e a ecocardiograma. Mães e sujeitos da pesquisa foram investigados para doenças reumatológicas. Os dados foram armazenados no sistema REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) e analisados pelos programas SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) e R Studio. A análise dos dados incluiu: análise univariada para pesquisa de associações entre variáveis preditoras e desfechos, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e modelo de regressão linear multivariado. Resultados: De março/2010 a dezembro/2013, foram avaliados 63 indivíduos, 68% do sexo feminino, com idade de 1 a 40 anos, com MP por 13,4 ± 6,5 anos e estimulação do VD por 10,0 ± 5,4 anos. O modo de estimulação era atrioventricular em 55,6%, o percentual de estimulação de VD de 97,9 ± 4,2% e a duração do complexo QRS estimulado de 152,4 ± 20,1 ms. A maioria (88,9%) era assintomática e não utilizava medicamentos de ação cardiovascular. Maior tempo de MP (P= 0,013), maior tempo de estimulação do VD (P= 0,005), maior idade na inclusão no estudo (P= 0,032) ou menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo (FEVE) (P= 0,013) associaram-se com a presença de classe funcional II (NYHA) e/ou uso medicamentos. Os valores do peptídeo natriurético tipo B foram normais em todos os exames laboratoriais, mas houve alteração da proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e interleucina-6 em 66%, 34% e 13% exames, respectivamente. A distância média percorrida no teste de caminha de seis minutos foi de 546,9 ± 76,2 metros (91,0 ± 12,5% do valor predito). Os escores médios da qualidade de vida foram 78,1 ± 17,7 para o \"Sumário Físico\" e 76,6 ± 17,1 para o \"Sumário Mental\" do questionário Short Form 36 (SF-36) e de 77,4 ± 18,5, para o \"Sumário Físico\" e de 77,7 ± 21,6 para o \"Sumário Psicossocial\", do Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Diminuição da FEVE foi detectada em 39,7% e aumento do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) em 22,2% dos indivíduos. A idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP se correlacionou negativamente com menor FEVE (r= -0,302; P= 0,016); a duração do complexo QRS estimulado (r= 0,447; P= 0,002) e maior tempo sob estimulação do VD (r= 0,416; P= 0,007) se correlacionaram positivamente ao aumento do DDVE. Foi detectada dissincronia ventricular em 60,3% dos indivíduos. O retardo da ativação eletromecânica intraventricular esquerda foi de 86,5 ± 56,9 ms e interventricular, de 141,9 ± 88 ms. Contudo, não houve correlação com os fatores estudados. Autoanticorpos anti-Ro/SSA foram detectados em 18 (32,1%) mães, com associação entre idade no momento do implante do MP (P= 0,032) e uso de MP ventricular no momento do estudo (P= 0,022). A regressão linear multivariada confirmou a correlação entre a idade no momento do implante do MP com a FEVE (P= 0,016), da duração do complexo QRS estimulado (P= 0,004) e do tempo sob estimulação do VD (P= 0,014) com o DDVE. Conclusões: A prevalência de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca foi baixa; por outro lado, a de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo foi elevada. A capacidade funcional foi satisfatória, assim como a qualidade de vida, nos aspectos físicos e emocionais. Idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP, maior tempo sob estimulação cardíaca e complexo QRS estimulado mais alargado foram fatores independentes de remodelamento ventricular e/ou de manifestação de insuficiência cardíaca / Introduction: Isolated congenital atrioventricular block (iCAVB) is a rare condition with multiple clinical presentations. Permanent cardiac pacing is the most effective therapy for this population resulting in satisfactory long-term outcomes. However, approximately 10% of patients may have ventricular remodeling and severe heart failure. Objectives: To study the long-term effects of chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing in children and young adults with iCAVB in order to determine: prevalence of clinical and laboratory signs of heart failure and ventricular remodeling, functional capacity, quality of life and predictors of clinical, functional or echocardiographic abnormalities. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of iCAVB patients with <= 21 years old at initial pacemaker (PM) implantation and single or dual-chamber pacing in a unique RV site for a minimum of one year. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, functional capacity, quality of life and echocardiogram. Mothers and research subjects were investigated for rheumatic diseases. Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) system and analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and R Studio programs. Data analysis included: univariate analysis for associations between predictor variables and outcomes, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression multivariate model. Results: Between March/2010 and December/2013, we evaluated 63 subjects aged 1-40 years old, 68% female, under PM for 13.4 ± 6.5 years and under RV pacing for 10.0 ± 5.4 years. Pacing mode was atrioventricular in 55.6%, percentage of RV pacing was 97.9 ± 4.2% and paced QRS duration was 152.4 ± 20.1 ms. Overall, the majority (88.9%) were asymptomatic and did not use cardiovascular drugs. Longer time under PM (P= 0.013), or even under RV pacing (P= 0.005), higher age at study inclusion (P= 0.032) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P= 0.013) were associated with functional class II (NYHA) and / or drug use. B-natriuretic peptide values were normal in all tests. C reactive protein ultrasensitive, tumor necrosis factor alfa and interleukin-6 were increased in 66%, 34% and 13% tests, respectively. The mean walked distance in the sex minute walk test was 546.9 ± 76.2 meters (91.0 ± 12.5% of the predicted value). Mean scores of quality of life were 78.1 ± 17.7 for \"Physical Summary\" and 76.6 ± 17.1 for \"Mental Summary\" in the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and 77.4 ± 18.5 for \"Physical Summary\" and 77.7 ± 21.6 for \"Psychosocial Summary\", of Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Decreased LVEF was detected in 39.7% and increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) in 22.2% of subjects. Higher age at the first PM implant was negatively correlated with lower LVEF (r= -0.302; P= 0.016); paced QRS duration (r= 0.447; P= 0.002) and time under RV pacing (r= 0.416; P= 0.007) were positively correlated with LVDD. Ventricular dyssynchrony was detected in 60.3 % of individuals. Intra-left ventricular electromechanical delay was 86.5 ± 56.9 ms and interventricular was 141.9 ± 88 ms. However, ventricular dyssynchrony was not correlated with the studied variables. Autoantibodies anti-SSA/Ro were detected in 18 (32.1%) mothers. There was association between age at PM implant (P= 0.032) and use of ventricular PM at the time of the study (P= 0.022) and presence of anti-SSA/Ro. Multivariate linear regression showed significant correlation between age at PM implant with LVEF (P= 0.016); and paced QRS duration (P= 0.005) and time under RV pacing (P= 0.014) with LVDD. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratorial manifestations of heart failure presented low prevalence in this population. On the other hand, the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling was high. Functional capacity was adequate, as well as quality of life, in both physical and emotional aspects. Higher age at first PM implant, longer time under pacing and wider paced QRS duration were independent factors of ventricular remodeling and/or manifestation of heart failure