Educators and researchers continue to explore the benefits, real or imagined, of implementing pair programming as part of the computer science pedagogy. Current reviews of computer science educational research practices do not focus on educational pair programming. This thesis presents a review of the research methods used in recent educational pair programming research. The primary purpose of this review is to inform the ongoing dialogue about and to provide evidence-based recommendations for improving educational pair programming research. Replicating the design of a previous computer science education methodological review, this study inspected a sample of 108 articles from a population of 129 of articles related to educational pair programming published from 2000 to 2008. Articles were classified using a 112-variable taxonomy, identifying report elements, research methodology, research design, kinds of variables inspected, and statistical practices. Major findings include several differences between the methodological characteristics of educational pair programming research when compared to general computer science education research, including: (a) an increased proportion of studies involving human participants, (b) a decreased proportion of quantitative methodologies, and (c) an increased proportion of controlled research designs. There exists some minor evidence that researchers affiliated with institutions in the United States are more likely than their counterparts outside of the United States to inspect only student attitudes and implement a posttest-only research design, and less likely to implement an experimental or quasi-experimental methodology

Parprogrammering (PP) är en utvecklingsmetod där två personer delar en dator och arbetar sida vid sida. I denna uppsats undersöks vilka effekter PP innebär för verksamheten och vilka framgångsfaktorer som främjar PP. Dessutom undersöks hur kommunikation bör utövas i samband med PP. Det teoretiska ramverket som ligger till grund för undersökningen är sammansatt av tidigare forskning om PP och psykologisk teori om kommunikation. Detta undersöks med en kvalitativ metod med material från fem gruppintervjuer. Utvalda respondenter kommer från företag som aktivt använder agil utveckling och PP. Undersökningen finner att en mängd av den tidigare forskningens effekter, framgångsfaktorer och riktlinjer kan bekräftas samtidigt som flera nya upptäcks. Undersökningen bekräftar bland annat att det råder oenighet kring huruvida PP leder till kortare utvecklingstid, att god kommunikation är en central del av PP och att självständiga team är främjande för PP. Vidare följer en diskussion om författarnas tankar kring samtida användning av PP. / Pair programming (PP) is a method for software development where two individuals share one computer and work side by side. This essay examines PP with regards to its effects and success factors. The essay also investigates how participants should communicate to achieve successful PP. The theoretical framework consists of previous research on PP and psychological theory on communication. This is examined with a qualitative method with material from five group interviews. The selected respondents come from software development companies that actively use agile methods and PP. The analysis concludes that several effects, success factors and guidelines from previous research are confirmed while some new are discovered. The discoveries include that there exists a disagreement about the effect on development time, that good communication is central for PP and that self- organizing teams are key for PP. Furthermore is a discussion by the authors on the contemporary use of PP.

Denna kandidatrapport är skriven av åtta studenter i kursen Kandidatprojekt i mjukvaruutveckling, TDDD96, vid Linköpings universitet under våren 2020. Kandidatrapporten inkluderar en sammanfattning av det arbete som utförts i projektet. Till projektet tillhörde ett uppdrag på beställning av Digitala resursenheten vid Linköpings universitet. Uppdraget var att skapa en webbapplikation där examinatorer och handledare för kurser vid Linköpings universitet på ett enkelt och intuitivt sätt kan beställa mjukvara till sina respektive kurser. Projektgruppen jobbade agilt och byggde projektet i Python samt JavaScript. Applikationen nådde alla mål satta tillsammans mellan kunden och projektgruppen och resulterade i en fungerande produkt som kunde utökas och modifieras enligt kundens behov. Till kandidatrapporten inkluderas även individuella bidrag skrivna av vardera gruppmedlem som djupdykt inom ett specifikt ämne eller område.

Denna kandidatrapport behandlar resultatet av ett kandidatarbete i kursen TDDD96:Kandidatprojekt i programvarutvekling som ges av Linköpings universitet. Projektet heter TestCoverage Visualizer (TCV) och beställdes av Saab Aeronautics. Uppdraget handlade omatt skapa ett visualiseringsverktyg för resultaten av deras testfiler.Projektet genomfördes av åtta studenter under våren 2021. Gruppen använde sig avScrum vid utvecklingen och utvecklade i språken JavaScript och Python. Projektet resulterade i en webbapplikation med en backend och frontend samt en tillhörande parser sommed hjälp av reguljära uttryck kan parsa testfiler och sparade dem i databasen. Resultatenvisades grafiskt på frontend:en med hjälp av mätare och grafer.I kandidatrapporten inkluderades även individuella bidrag skrivna av respektive projektmedlem som fördjupar sig i något ämne eller område som har något med projektet attgöra.

M. Tech. (Information Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology / The number of students passing computer programming modules at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in South Africa at first year level is low. Only with the second attempt do most students pass. This delay results in students completing their three-year undergraduate qualification in four or even five years. One potential contribution towards addressing this problem is the introduction of a collaborative (cooperative) pedagogical approach where students develop software in teams, known in the Information Technology (IT) sector as pair-programming. This study endeavoured to investigate the impact of pair-programming on the academic progress of students registered for the Information Technology qualification at HEIs in South Africa. The study warranted the selection of action research as the most appropriate research strategy. Multi-methods data collection was carried out over two consecutive semesters. The data collection methods included a semi-structured interview, observations and empirical assessment. The participants were students registered for the Information Systems module, which focuses on software development. Pair-programming was introduced to one group of software development students, while a second group continued with the normal solo-programming approach. Semi-structured interviews were held with the students before commencement and after completion of the pair-programming intervention, to establish a change, if any, in the academic performance, attitude and enjoyment level of students introduced to pair-programming compared to those who continued with solo-programming. Observations were conducted throughout the course of the practical sessions over both semesters. Empirical assessments were done by means of tests given to both groups of students during the practical sessions, three tests per semester. Data analysis techniques included t-tests and thematic analysis. The findings concluded that pair-programming had a significant positive impact on the academic progress of IT students, including an increase in the enjoyment level and a more positive attitude towards software development.

Real-time collaboration editing is research area that has been studied for over 20 years. It involves multiple users editing a document such as plain-text, rich-text or an image concurrently over a high-latency network. Many problems involving consistency between users are associated with concurrent document editing, and an innovative technique called Operational Transformation developed by the GROVE (GRoup Outline Viewing Editor) system in 1989 addresses some of these issues. This paper will compare and contrast current implementations of real-time collaborative editors, and on the basis of this analysis describe the creation of a new web-based editor with support for concurrent editing. The design of our web editor will focus on methods of mutual communication between the individual instances of the editors, propagation of text changes, how to solve conflicts between multiple operations, and communication failures.

New technological innovations like tablets and smartphones have a taken significant market share on the web and puts new demands on webpages, the user interface and compatibility among different client devices. The full test of a web-based system prior to the publication is often regarded as an important part of the process to create a complete and successful website. This bachelor thesis investigates the possibility to analyze mobile-adapted web sites using a system that first records the visitor's activities and then replays them for an expert analyst to provide valuable information to developers about how their site can be improved. The essay begins with a litterature study on today's most common web development tools and then examines the possibility to apply them during the development of the analysis tool. The work also describes two methods, pair programming and waterfall method used during the project. Three different evaluation methods are presented and one of the models is applied on the finished system. The project results in a web-based analysis tool written mainly in JavaScript using the jQuery library. The analysis tool is tested to not affect the user experiences and evaluated by known evaluation models. / Nya tekniska innovationer som surfplattor och smarta mobiltelefoner har intagit stora marknadsandelar på webben vilket sätter nya krav på webbsidornas användargränssnitt och kompatibilitet bland olika klientenheter. Ett fullständigt test av ett webbaserad system före offentlig publicering anses ofta som en viktig del i utvecklingen för att skapa en komplett och framgångsrikt webbsystem. Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker möjligheten att analysera mobilanpassade webbsidor med hjälp av ett system som först spelar in besökarens aktiviteter och sedan spelas upp för utbildade webbanalytiker som ska kunna ge värdefull information till utvecklare om hur deras sida kan förbättras. Uppsatsen börjar med en litteraturstudie på dagens vanligaste webbutvecklingsverktyg för att sedan undersöka möjligheten att tillämpa dessa under utvecklingsfasen av analysverktyget. Arbetet beskriver även två arbetsmetoder som har använts under projektets gång: parprogrammering och vattenfallsmetoden. Tre olika utvärderingsmodeller presenteras och en av modellen tillämpas på det färdiga system. Projektarbetet resulterar i ett webbaserad analysverktyg skrivet huvudsakligen i JavaScript med biblioteket jQuery. Analysverktyget testas för att inte påverka besökarens surfkänsla samt utvärderas efter kända utvärderingsmodeller.

The rise of Agile project methodologies has increased the success rate of software development projects, but recent studies show that, even though the risk of failing has lessened, only 31% of the completed software development projects are declared as successful while the rest are declared either challenged or failed. A concept called Pair Programming that derives from agile methodologies is widely and basically always used by developers but in present time as we are heading towards a more remote environment and Distributed Pair Programming has become a hot topic. At its core, it is the same as Pair Programming, but the coding session is conducted in a distributed setting, meaning, the two developers are not sitting next to each other. There are little to no studies conducted about DPPs impact on software development projects and if DPP has the potential to mitigate risk factors that may arise while implementing code in an agile software development project.   The purpose of this thesis has been to research and discover what the perceived benefits and drawback of Distributed Pair Programming (DPP) are and which factors that are the most harmful to a software development project and if DPP can facilitate higher success rates. To answer the research questions, a qualitative research method has been used. The empirical data have been gathered by conducting 6 semi structured interviews with developers. Further, a thematic analysis has been carried through with the intent to easily map out the different themes that appears during the interviews.     The findings from the conducted study shows that there are multiple drawbacks and benefits. According to the informants, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks in such a manner that by not conducting DPP, they set themselves up for setbacks. It is very beneficial when onboarding a new team member and when tackling tougher problems. When it comes to implementing DPP in a successful manner there is a need for a digital infrastructure that supports verbal communication, web camera, screensharing and collaboration tools. / Ökningen av agila projektmetoder har ökat framgångsfrekvensen för programvaruutvecklingsprojekt, men nyare studier visar att även om risken för att misslyckas har minskat, förklaras endast 31 % av de avslutade programvaruutvecklingsprojekten som framgångsrika medan resten förklaras antingen utmanade eller misslyckades. Ett koncept som kallas för parprogrammering som härrör från gila metoder används i stor utsträckning och i princip alltid av utvecklare, men för närvarande är vi på väg mot en mer digital miljö och distribuerad parprogrammering(DPP) har blivit ett hett ämne. I grunden är det samma sak som parprogrammering men kodningssessionen genomförs i en distribuerad miljö, vilket innebär att de två utvecklarna inte sitter bredvid varandra. Det finns väldigt få studier utförda om DPPs inverkan på programvaruutvecklingsprojekt och om DPP har potential att mildra riskfaktorer som kan uppstå när kod implementeras i ett agilt programvaruutvecklingsprojekt. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka och upptäcka vad de upplevda fördelarna och nackdelarna med DPP är och vilka faktorer som är mest skadliga för ett programvaruutvecklingsprojekt och om DPP kan främja högre framgångsfrekvens. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts. Empirin har samlats in genom att genomföra 6 semistrukturerade intervjuer med utvecklare. Vidare har en tematisk analys genomförts i syfte att enkelt kartlägga de olika teman som framställts under intervjuerna. Resultaten från den genomförda studien visar att det finns flera nackdelar och fördelar. Enligt informanterna uppväger fördelarna nackdelarna på ett sådant sätt att man genom att inte bedriva DPP dukar upp för problem. Det är mycket fördelaktigt när en ny teammedlem ska introduceras och när du tar itu med ett tufft problem. När det gäller att implementera DPP på ett framgångsrikt sätt finns ett behov av bra digital infrastruktur som stödjer verbal kommunikation, webbkamera, skärmdelning och samarbetsverktyg.

This research study makes a comparison of solo programming, pair programming, and mob programming on collaboration, knowledge sharing, stress levels, productivity, and efficiency. The study draws insights from the analysis of data from other research papers and articles, and an experiment, which was conducted simulating a real life developing environment for each programming approach. The findings reveal that pair and mob programming are more effective in promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing than solo programming, with the latter having an edge over the former. Mob programming stands out in terms of teamwork, problem-solving, and celebrating team achievements. In contrast, solo programming is characterized by low levels of active participation and collaborative problem-solving. While solo programmers may also exchange knowledge, pair and mob programming are better suited for fostering knowledge sharing. Regarding stress, the experiment shows that solo programmers feel more stressed by accumulating difficulties. Mob programmers experience stress in task management, while pair programmers report lower stress levels. Productivity and efficiency vary across programming practices, with mob programming displaying high quality and efficiency and solo programming achieving higher scores but with lower efficiency. These findings underscore the significance of taking into account task nature, desired outcomes, and team dynamics in selecting programming practices. Additional research is imperative to explore the lasting implications, effectiveness in diverse environments, and impact on productivity and wellbeing in the technology domain.

The Teaching and learning computer-programming process as been the target of scientific research since the early days of computing. Although several strategies have been and are still being tested, its application in computer-based courses has been difficult, since it requires some commitment from educators to search, study and evaluate them. Although not looking for a miraculous cure for all problems in this area (reported in the literature), and believing in the pedagogical potential of the socio-cognitive conflict theory, it has been decided to develop a teaching method of programming based on Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives to be applied using the pair-programming technique. This method is being used to produce a book of Algorithms and Programming Techniques intending to be acknowledged by the Academy. Experiments with such method has been carried out at a private University and there has been a significant increase of motivation by the students that underwent the experiments. / O ensino-aprendizagem de programação de computadores tem sido alvo de investigações cientificas desde os primórdios da computação. Embora diversas estratégias foram e ainda têm sido experimentadas, sua aplicação em cursos de computação e afins se mostra difícil, uma vez que exige algum empenho de educadores em buscá-las, estudá-las e avaliá-las. Não procurando a cura milagrosa para todos os problemas nessa área (relatados na literatura), e acreditando no potencial pedagógico da teoria do conflito sócio-cognitivo, decidiu-se construir um método de ensino de programação baseado na taxionomia de objetivos educacionais de Bloom a ser aplicado através da técnica de Programação em Duplas. O método está sendo utilizado na produção de um livro de Algoritmos e Técnicas de Programação no intuito de difundi-lo na Academia. Foram realizados experimentos com o método em uma Universidade da iniciativa privada e constatou-se um expressivo aumento de motivação dos aprendizes que a ele foram submetidos. / Doutor em Ciências