Humans are dependent on the animals they raise and breed for food and secondary products. Archaeological and genetic investigations can provide critical insights into the history and development of these breeds and help understand human activities in the past. Furthermore, many well-adapted breeds are endangered and archaeological and genetic data can help inform future breed conservation choices. Utilising ancient DNA data could potentially permit detailed diachronic analyses of the development of animal breeds. Ancient DNA analyses have typically focussed on large-scale biogeographic patterns in time and space, such as the spread of domesticates or the movements of peoples. Few studies have attempted fine-scale diachronic analysis within single animal populations or breeds. This is largely due to restricted sample availability and the limited phylogenetic resolution provided by the mitochondrial genome, the most commonly used ancient DNA marker. In this thesis, I demonstrate that fine-scale diachronic analyses within single animal populations and breeds over short time scales are feasible. First, in order to address the limitations of sample size, I assessed three sample screening methods’ abilities (maximum mitochondrial DNA amplicon length, NanoDrop® spectrometry and collagen preservation) to select samples in which DNA was preserved and analysed the utility of parchment as a novel source of ancient and historic DNA. None of the screening methods accurately predicted DNA preservation, but collagen preservation was able to weed out extremely poorly preserved samples from further analysis. All but one of the tested parchments produced multiple sequences matching several different species. Parchment therefore was not appropriate for fine-scale diachronic analyses. Next, I assessed whether analysing the nuclear genome could permit fine-resolution diachronic genetic studies. Since single nucleotide polymorphisms are ideal candidate nuclear markers for diachronic DNA analyses, I assessed the accuracy of the nuclear SNP-typing methodology, SNaPshot™, by genotyping three coat colour markers for a sample of historic Thoroughbred horses for which both phenotypic and correct genotypic information were known from pedigree information in the General Stud Book. The SNaPshot™ protocol was found to provide accurate genotypic information in all cases. Finally, as a proof of method, I compared the diachronic information provided by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Icelandic and Thoroughbred horses. Specifically, in the Icelandic horse, I analysed the mitochondrial D-loop and three coat colour genes in modern and historic populations. In the Icelandic horse, I found statistically significant evidence for genetic change in the mitochondrial genome over the last 150 years. I found no evidence for change in coat colour allele frequencies. Conversely, in the biased and small historic Thoroughbred dataset, the mitochondrial genome was insufficient to provide population-level information, but I was able to show that allele frequencies in the nuclear MSTN gene, a gene previously shown to influence racing performance, have changed significantly in the past century.

lt;p align="justify"gt; O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de uso de resíduos de café como filtros orgânicos para tratamento de água residuária da cafeicultura (ARC). Para isso foram testados resíduos gerados na própria lavoura, o pergaminho do grão do café e pergaminho + casca do fruto do cafeeiro como materiais filtrantes de água de lavagem e despolpa dos frutos. Para a montagem dos filtros levou-se em consideração a granulometria dos materiais filtrantes uma vez que interfere, diretamente, em sua porosidade, e esta na eficiência de filtração da ARC. Foram avaliados parâmetros da qualidade da ARC em relação às características físicas (condutividade elétrica – CE e sólidos totais - ST e em suspensão - SS) e químicas (pH, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn e P) da água antes e após a filtração e se o efluente (filtrado) atende aos padrões do CONAMA para lançamento nos corpos d’água. Com base nos resultados, pôde-se concluir que todos os valores das concentrações relativas de sólidos nos efluentes dos filtros permaneceram aquém do valor de 50 mg L-1 como concentração admitida para um bom funcionamento do sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. O filtro orgânico de pergaminho e de pergaminho + casca do fruto do cafeeiro apresentaram uma remoção razoavelmente alta de sólidos da ARC, tendo sido obtidos eficiências máximas de remoção de SS de 80% para filtros de pergaminho (operando por 120 min, material da peneira malha nº 4) e de 85% para filtros de pergaminho + casca do fruto do cafeeiro (operando 90 min, material da peneira malha n0 6), e obtidos eficiências máximas de remoção de ST de 89% para filtros de pergaminho (operando por 120 min, material da peneira malha n0 6) e de 95% para filtros de pergaminho + casca do fruto do cafeeiro (operando 90 min, material da peneira malhas n0 4 e n0 6). Apesar disso, esses filtros não foram eficientes para atender a legislação do CONAMA que, estabelece os parâmetros para lançamento de efluentes em corpos hídricos. Mesmo não atendendo a legislação do CONAMA, indubitavelmente o uso de filtro orgânico permitiu melhoria considerável na qualidade do efluente, o que facilita enormemente as etapas subseqüentes do tratamento da ARC.lt;/pgt; / lt;p align="justify"gt; The objective of the present work was to evaluate the use of organic filters for coffee processing wastewater treatment (CPW). Residues produced in the farm, coffee parchment and coffee parchment + outer skin, were tested as filter material for water from coffee wet processing. To develop the filters, the granulometry of the filter material was taken into consideration, since it directly affects the porosity and consequently the efficiency of CPW filtration. Quality parameters of CPW physical characteristics (electrical conductivity – EC, total solids – TS and solids in suspension - SS) and chemical characteristics (pH, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and P) were evaluated before and after filtration, and whether the effluent (filtrate) complies with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) standards for releasing into bodies of water. The results showed that all the values for relative solids concentrations in the filter effluents were below 50 mg L-1, which is the accepted concentration for the successful operation of drip irrigation systems. The organic filter using parchment and parchment + outer skin of coffee beans gave a reasonably high CPW solids removal, with maximum SS removal efficiencies of 80% for parchment filters (operating for 120 min, 4-mesh sieve) and 85% for parchment + outer skin filters (operating for 90 min, 6-mesh sieve), and maximum TS removal efficiencies of 89% for parchment filters (operating for 120 min, 6-mesh sieve) and 95% for parchment + outer skin filters (operating for 90 min, 4 and 6 mesh sieve). However, these filters were not efficient to comply with the CONAMA legislation that establishes the parameters for effluent release into bodies of water. Even not complying with the CONAMA legislation, undoubtedly the use of organic filters allowed considerable improvement in effluent quality, greatly facilitating the following stages of CPW treatment.lt;/pgt;

Content: In this study, different proportions 2.5%, 5%, 10% of aluminum sulfate were used as tanning agents during parchment production. The research was carried out on goat skin and also there were no usage of any tanning agents as control groups. Finished leathers have been exposed to ageing conditions. Before and after ageing color measurements on all finished leathers have been conducted with Konica Minolta CM-3600d brand spectrophotometer. The impacts of the aluminum sulfate utilized in the research on light fastness were also inspected by using an ATLAS-XENOTEST ALPHA+ test instrument. Visible whitening on the color of parchment was observeded when tanning process with aluminum sulphate was performed. Take-Away: -Aluminum sulfate has tanning effects -Aluminium gave white color to the parchment -Aluminum sulfate changed collagen structure.

This dissertation engages with the production and use in late medieval England (c.1200–c.1500) of manuscript codices copied, in whole or in part, on offcuts: cheap, low-quality parchment scraps created as a byproduct of parchment manufacturing. After presenting a method for identifying offcuts, it explores the material through statistical techniques and case studies. Applying this mixed methodology to a corpus of 140 offcut-bearing production units spread across 75 handwritten books, it delineates a range of manuscript production stages, examining the sociocultural contexts of books recruiting offcuts as writing support. The dissertation pursues this study in four chapters. Opening with a terminological discussion, chapter one describes medieval parchment-making, clarifying how offcut traits arose during manufacture, distinguishing offcuts from similar types of parchment, and describing medieval uses for offcuts. Chapter two discusses quantitative codicology, justifying the mixed quantitative–qualitative approach, then delineates its dual-stage methodology: (i) establishing offcut diagnostic traits via linear regression analysis; (ii) assembling the corpus and analyzing it via a descriptive statistical lens. It finishes with an overview of the analysis’ main findings, noting that the corpus is dominated by Fachliteratur; lacking in texts often regarded as ‘popular’ (e.g., vernacular romances); and largely copied for personal consultation in professional, educational, or domestic contexts. Chapters three and four take up the primary subcorpora—one comprising common law books; another, miscellaneous, but chiefly theological and medical, provisionally sorted based on the medieval division of disciplines, quadrivium and trivium—engaging each via descriptive statistical overviews and case studies of representative books: London, British Library, Harley MS 912, Harley MS 1261, Harley MS 6644; Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS Ashmole 1378, Digby 2, Digby 24. / Graduate / 2023-09-09