A denominada ¨resposta brasileira à epidemia de aids¨ é exemplar pelas suas políticas e iniciativas públicas, incitando continuamente a emergência de desafios à atenção à saúde das pessoas vivendo com HIV. Um deles diz respeito a uma questão polêmica, ainda que pouco debatida no cenário nacional: a comunicação de diagnóstico de HIV aos parceiros sexuais de pessoas soropositivas. Por um lado, essa questão evoca a responsabilidade pelo controle da cadeia de transmissão do HIV. Por outro, há a preocupação com o bem estar psicossocial do paciente em suas relações afetivo-sexuais, conjugais e familiares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi apreender, através dos discursos de sujeitos envolvidos nessa prática, como essas distintas lógicas - de uma perspectiva coletiva, informada pelos pressupostos da Saúde Pública e de uma tônica no indivíduo e suas singularidades - são operadas e articuladas nas práticas de comunicação de diagnóstico de HIV a parceiros sexuais, em serviços de saúde especializados em DST/aids, do Município de São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, orientado pelos discursos de profissionais de saúde, de membros da Comissão Nacional de Aids, de técnicos em vigilância epidemiológica e pacientes, captados através de grupos, focal e educativo, e de entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com roteiro semi-estruturado, entre 2007-2008. A base teórica para interpretação dos discursos combina aportes conceituais sobre a Esfera Pública e a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa (Habermas), e sobre o Cuidado (Ayres). A comunicação de diagnóstico de HIV aos parceiros sexuais apresenta-se como uma questão que, embora importante, não alcança esferas de debates públicos com os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos. Na prática, a lógica epidemiológica não se materializa nem é almejada sob a forma de ações clássicas da vigilância epidemiológica, como a busca de comunicantes. São valores implicados em seus pressupostos, contrastados com aqueles das esferas privadas e íntimas, que parecem tornar problemática a comunicação de diagnóstico de HIV ao parceiro sexual. Dentre as estratégias utilizadas pelos profissionais, oscila-se entre a ameaça (de cunho policialesco) e a cumplicidade (que trata a comunicação como um problema íntimo). O principal foco dessas iniciativas é minimizar o estigma que cerca o portador do vírus. Da amplitude das interpretações e proposições que consideram o estigma nas práticas de saúde, vislumbra-se que a sua ativa problematização nas situações concretas da atenção pode ser um caminho possível e prático para o seu enfrentamento, por meio da criação de repertórios argumentativos. Esse modo peculiar de fazer face ao estigma pode deslocar as perspectivas, higienista e de regulação jurídica, para horizontes normativos técnica, ética e politicamente relevantes para integrar comunicação de diagnóstico de HIV ao parceiro sexual e atenção à saúde das pessoas vivendo com HIV. / The Brazilian response to the AIDS epidemic outstands for its policies and public initiatives, continuously stimulating the challenges for the healthcare of people living with HIV to come out. One of them refers to a polemic issue, yet little debated in the national agenda: the HIV disclosure to sexual partners of HIV positive people. This question claims for the responsibility over HIV transmission control. On the other hand, the patients psychosocial well-being in their sexual-affective, marital and family relationships raises concern. The objective of the present study was to understand, based on the discourses of the subjects involved in this practice, how these distinctive logics the collective perspective based on Public Health concepts and the emphasis on the individual and their singularities are managed in the practices of disclosing HIV infection to sexual partners in STD/AIDS specialized clinics in the city of São Paulo. A qualitative study was carried between 2007-2008 out with health professionals, members of Brazils AIDS Program, surveillance technicians and patients who participated in focus and education groups and answered individual in-depth interviews, both oriented by a semi-structured guide. Public Sphere/ Communicative Action Theory (Habermas) and Comprehensive Care (Ayres) were the theoretical framework of the analysis. HIV disclosure to sexual partners constitutes an issue that, despite relevant, does not reach the public debate domains with the different social actors involved. In practice, the epidemiology logic is neither materialized, nor desired in terms of classic surveillance practices, such as the contact tracing. The contrast of assumptions between public and private spheres seems to be a barrier to HIV disclosure to the sexual partner. The strategies adopted by professionals range from threatening (acting as if they were the police) to complicity (the disclosure is managed as an intimate matter). The main focus of these initiatives is to minimize the stigma towards the seropositive person. From the great variety of interpretations and propositions about stigma in health practices, the constitution of argumentative repertoires that actively question the stigma in concrete situations may be a possible and practical way of facing it. This peculiar way of approaching stigma may change hygienist and law regulated perspectives into normative horizons that are technical, ethical and politically relevant to integrate HIV disclosure to sexual partners and care of people living with HIV.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-10T17:29:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-11T11:40:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T11:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A violência consiste em um problema social e de saúde pública, vindo a se relacionar a inúmeros fatores, causas e circunstâncias. Seu impacto pode ser mundialmente verificado de várias formas. Como um tipo de violência tem-se a violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) que inclui: atos de agressão física, relações forçadas, coerção sexual, abuso psicológico e o controle do comportamento. A violência contra a mulher gera consequências emocionais devastadoras e impactos graves a saúde. Nesse contexto, há uma tendência de a vítima não buscar ajuda. O escopo do estudo consiste em identificar em uma amostra comunitária de dois bairros da cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG, se as mulheres envolvidas em casos de VPI buscaram algum tipo de ajuda, além de identificar propostas de intervenções oriundas das próprias mulheres. A metodologia se refere a um estudo descritivo, transversal e qualitativo com uma breve perspectiva quantitativa. Como resultados principais têm-se a violência psicológica como a mais citada; 44% das mulheres relataram que não faziam nada, ignoravam ou choravam quando agredidas; e 68% das mulheres não buscaram ajuda. A possibilidade de resolução dentro do relacionamento foi o principal motivo para que a mulher não buscasse ajuda. A questão jurídica do apoio formal às mulheres que sofrem VPI foi a mais citada como um meio de ajudar as vítimas. Considerando a complexidade da questão, coloca-se como um desafio a prevenção e o combate a esse tipo de violência. / The violence implies in a problem that concerns social intercourse and public health, being associated to countless causes and circumstances. Its impact can be worldly perceived in many ways. As a kind of violence, there is the intimate partners violence, which includes: acts of physical aggression, forced relations, psychological abuse and behavior control. The violence against women causes devastating emotional consequences and severe damage to health. In this specific situation, the victim tends not to search for aid. The scope of this study consists in identifying, in a community sample taken from two neighborhoods of Juiz de Fora, if women involved in IPV searched for any kind of help, besides of relating ways of intervention proposed by the victims. The methodology refers to a descriptive, transversal and qualitative study with a brief quantitative perspective. As the main results, there is the psychological violence as the most quoted; 44% of the women stated that they wheter did nothing, ignored or cried while being under aggression; and 68% of them never searched for help. The possibility of solving the problem within the partnership wais the most quoted reason for the lack of looking for aid. The formal law support to women victims of IPV was the most quoted by them as a way of help. Taking in consideration the complexity of such problem, the prevention of new cases and fighting the current ones is a true challenge.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-08T13:24:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T18:25:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T18:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-02 / O stalking ou assédio persistente em português, se configura como um tipo de violência interpessoal, caracterizada por formas de contato, assédio e perseguição persistente. Presente em todos os contextos, sua ocorrência se mostra predominante nas relações de intimidade, tendo a mulher como a principal vítima. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou investigar por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, a ocorrência do stalking em mulheres que foram vítimas de Violência Entre Parceiros Íntimos (VPI) e que buscaram ajuda em uma Delegacia de Atendimento Especializado à Mulher no período de março á Julho de 2017. Dentre os comportamentos violentos, estiveram presentes 3 (10%) tentativas de assassinato, 5 (16.6%) fraturas e ameaças de morte 16 (53.3%). Dentre os comportamentos característicos de stalking, se encontraram o controle de comportamentos, como impedir de fazer ou ter coisas 19 (63.3%), perseguir e assediar a vítima na porta do trabalho 8 (26.6%), procurar de forma insistente por meio de ligações 11(36.6%) e monitorar por meio de redes sociais, celular e mensagens 18 (60%). A grande variedade de estratégias usadas pelos stalkers para exercer o controle, perseguir e assediar as vítimas mostram que o stalking se caracteriza pela ocorrência de um conjunto variado de comportamentos e não apenas comportamentos isolados, evidenciando a dificuldade do agressor em manter a distância e aceitar o termino em alguns casos, mostrando a importância de desocultar e reconhecer o stalking nesse contexto, ampliando a discussão para além do âmbito cientifico. / Stalking, know in Portuguese as persistent harassment, shows itself as a kind of interpersonal violence characterized by means of contact, harassment and persistent pursuit. Existing in every social context, his occurrence is predominant in relations of intimacy, being the woman his primary victim. In this light, the present study tried to investigate, utilizing semi-structured interviews, the occurrence of stalking in women victims of Violence between Intimate Partners (VIP) who sought help in a specialized police station for women (Delegacia de Atendimento Especializado à Mulher). Among the violent behaviors are observed 3 (10%) attempts of murder, 5 (16.6%) fractures and 16 (53.3%) death threats. Among the characteristic stalking behavior are observed behavioral control, like the preventing of doing or owning things by the victim, in 19 cases (63.3%), pursuit and harassment in the workplace in 8 (26,6%) cases, insistent telephone contact in 11 (36,6%) cases and monitoring by social network and cell phone messages in 18 (60%) cases. The great variety of strategies used by the stalkers to control, pursuit and harass the victims shows that stalking is characterized by the occurrence of a varied set of behaviors, not just isolated actions, demonstrating the difficult situation of the aggressor for coming to terms with the end of his relationship and to keep distance of his ex-partner in some cases. This exhibit the importance of bringing to light and recognize the stalking in these contexts in a way that could help foment the discussion of this phenomena in the scientific circle.

This study sought to identify the program's legacy of Promoting the Rural productive activities while PBSM to component that it proposes and the reality of families involved, from your execution context in RS between 2012 and 2014. Sought to respond to questions about the capacity of this public policy complementary to the Family allowance program (door), in driving the families involved to overcome the condition of extreme rural poverty. For its realization rescued if the existing theoretical synthesis about the phenomenon of poverty, its causes and taking into account the aggravation of your naturalization which helps to understand the invisibility, indifference and prejudice directed at populations excluded in Brazil, so uneven that if equal says. Taking as reference, the Diagnostics prepared with families who have joined the program it was possible to meet the face of the extreme rural poverty in RS. With the foot in this complex reality and with reference to the interpretive approach to public policy analysis identified the perception of the professionals involved in implementing the program as well as the results of the evaluation conducted by the executing agency. As the final step of the survey interviewed families and social subjects who participated directly or indirectly from the program in one of the poorest municipalities in the State. Because of this study identified that the program has reached those most excluded from rural families Gaucho, supporting them in their productive projects and the expansion of its assets that positively affected the food security of families with income generation as possible in each reality. Additionally focused positively on women's autonomy, sociability, and relations of these families and in the expansion of citizenship, not that necessary, that possible in the face of centuries of exclusion. When draft scope of this limits public policy front to manifest dreams of these families, you have to consider your achievements in just two years of implementation and its potential before qualifying the demand continuity and universalization in perspective of socio-political signs in dispute for overcoming the structural causes of poverty or not. / Este trabalho procurou identificar o legado do programa de Fomento as Atividades Produtivas Rurais enquanto componente do PBSM, frente ao que este se propõe e a realidade das famílias envolvidas, a partir de seu contexto de execução no RS entre 2012 e 2014. Procurou responder ao questionamento sobre a capacidade desta política pública complementar ao Programa Bolsa Família (porta de saída), em conduzir as famílias envolvidas à superação da condição de extrema pobreza rural. Para a sua realização resgatou-se a síntese teórica existente sobre o fenômeno da pobreza, sua dimensão e causas levando em conta o filtro de agravamento da sua naturalização que auxilia a compreender a invisibilidade, a indiferença e o preconceito dirigido às populações excluídas no Brasil, tão desigual que se diz igualitário. Tomando como referência os diagnósticos elaborados com as famílias que aderiram ao Programa de Fomento foi possível conhecer a face da extrema pobreza rural no RS. Com o pé nesta complexa realidade e tendo como referência a abordagem interpretativa de análise de políticas públicas identificou-se a percepção dos profissionais envolvidos na execução do programa, bem como os resultados da avaliação realizada pela entidade executora. Como etapa final da pesquisa entrevistou-se famílias e sujeitos sociais que participaram direta ou indiretamente do Programa de Fomento em um dos municípios mais pobres do Estado. Como resultado principal deste estudo identificou-se que o Programa de Fomento chegou àquelas famílias mais excluídas do meio rural gaúcho, apoiando-as em seus projetos produtivos e na ampliação de seus ativos que impactaram positivamente a segurança alimentar das famílias com geração de renda possível em cada realidade. Adicionalmente incidiu positivamente sobre a autonomia das mulheres, sociabilidade, relações destas famílias e, na ampliação da cidadania, não aquela necessária, mais aquela possível em face de séculos de exclusão. Ao se delinearem limites de alcance desta política pública frente aos sonhos manifestos destas famílias, há que se considerar seus feitos em apenas dois anos de execução e, seu potencial de qualificação ante a demanda de continuidade e universalização na perspectiva de sinalização sociopolítica em disputa para superação das causas estruturais da pobreza ou não.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Since the introduction in 2005 of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria the PMTCT programme has faced several challenges including that of poor male participation in the PMTCT programme. To date no research has focused on the issue of male participation in PMTCT programmes in Akwa Ibom State, and there is thus a limited understanding of why so few male partners of HIVpositive pregnant women participate in the State's PMTCT programme. It is therefore important to explore the factors affecting male involvement in PMTCT programmes in Akwa Ibom State, so that strategies can be put in place to help improve the overall health of their families and themselves. The overall aim of the study was thus to explore the factors affecting male participation in the PMTCT programme at a primary health care center in West Itam, Akwa Ibom State, in Nigeria. This explorative study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative research approach. The research study approach helped to understand the perspectives of the male partners of HIV positive pregnant women who received the PMTCT intervention, as well as key informants in the Primary Health Care (PHC) facility where these PMTCT services are offered. The study population consisted of all males living within the catchment area of the West Itam PHC, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. In the research study, 11 men were purposively sampled: five of whom were the partners of HIV-positive women who had attended, or were currently attending the PMTCT services at the West Itam PHC with their partner. The other six interviewees were local male community members – who would be eligible to potentially accompany their partner to PMTCT services at the facility. The data was collected through individual, in-depth interviews with the male partners and community members using a semi-structured interview guide. One focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with key personnel working in the West Itam PHC using a semistructured interview guide. All interviews and the FGD were tape-recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Ethical approval was first obtained from the UWC Research Ethics Committee and the Ethics Committee of the Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health before proceeding with the study. From this study, it is suggested that most of the respondents knew that PMTCT services are offered at the PHC West Itam. They knew their partner's next antenatal appointment, but only very few accompany their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic. The striking reason being a lack of time/being busy. The key means of support of the partners' antenatal visits was giving their pregnant partners money for transport, and money for food/snacks (at the clinic). Inter-spousal communication was found to be good, and there appeared to be a perception by the men that antenatal clinic (ANC)/PMTCT is not only for women, with most of the men agreeing that it is useful for men to participate in PMTCT. The barriers to male participation in the PMTCT programme that were elicited in this study include lack of belief about HIV/AIDS and lack of awareness about PMTCT and the perception of PMTCT as a "women's affair". Another barrier to male participation in the PMTCT programme was the men being busy with their jobs/lack of time, and fear. Facility-based barriers include delays/time wasting at the clinic, and the nurses, who were identified as having an unaccommodating attitude towards the clients. Finally, the fact that the nurses and counsellors at the PHC West Itam were all female was a problem for men. It is recommended that there is need for advocacy and education to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, and encourage male participation in PMTCT. It is also important to encourage the disclosure of HIV status by the women to their male partners. Furthermore, a separate male counselling unit needs to be created, as well as ensuring the employment of male nurses and counsellors. Additionally, the female nurses at the facility need to be trained/re-trained on proper attitude and confidentiality, and efforts must be made to avoid delays at the clinic.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This was a descriptive qualitative study. Eight people living with HIV, four of which had disclosed their status, were individually interviewed. Two focus group discussions (each comprising 6 participants) were also conducted with health workers. The study was based at an urban TB hospital which is currently providing a range of HIV-related services including HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing, case management and treatment. / South Africa

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / HIV poses considerable social and health challenges in South Africa, particularly among young people aged 15-24. Research indicates a strong link between risky sexual behaviour and alcohol and illicit drugs. In the Western Cape drug-related behaviours is a growing concern among young people because of relatively high prevalence rates of drug abuse, particularly methamphetamine. Previous South African studies have tended to focused on the link between substance use and risky sexual behaviour among commercial sex workers. The theoretical approach of this study is the information motivation behavioural skills model. Participants were selected using non-probability sampling of 279 first year students registered for Psychology I at the University of the Western Cape. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey design. Results: Forty-six percent of students do not believe that the use of illicit drugs has an impact on a person's sexual behavior. However, the findings also showed that only 45% of students believed that there was a difference between illicit drug users correctly using condoms when compared to non-users. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conclusion: Prevention is our best and most effective means of decreasing risk-taking behaviours associated with HIV infection. Information is the first line of intervention that is necessary to reduce risk-taking behaviours; however prevention strategies and interventions of risk-taking behaviours should aim to increase motivation and help young people integrate information in a way that it is personally relatable. This is vital to address the inconsistencies between perceptions of risk and the realities of risk-taking behaviour. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / Disclosure of HIV positive status to male partners is well established as a key element in the success of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV programmes, as it helps improve adherence to ARVs by the women within these programme. However, partner notification rates remain low in the urban areas of Lusaka, Zambia against a high HIV prevalence of 25%. The purpose of this study was to explore the timing of disclosure as part of the process of disclosure amongst women who were part of the PMTCT services at Kaulu health centre in Lusaka. An exploratory descriptive study using qualitative research methods was conducted. 15 women, who were attending the Kaulu health centre PMTCT programme, were requested to participate in a semi-structured interview. The women, who were purposively selected with the aid of the health centre‟s PMTCT focal point nurse, had to have disclosed their HIV positive status to their partner, either before or during the course of their pregnancy or after delivery. To increase rigour, individual interviews were conducted with 5 health workers associated with the PMTCT programme so as to obtain their perspective and experiences on the issue of HIV disclosure amongst their PMTCT patients. Participation in the study was voluntary and all information obtained during the course of the interviews remained confidential and secure. Potential participants were each provided with an explanation of the purpose and process of the study and their informed written consent obtained before the researcher embarked on the interviews. Content analysis of the transcripts was done so as to develop coding categories and identify emerging themes. Disclosure to male partners is an important step in PMTCT and facilitates adherence to HIV care for the family and should be done as early as possible after the woman receives her HIV test result, though there exists a range of alternative times when it can be done. The relationship existing between a couple is very important in determining the timing of when a woman chooses to disclose. PMTCT services need to provide ongoing counselling for HIV positive women during pregnancy and after giving birth that supports, informs and equips them with the necessary skills to make an informed and timely decision about disclosure to a partner. In addition, the PMTCT service providers need to be encouraged to implement couple counselling as a strategy to facilitate disclosure as well as establishment of a peer support network for HIV positive pregnant women. The study findings will be used to contribute to health workers‟ capacity to support women manage the disclosure process to their male partners, thus helping to increase the disclosure rate and also contributing to improving the positive effect of the PMTCT services, in Lusaka, Zambia. / South Africa

Le droit des sociétés est marqué par un phénomène de "contractualisation", lequel témoigne de la multiplication de l'aménagement des rapports entre associés, qu'il concerne les modalités de direction de la société ou l'exercice de leurs prérogatives et obligations. Ces aménagements peuvent revêtir deux formes : l'une statutaire, l'autre extrastatutaire. L'étude du statutaire et de l'extrastatutaire en droit des sociétés se consacre donc à la comparaison de ces deux formes d'aménagement et propose d'identifier leurs deux traits caractéristiques : une finalité commune et un caractère distinct.Les actes statutaires et extrastatutaires partagent une finalité commune : ils concourent à la réalisation de l'opération sociétaire. Parmi tous les actes relatifs à la société, ils se caractérisent par leur but qui est de permettre à leurs signataires de satisfaire leurs intérêts spécifiques par le truchement de l'intérêt social, à savoir par la réalisation d'une entreprise commune en vue de l'enrichissement collectif des associés. Cette finalité commune exerce alors une influence sur leur régime juridique car les actes statutaires comme ceux extrastatutaires sont soumis aux règles du droit des sociétés. Cette influence se mesure surtout à l'égard des actes sociétaires extrastatutaires, lesquels sont tenus de respecter l'ordre public sociétaire, sont soumis à la lex societatis en droit international privé et relèvent de la compétence des tribunaux de commerce dans les sociétés commerciales. Même s'ils partagent une finalité commune qui permet leur rattachement à la catégorie des conventions sociétaires, les actes statutaires et ceux extrastatutaires n'en demeurent pas moins distincts. Classiquement, ces deux types d'actes sont distingués en considération d'un critère formel, à savoir selon leur localisation dans le document dénommé statuts ou à l'extérieur de celui-ci, mais celui-ci ne permet pas de saisir l'essence de cette distinction. Plus fondamentalement, il doit être distingué entre les aménagements du statut d'associé, applicable à toute personne ayant la qualité d'associé, et ceux extérieurs au statut, lesquels ne sont que l'expression des engagements personnels des associés et applicables à leurs seuls signataires. Le caractère statutaire d'une stipulation emporte alors deux conséquences spécifiques. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé de manière identique, il peut être modifié à la majorité. Cette règle doit cependant être appliquée en tenant compte des situations de conflit d'intérêts susceptibles de se présenter lors de la création de différentes catégories d'associé ou de l'octroi d'avantages particuliers. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé présent et à venir, seules les stipulations statutaires s'appliquent à l'acquéreur de titres sociaux. / Corporate law is characterized by a trend of "contracting", which reflects the multiplication of the systems of relationship between partners, whether this involves the management rules of a company or the application of their rights and obligations. These systems can take two shapes: statutory or non-statutory. The study of statutory and non-statutory in corporate law is devoted to comparing these two forms and identifying their two key features: a common purpose and a distinct nature.Statutory and non-statutory acts share a joint purpose : they contribute to the accomplishment of the corporation. Among all acts in connection with a company, they are characterized by their purpose which aim to enable their signatories to meet their specific interests through the interest of the corporation, i.e. through a joint enterprise targeting the joint enrichment of the partners. This common purpose influences their legal regime because both statutory as well as non-statutory acts are subject to corporate law. This influence can be mainly felt towards non-statutory acts, which have to comply with the corporate public order, are governed by the lex societatis in international private law and fall under the competence of commercial courts in business corporations. Even though they share a common purpose which makes them fall under the category of corporate agreements, statutory and non-statutory acts remain distinct. Traditionally, these two sorts of acts can be distinguished by applying a formal criteria, namely whether they can be found in the document named articles of associations or outside of those, but this criteria doesn't express the essence of this distinction. More fundamentally, one has to distinguish between the adjustments of the partners' statutes, which apply to any partner, and those outside the statutes, which only represent the personal commitment of the partners and only apply to the signatories. The statutory nature of a clause triggers two specific consequences. Since the partner statute is meant to apply equally to all partners, it can be modified with a majority vote. However, this rule must take into account potential conflicts of interest which can arise when creating different categories of partners or when granting special benefits. Since the status of partner is destined to apply to all present and future partners, only statutory clauses apply to the purchaser of ownership shares.

Risky sexual practices can lead to concerning public health issues, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy. Coercive or deceptive behaviors by one’s partner to engage in risky practices may be one factor contributing to sexual risk. This study examined experiences of sexual risk coercion and deception, including partner sexual infidelity, coerced condom nonuse, and fear of negative partner reaction to condom request, as predictors of engagement in sexual risk behaviors, including condom use, safer sex communication, and lifetime number of sexual partners. Self-esteem was examined as a moderator. College students (N = 216) were recruited through the ETSU Sona System to complete self-report surveys via the REDCap survey platform. Using SPSS, linear regression analyses and PROCESS moderation analyses were performed. In analyses of covariance, gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation made no significant contributions to the models. Partner sexual infidelity significantly predicted lifetime number of sexual partners (F(1, 210) = 11.042, p = .001, β = 3.088, SE = .929), R2 = .050. Self-esteem was found to be a significant moderator of this relationship (F(1, 197) = 8.759, p = .0035). Fear of negative partner reaction to condom request significantly predicted lifetime number of sexual partners (F(1, 213) = 4.930, p = .027, β = 2.609, SE = 1.175), R2 = .023. Future research should continue to examine the psychosocial determinants of sexual behaviors, as increased understanding will inform more effective sexual risk intervention to reduce HIV, other STIs, and unplanned pregnancy among college populations.